مواد ڏانھن هلو

باٿ شھر

بيھڪ: 51°23′N 2°22′W / 51.38°N 2.36°W / 51.38; -2.36
کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان

ڀاٿ شهر
شھر
Bath City
جاگرافي بيهڪ: 51°23′N 2°22′W / 51.38°N 2.36°W / 51.38; -2.36
ملڪ  گڏيل بادشاھت
گڏيل بادشاهت جو ملڪ انگلينڊ
آبادي
 • ڪل 88,859
باٿ شھر
يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثو
سرڪاري نالو ڀاٿ جو شهر
يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثو ثقافتي: i, ii, iv
حوالو 428
داخلا 1987 (11th سيشن)
ايراضي 2,900 ha
اتر-اولهه طرف باٿ وِڪ هل کان اتر واري مضافات ڏانهن ڏسندي، باٿ جي مخصوص هائوسنگ جي مختلف قسمن کي ڏيکاريندي.

باٿ شھر (Bath city) انگلينڊ (England) جي ڏکڻ-اولهه ۾ آھي ۽ سال 2021ع جي مردم شماري تي، آبادي 94,092 هئي. [1]باٿ شهر ايوون ندي (Avon River) جي وادي ۾، لنڊن شھر جي اولهه ۾ 97 ميل (156 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ برسٽول کان 11 ميل (18 ڪلوميٽر) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ آھي. ان شھر کي تاريخي حيثيت حاصل آهي. هي شهر سال 1987ع ۾ يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي واري سائيٽ بڻجي ويو ۽ بعد ۾ سال2021ع ۾ بين الاقوامي عالمي ورثي واري ماڳ ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو جيڪو "يورپ جا عظيم اسپا ٽائون" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. باٿ سمرسيٽ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ آبادي پڻ آهي.

شهر لاطيني نالي، "ايڪوا سولس" (Aquae Sulis، سولس جو پاڻي) سان هڪ سپا بڻجي ويو. سال 60 عيسوي ۾ جڏهن رومن ايوون نديءَ جي واديءَ ۾ حمام ۽ مندر ٺاهيا، جيتوڻيڪ گرم چشما ان کان اڳ به مشهور هئا. باٿ ايبي (Bath Abbey) 7هين صدي عيسويء ۾ ٺهرايو ويو ۽ هڪ مذهبي مرڪز بڻجي ويو؛ عمارت 12هين ۽ 16هين صدي عيسويء ۾ ٻيهر تعمير ڪئي وئي. 17هين صدي عيسويء ۾، چشمن مان پاڻي جي علاج واري خاصيتن لاء دعوي ڪئي وئي ۽ باٿ جارجيئن دور ۾ "اسپا ٽائون" طور مشهور ٿيو. جارجيئن فن تعمير، باٿ جي پٿر مان ٺهيل، رائل ڪريسنٽ، سرڪس، پمپ روم ۽ اسيمبليء جا ڪمرا شامل آهن، جتي "بيو نيش" سال 1705ع کان 1761ع ۾ سندس موت تائين شهر جي سماجي زندگي جي صدارت ڪئي.

ڪيتريون ئي گهٽيون ۽ چوڪ جان وڊ، دا ايلڊر، طرفان ٺهرايون ويون ۽ 18هين صدي عيسويء ۾ شهر فيشن جو مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ آبادي وڌي وئي. جين آسٽن 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ باٿ ۾ رهندي هئي. وڌيڪ تعمير 19هين صدي ۾ ۽ ٻي عالمي جنگ ۾ "باٿ بلٽز" جي پٺيان شروع ڪئي وئي. باٿ سال 1974ع ۾ ايوون ڪائونٽي جو حصو بڻجي ويو ۽ سال 1996ع ۾ ايوون جي ڪائونٽي شپ جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، باٿ ۽ اتر اوڀر سمرسيٽ جو پرنسپل مرڪز رهيو آهي.

باٿ ۾ هر سال 60 لک (6 ملين) کان وڌيڪ سياح ايندا آهن،[2] جيڪا ان کي ڏهن انگريزي شهرن مان هڪ بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غير ملڪي سياح اچن ٿا.[3] [4] باٿ شهر جي ڪشش ۾ اسپا، ڪئنال تي ٻيڙيءَ جي سير، رائل ڪريسنٽ، باٿ اسڪائي لائن، پريڊ گارڊن ۽ رائل وڪٽوريا پارڪ جيڪي ڪارنيوالن ۽ موسمي واقعن جي ميزباني ڪن ٿا، شامل آهن. شاپنگ وارن علائقن ۾ ڏکڻ گيٽ شاپنگ سينٽر، ڪوريڊور آرڪيڊ ۽ والڪوٽ، ملسم، اسٽال ۽ يارڪ اسٽريٽ تي ڪاريگرن جا دڪان شامل آهن. اتي ٿيٽر آهن، جن ۾ ٿيٽر رