فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙن جي فهرست

طبيعيات ۾ نوبل انعام (Nobel Prize in Physics) هر سال رائل سويڊش اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز پاران طبيعيات جي مختلف شعبن ۾ خدمت سرانجام ڏيڻ واري سائنسدانن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي. اهو سال 1895ع ۾ الفريڊ نوبل (جيڪو سال 1896ع ۾ وفات ڪري ويو) جي وصيت سان قائم ڪيل پنجن نوبل انعامن مان هڪ آهي، جيڪو طبيعيات ۾ شاندار ڪارڪردگيءَ تي نوازيو ويندو آهي.[1] نوبل جي وصيت موجب، انعام نوبل فائونڊيشن پاران انتظام ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ رائل سويڊش اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز پاران ڏنو ويندو آهي. [2] اهو انعام اسٽاڪ هوم ۾ 10 ڊسمبر تي، نوبل جي موت جي ورسي تي، هڪ سالياني تقريب ۾ پيش ڪيو ويندو آهي.[3] هر وصول ڪندڙ هڪ ميڊل، هڪ ڊپلوما ۽ هڪ مالياتي انعام حاصل ڪري ٿو جيڪو مختلف سالن ۾ مختلف هوندو آهي.[4]
انڳ اکر
[سنواريو]فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام سال 2023ع تائين 224 ماڻهن کي ڏنو ويو آهي. [5] فزڪس ۾ پهريون انعام سال 1901ع ۾ جرمني جي ولهيلم ڪانراڊ رونٽجن کي ڏنو ويو، جنهن کي 1,50,782 سويڊش ڪرونا (SEK) مليا. جان بارڊين واحد انعام يافته آهي جنهن ٻه ڀيرا؛ 1956ع ۽ 1972ع ۾ انعام ماڻيو.
وليم لارنس براگ فزڪس ۾ سڀ کان ننڍي عمر ۾ نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙ هو. هن انعام سال 1915ع ۾ 25هين سالن جي عمر ۾ حاصل ڪيو. فزڪس ۾ سڀ کان وڏي عمر جو نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙ آرٿر اشڪن هو جنهن جي عمر 96 سال هئي جڏهن هن کي سال 2018ع ۾ انعام ڏنو ويو.[6]
صرف پنج عورتون انعام ماڻيون آهن: ماري ڪيوري (1903)، ماريا گوپرٽ-ميئر (1963)، ڊونا اسٽريڪلينڊ (2018)، اينڊريا گيز (2020) ۽ اين لي-هوئيلير (2023).[7] اين. لي-هوئيلير (L'Huillier) کان اڳ، هر عورت کي انعام جو صرف چوٿون حصو مليو هو، جيتوڻيڪ ميري ڪيوري کي ڪيميا ۾ سال 1911ع ۾ غير شيئر ٿيل نوبل انعام مليو هو. سال 2023ع ۾، لي-هوئيلير کي هڪ ٽيون حصو مليو.
ڇهه سال اهڙا آهن جن لاءِ فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام نه ڏنو ويو (1916، 1931، 1934، 1940 ۽ 1942). اهڙا 9 سال به هئا جن لاءِ فزڪس جو نوبل انعام هڪ سال لاءِ ملتوي ڪيو ويو:
- ميڪس وون لاؤ کي سال 1914ع جي انعام جو اعلان نومبر 1915ع ۾ ڪيو ويو.[8]
- انعام سال 1917ع ۾ نه ڏنو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته فزڪس جي نوبل ڪميٽي فيصلو ڪيو ته ان سال جي نامزدگين مان ڪو به ضروري معيار تي پورو نه لهي ٿو، پر سال 1918ع ۾ چارلس گلوور بارڪلا کي ڏنو ويو ۽ سال 1917ع جي انعام ۾ شمار ڪيو ويو.[9]
- سال 1919ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ کي ڏنل 1918ع جي انعام لاءِ هن مثال جي پيروي ڪئي وئي،[10]
- سال 1921ع جو انعام سال 1922ع ۾ البرٽ آئن اسٽائن کي ڏنو ويو،[11]
- سال 1924ع جو انعام 1925ع ۾ ميني سيگباهن کي ڏنو ويو،[12]
- سال 1925 جو انعام جيمس فرانڪ ۽ گستاو هارٽز کي 1926ع ۾ ڏنو ويو،[13]
- سال 1928ع جو انعام 1929ع ۾ اوون رچرڊسن کي ڏنو ويو،[14]
- سال 1932ع جو انعام 1933ع ۾ ورنر هيزنبرگ کي ڏنو ويو، [15] ۽
- سال 1943ع جو انعام سال 1944ع ۾ اوٽو اسٽرن کي ڏنو ويو.[16]
انعام حاصل ڪندڙ جي فهرست
[سنواريو]سال | تصوير | طبيعيات دان جو نالو | ملڪ | ڪم جن تي انعام ڏنو ويو | حوالا |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | ولهيلم روئنٽجن (1845–1923) |
جرمن سلطنت | "هن جي غير معمولي خدمتن جي اعتراف ۾، قابل ذڪر ايڪس ري شعاعن جي دريافت، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ سندس نالي پٺيان رکيو ويو." | [17] | |
1902 | ![]() |
هينڊرڪ لورينز (1853–1928) |
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انهن جي غير معمولي خدمت جي اعتراف ۾ جيڪي انهن پنهنجي تحقيق ذريعي تابڪاري جي مظهر تي مقناطيسيت جي اثر پاران پيش ڪيا آهن | [18] |
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پيٽر زيمان (1865–1943) | ||||
1903 | ![]() |
هينري بيڪيوريل
(1852–1908) |
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هن جي غير معمولي خدمتن، خاص ڪري تابڪاري جي دريافت جي اعتراف ۾ | [19] |
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پئري ڪيوري
(1859–1906) |
پروفيسر هينري بيڪيوريل پاران دريافت ڪيل تابڪاري جي مظهر تي گڏيل تحقيق لاءِ | |||
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ميري ڪيوري
(1867–1934) |
پولينڊ روسي سلطنت ![]() | |||
1904 | ![]() |
لارڊ رئلي (1842–1919) |
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سڀ کان اهم گيسن جي ڪثافت تي هن جي تحقيقات ۽ انهن مطالعي جي سلسلي ۾ آرگن گئس جي دريافت لاء | [20] |
1905 | ![]() |
فلپ لينارڊ (1862–1947) |
جرمن سلطنت | ڪيٿوڊ شعاعن تي سندس ڪم لاءِ | [21] |
1906 | ![]() |
جي.جي. ٿامپسن (1856–1940) |
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هن جي نظرياتي ۽ تجرباتي تحقيقات لاء گيس ذريعي بجليء جي وهڪري تي. | [22] |
1907 | ![]() |
البرٽ اي. مائيڪلسن (1852–1931) |
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"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" | [23] |
1908 | ![]() |
گئبريل لپمان
|
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"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" | [24] |
1909 | ![]() |
گوگليلمو مارڪوني (1874–1937) |
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"for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" | [25] |
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ڪارل فرڊينيڊ بران
|
جرمن سلطنت | |||
1910 | ![]() |
جوهانيس ڊيڊئرڪ وان ڊير والز (1837–1923) |
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"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" | [26] |
1911 | ![]() |
ويلهلم وين (1864–1928) |
جرمن سلطنت | "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" | [27] |
1912 | ![]() |
گستاف ڊئلين (1869–1937) |
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"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys" | [28] |
1913 | ![]() |
هائيڪ ڪئمرلن اووينس (1853–1926) |
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"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" | [29] |
1914 | ![]() |
ميڪس وون لاوي (1879–1960) |
جرمن سلطنت | "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy. | [30] |
1915 | ![]() |
وليم هنري براگ (1862–1942) |
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"'For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography" | [31] |
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لارينس براگ (1890–1971) |
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1916 |
پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ جي ڪارڻ ايوارڊ نه ٿي سگهيو | ||||
1917 | ![]() |
چارلس گلوور بارڪلا
|
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"'For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy" | [32] |
1918 | ![]() |
ميڪس پلانڪ (1858–1947) |
جرمن سلطنت | "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta" | [33] |
1919 | ![]() |
جوهانيس اسٽارڪ (1874–1957) |
ويمر ريپبلڪ | "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" | [34] |
1920 | ![]() |
چارلس ايڊورڊ گيليامي (1861–1938) |
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"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys" | [35] |
1921 | ![]() |
البرٽ آئنسٽائن (1879–1955) |
ويمر ريپبلڪ![]() |
"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" | [36] |
1922 | ![]() |
نيل بوهر (1885–1962) |
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"ائٽم جي اسٽرڪچر جي مٿان تحقيق ۽ ائٽمن سان خارج ٿيل تابڪاري مٿان هن جي ڪم لاڀ" | [37] |
1923 | ![]() |
رابرٽ اينڊريو مليڪئن (1868–1953) |
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"اليڪٽريسٽي جي بنيادي چارج ۽ ضيا برقي اثر مٿان هن جي ڪم لاء" | [38] |
1924 | ![]() |
مئن سيگباهن (1886–1978) |
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"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" | [39] |
1925 | ![]() |
جيمز فرانڪ (1882–1964) |
ويمر ريپبلڪ | "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" | [40] |
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Gustav Hertz (1887–1975) | ||||
1926 | ![]() |
Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942) |
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"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" | [41] |
1927 | ![]() |
آرٿر ڪامپٽن (1892–1962) |
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"ڪامپٽن اثر جي دريافت لاء" | [42] |
75px | Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959) |
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"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" | ||
1928 | ![]() |
Owen Willans Richardson (1879–1959) |
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"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" | [43] |
1929 | ![]() |
لوئس ڊي بروگلي
|
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"اليڪٽرانن جي موجي نوعيت جي دريافت لاء" | [44] |
1930 | سي.وي. رامن (1888–1970) |
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"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" | [45] | |
1931 | سانچو:HsNot awarded | ||||
1932 | ![]() |
ورنر هائيزنبرگ
|
سانچو:Country data Weimar Republic | "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" | [46] |
1933 | ![]() |
ارون شروڊنگر (1887–1961) |
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"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" | [47] |
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پال ڊيراڪ (1902–1984) |
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1934 | ڪو ڪه به نه ڏنو ويو | ||||
1935 | ![]() |
جيمز چڊوڪ |
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"for the discovery of the neutron" | [48] |
1936 | ![]() |
وڪٽر فرانسس هيس (1883–1964) |
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"for his discovery of cosmic radiation" | [49] |
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ڪارل ڊيوڊ اينڊرسن (1905–1991) |
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"for his discovery of the positron" | ||
1937 | ![]() |
ڪلنٽن ڊئويسن (1881–1958) |
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"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" | [50] |
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جارج پئگيٽ ٿامسن (1892–1975) |
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1938 | ![]() |
اينريڪو فرمي (1901–1954) |
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"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" | [51] |
1939 | ![]() |
ارنيسٽ لارينس (1901–1958) |
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"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" | [52] |
1940 | سانچو:HsNot awarded due to World War II | ||||
1941 | سانچو:HsNot awarded due to World War II | ||||
1942 | سانچو:HsNot awarded due to World War II | ||||
1943 | ![]() |
اوٽو اسٽرن (1888–1969) |
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"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" | [53] |
1944 | ![]() |
اسيڊور آئزڪ ربي (1898–1988) |
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"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" | [54] |
1945 | ![]() |
پالي ولفگينگ (1900–1958) |
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"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle" | [55] |
1946 | ![]() |
پرسي وليمز برجمئن (1882–1961) |
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"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics" | [56] |
1947 | ![]() |
ايڊورڊ وڪٽر ايپلٽن (1892–1965) |
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"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" | [57] |
1948 | ![]() |
Patrick Blackett (1897–1974) |
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"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" | [58] |
1949 | ![]() |
Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) |
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"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" | [59] |
1950 | ![]() |
C. F. Powell (1903–1969) |
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"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" | [60] |
1951 | ![]() |
John Cockcroft (1897–1967) |
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"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" | [61] |
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Ernest Walton (1903–1995) |
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1952 | ![]() |
Felix Bloch (1905–1983) |
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"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" | [62] |
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Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997) | ||||
1953 | ![]() |
Frits Zernike (1888–1966) |
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"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" | [63] |
1954 | ![]() |
Max Born (1882–1970) |
سانچو:Country data West Germany | "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" | [64] |
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Walther Bothe (1891–1957) |
"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" | |||
1955 | ![]() |
Willis Lamb (1913–2008) |
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"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" | [65] |
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Polykarp Kusch (1911–1993) |
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"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" | ||
1956 | ![]() |
John Bardeen (1908–1991) |
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"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" | [66] |
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Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987) | ||||
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William Shockley (1910–1989) | ||||
1957 | ![]() |
Lee Tsung-Dao (1926–2024) |
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"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" | [67] |
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Yang Chen-Ning (b. 1922) | ||||
1958 | ![]() |
Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990) |
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"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" | [68] |
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Ilya Frank (1908–1990) | ||||
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Igor Tamm (1895–1971) | ||||
1959 | ![]() |
Emilio Segrè (1905–1989) |
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"for their discovery of the antiproton" | [69] |
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Owen Chamberlain (1920–2006) | ||||
1960 | فائل:Donald Glaser 1.jpg | Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013) |
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"for the invention of the bubble chamber" | [70] |
1961 | ![]() |
Robert Hofstadter (1915–1990) |
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"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" | [71] |
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Rudolf Mössbauer (1929–2011) |
سانچو:Country data West Germany | "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" | ||
1962 | ![]() |
Lev Landau (1908–1968) |
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"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" | [72] |
1963 | ![]() |
Eugene Wigner (1902–1995) |
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"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" | [73] |
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Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972) |
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"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" | [73] | |
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J. Hans D. Jensen (1907–1973) |
سانچو:Country data West Germany | |||
1964 | ![]() |
Nikolay Basov (1922–2001) |
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"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle" | [74] |
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Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002) | ||||
فائل:Charles Townes Nobel.jpg | Charles H. Townes (1915–2015) |
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1965 | فائل:Richard Feynman Nobel.jpg | Richard Feynman (1918–1988) |
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"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" | [75] |
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Julian Schwinger (1918–1994) | ||||
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Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (1906–1979) |
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1966 | ![]() |
Alfred Kastler (1902–1984) |
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"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" | [76] |
1967 | ![]() |
Hans Bethe (1906–2005) |
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"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" | [77] |
1968 | ![]() |
Luis Alvarez (1911–1988) |
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"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" | [78] |
1969 | ![]() |
Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019) |
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"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" | [79] |
1970 | ![]() |
Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) |
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"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" | [80] |
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Louis Néel (1904–2000) |
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"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" | ||
1971 | ![]() |
Dennis Gabor (1900–1979) |
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"for his invention and development of the holographic method" | [81] |
1972 | ![]() |
John Bardeen (1908–1991) |
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"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" | [82] |
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Leon Cooper (b. 1930) | ||||
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John Robert Schrieffer (1931–2019) | ||||
1973 | ![]() |
Leo Esaki (b. 1925) |
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"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" | [83] |
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Ivar Giaever (b. 1929) |
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Brian Josephson (b. 1940) |
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"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect" | |||
1974 | ![]() |
Martin Ryle (1918–1984) |
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"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" | [84] |
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Antony Hewish (1924–2021) | ||||
1975 | ![]() |
Aage Bohr (1922–2009) |
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"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" | [85] |
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Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–2022) | ||||
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James Rainwater (1917–1986) |
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1976 | ![]() |
Samuel C. C. Ting (b. 1936) |
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"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" | [86] |
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Burton Richter (1931–2018) | ||||
1977 | ![]() |
Philip Warren Anderson (1923–2020) |
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"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" | [87] |
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Nevill Francis Mott (1905–1996) |
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John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899–1980) |
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1978 | ![]() |
Pyotr Kapitsa (1894–1984) |
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"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" | [88] |
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Arno Allan Penzias (1933–2024) |
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"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" | ||
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Robert Woodrow Wilson (b. 1936) | ||||
1979 | ![]() |
شيلڊن گلئشو
(پيدائش:1932ع) |
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"بنيادي ائٽمي ذرڙن جي وچ ۾ متحد ڪمزور ۽ برقناطيسي رابطي جي نظريي ۾ انهن جي مدد لاء، بشمول، ٻين سان گڏ، ڪمزور غير جانبدار اليڪٽرڪ ڪرنٽ جي اڳڪٿي ڪرڻ لاء" | [89] |
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عبدالسلام
(1926–1996ع) |
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اسٽيون وينبرگ (1933–2021) |
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1980 | ![]() |
جيمز ڪرونن (1931–2016) |
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"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" | [90] |
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Val Logsdon Fitch (1923–2015) | ||||
1981 | ![]() |
Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920–2017) |
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"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" | [91] |
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Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921–1999) | ||||
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Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007) |
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"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" | [91] | |
1982 | ![]() |
Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–2013) |
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"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" | [92] |
1983 | ![]() |
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) |
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"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" | [93] |
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William Alfred Fowler (1911–1995) |
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" | |||
1984 | ![]() |
Carlo Rubbia (b. 1934) |
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"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" | [94] |
Simon van der Meer (1925–2011) |
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1985 | ![]() |
Klaus von Klitzing (b. 1943) |
سانچو:Country data West Germany | "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" | [95] |
1986 | ![]() |
Ernst Ruska (1906–1988) |
سانچو:Country data West Germany | "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" | [96] |
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Gerd Binnig (b. 1947) |
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" | [96] | ||
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Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013) |
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1987 | ![]() |
Georg Bednorz (b. 1950) |
سانچو:Country data West Germany | "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" | [97] |
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K. Alex Müller (1927–2023) |
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1988 | ![]() |
Leon M. Lederman (1922–2018) |
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"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" | [98] |
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Melvin Schwartz (1932–2006) | ||||
Jack Steinberger (1921–2020) | |||||
1989 | ![]() |
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (1915–2011) |
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"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" | [99] |
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Hans Georg Dehmelt (1922–2017) |
"for the development of the ion trap technique" | |||
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Wolfgang Paul (1913–1993) |
سانچو:Country data West Germany | |||
1990 | ![]() |
Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930) |
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"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" | [100] |
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Henry Way Kendall (1926–1999) | ||||
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Richard E. Taylor (1929–2018) |
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1991 | ![]() |
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007) |
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"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" | [101] |
1992 | Georges Charpak (1924–2010) |
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"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" | [102] | |
1993 | ![]() |
Russell Alan Hulse (b. 1950) |
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"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" | [103] |
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Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (b. 1941) | ||||
1994 | ![]() |
Bertram Brockhouse (1918–2003) |
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"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" | [104] |
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Clifford Shull (1915–2001) |
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"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" | ||
1995 | ![]() |
Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) |
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"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" | [105] |
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Frederick Reines (1918–1998) |
"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" | |||
1996 | ![]() |
David Lee (b. 1931) |
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"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" | [106] |
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Douglas D. Osheroff (b. 1945) | ||||
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Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013) | ||||
1997 | ![]() |
Steven Chu (b. 1948) |
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"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light." | [107] |
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (b. 1933) |
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William Daniel Phillips (b. 1948) |
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1998 | ![]() |
Robert B. Laughlin (b. 1950) |
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"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" | [108] |
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Horst Ludwig Störmer (b. 1949) |
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Daniel C. Tsui (b. 1939) |
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1999 | ![]() |
Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946) |
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"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" | [109] |
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Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021) | ||||
2000 | ![]() |
Zhores Alferov (1930–2019) |
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"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" | [110] |
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Herbert Kroemer (1928–2024) |
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Jack Kilby (1923–2005) |
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"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" | ||
2001 | ![]() |
Eric Allin Cornell (b. 1961) |
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"for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" | [111] |
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Carl Wieman (b. 1951) | ||||
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Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1957) |
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2002 | ![]() |
Raymond Davis Jr. (1914–2006) |
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"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" | [112] |
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Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020) |
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Riccardo Giacconi (1931–2018) |
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"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" | ||
2003 | ![]() |
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (1928–2017) |
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"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" | [113] |
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Vitaly Ginzburg (1916–2009) |
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Anthony James Leggett (b. 1938) |
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2004 | ![]() |
David Gross (b. 1941) |
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"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" | [114] |
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Hugh David Politzer (b. 1949) | ||||
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Frank Wilczek (b. 1951) | ||||
2005 | ![]() |
Roy J. Glauber (1925–2018) |
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"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" | [115] |
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John L. Hall (b. 1934) |
"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" | |||
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Theodor W. Hänsch (b. 1941) |
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2006 | ![]() |
John C. Mather (b. 1946) |
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"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" | [116] |
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George Smoot (b. 1945) | ||||
2007 | ![]() |
Albert Fert (b. 1938) |
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"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance" | [117] |
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Peter Grünberg (1939–2018) |
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2008 | ![]() |
Makoto Kobayashi (b. 1944) |
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"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" | [118] |
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Toshihide Maskawa (1940–2021) | ||||
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Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015) |
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"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" | ||
2009 | ![]() |
Charles K. Kao (1933–2018) |
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"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" | [119] |
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Willard S. Boyle (1924–2011) |
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"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor" | ||
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George E. Smith (b. 1930) | ||||
2010 | ![]() |
Andre Geim (b. 1958) |
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"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" | [120] |
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Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974) | ||||
2011 | ![]() |
Saul Perlmutter (b. 1959) |
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"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" | [121] |
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Brian P. Schmidt (b. 1967) |
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Adam G. Riess (b. 1969) |
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2012 | ![]() |
Serge Haroche (b. 1944) |
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"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems." | [122] |
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David J. Wineland (b. 1944) |
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2013 | ![]() |
François Englert (b. 1932) |
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"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" | [123] |
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Peter Higgs (1929–2024) |
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2014 | ![]() |
Isamu Akasaki (1929–2021) |
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"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" | [124] |
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Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960) | ||||
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Shuji Nakamura (b. 1954) |
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2015 | ![]() |
Takaaki Kajita (b. 1959) |
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"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" | [125] |
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Arthur B. McDonald (b. 1943) |
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2016 | ![]() |
David J. Thouless (1934–2019) |
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"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter" | [126] |
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Duncan Haldane (b. 1951) | ||||
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John M. Kosterlitz (b. 1943) |
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2017 | ![]() |
Rainer Weiss (b. 1932) |
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"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" | [127] |
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Kip Thorne (b. 1940) | ||||
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Barry Barish (b. 1936) | ||||
2018 | ![]() |
Arthur Ashkin (1922–2020) |
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"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" | [128] |
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Gérard Mourou (b. 1944) |
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"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" | ||
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Donna Strickland (b. 1959) |
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2019 | ![]() |
James Peebles (b. 1935) |
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"for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" | [129] |
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Michel Mayor (b. 1942) |
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"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" | ||
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Didier Queloz (b. 1966) |
| |||
2020 | ![]() |
Roger Penrose (b. 1931) |
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"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" | [130] |
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Reinhard Genzel (b. 1952) |
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"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" | ||
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Andrea M. Ghez (b. 1965) |
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2021 | ![]() |
Syukuro Manabe (b. 1931) |
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"for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" | [132] |
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Klaus Hasselmann (b. 1931) |
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Giorgio Parisi (b. 1948) |
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"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales" | ||
2022 | ![]() |
Alain Aspect (b. 1947) |
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"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science" | [133] |
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John Clauser (b. 1942) |
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Anton Zeilinger (b. 1945) |
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2023 | Anne L'Huillier (b. 1958) |
|
"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" | [134] | |
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Ferenc Krausz (b. 1962) |
| |||
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Pierre Agostini (b. 1941) |
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ملڪن جي لحاظ کان نوبل انعام کٽندڙ جي تعداد
[سنواريو]- اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو ملڪن جي لحاظ کان نوبل انعام کٽندڙ جي فهرست
ملڪ | نوبل انعام کٽندڙ جي تعداد |
---|---|
![]() |
90 |
![]() |
26 |
![]() |
24 |
![]() |
16 |
![]() |
10 |
![]() |
9 |
![]() |
9 |
![]() |
6 |
![]() |
6 |
![]() |
5 |
![]() |
6 |
![]() |
4 |
![]() |
3 |
![]() |
2 |
![]() |
2 |
![]() |
2 |
![]() |
1 |
![]() |
1 |
پولينڊ | 1 |
جمهوريا آئرلينڊ | 1 |
![]() |
1 |
![]() |
1 |
![]() |
1 |
پڻ ڏسو
[سنواريو]خارجي لنڪس
[سنواريو]![]() |
وڪيميڊيا العام ۾ فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙن جي فهرست سان لاڳاپيل ابلاغي مواد ڏسو. |
- Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 21 November 2017 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
- Official website of the Nobel Foundation آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 5 April 2006 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
حوالا
[سنواريو]- ↑ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. وقت 25 October 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 29 October 2008.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. وقت 15 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 29 October 2008.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. وقت 22 August 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 29 October 2008.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. وقت 15 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 29 October 2008.
- ↑ "All Nobel Prizes in Physics". Nobel Foundation. وقت 25 October 2006 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2023-10-03. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 September 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 6 October 2022. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "Nobel Prize Awarded Women". Nobel Foundation. وقت 24 May 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2023-10-03. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914". Nobel Foundation. وقت 15 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 January 2019. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918". Nobel Foundation. وقت 7 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 January 2019. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928". Nobel Foundation. وقت 2 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943". Nobel Foundation. وقت 28 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905". Nobel Foundation. وقت 8 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907". Nobel Foundation. وقت 10 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909". Nobel Foundation. وقت 22 August 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911". Nobel Foundation. وقت 10 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914". Nobel Foundation. وقت 15 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 January 2019. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918". Nobel Foundation. وقت 7 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 January 2019. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919". Nobel Foundation. وقت 20 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920". Nobel Foundation. وقت 12 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923". Nobel Foundation. وقت 2 November 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928". Nobel Foundation. وقت 2 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929". Nobel Foundation. وقت 24 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 October 2014 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935". Nobel Foundation. وقت 15 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936". Nobel Foundation. وقت 16 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937". Nobel Foundation. وقت 14 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939". Nobel Foundation. وقت 24 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943". Nobel Foundation. وقت 28 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944". Nobel Foundation. وقت 30 August 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947". Nobel Foundation. وقت 15 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948". Nobel Foundation. وقت 10 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950". Nobel Foundation. وقت 5 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953". Nobel Foundation. وقت 2 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956". Nobel Foundation. وقت 14 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959". Nobel Foundation. وقت 28 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960". Nobel Foundation. وقت 6 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961". Nobel Foundation. وقت 4 November 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962". Nobel Foundation. وقت 22 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ 73.0 73.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. وقت 22 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966". Nobel Foundation. وقت 18 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967". Nobel Foundation. وقت 18 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968". Nobel Foundation. وقت 24 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969". Nobel Foundation. وقت 4 November 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971". Nobel Foundation. وقت 5 November 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 June 2011 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974". Nobel Foundation. وقت 10 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975". Nobel Foundation. وقت 15 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976". Nobel Foundation. وقت 14 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979". Nobel Foundation. وقت 26 February 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ 91.0 91.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 August 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983". Nobel Foundation. وقت 13 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985". Nobel Foundation. وقت 14 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ 96.0 96.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobel Foundation. وقت 17 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990". Nobel Foundation. وقت 18 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991". Nobel Foundation. وقت 2 November 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992". Nobel Foundation. وقت 22 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993". Nobel Foundation. وقت 14 October 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994". Nobel Foundation. وقت 15 September 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995". Nobel Foundation. وقت 28 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996". Nobel Foundation. وقت 12 February 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997". Nobel Foundation. وقت 7 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000". Nobel Foundation. وقت 21 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001". Nobel Foundation. وقت 19 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002". Nobel Foundation. وقت 24 March 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003". Nobel Foundation. وقت 8 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004". Nobel Foundation. وقت 24 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005". Nobel Foundation. وقت 24 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007". Nobel Foundation. وقت 5 August 2011 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2007. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008". Nobel Foundation. وقت 8 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2008. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009". Nobel Foundation. وقت 8 October 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 6 October 2009. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010". Nobel Foundation. وقت 7 October 2010 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 5 October 2010. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011". Nobel Foundation. وقت 1 August 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 October 2011. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012". Nobel Foundation. وقت 11 October 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 October 2012. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013". Nobel Foundation. وقت 5 April 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 8 October 2013. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014". Nobel Foundation. وقت 7 April 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 7 October 2014. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015". Nobel Foundation. وقت 6 May 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 5 October 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016". Nobel Foundation. وقت 5 April 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 October 2016. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017". Nobel Foundation. وقت 5 April 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 3 October 2017. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018". Nobel Foundation. وقت 4 May 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 October 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019". Nobel Foundation. وقت 4 May 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 8 October 2019. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020". Nobel Foundation. وقت 4 May 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 6 October 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "He is considered a U.S. citizen by Nobel Prize Committee.". Reuters. وقت 5 October 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 5 October 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021". Nobel Foundation. وقت 4 May 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 6 October 2022. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022". Nobel Foundation. وقت 28 April 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 6 October 2022. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023". Nobel Foundation. وقت 4 May 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 3 October 2023. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد)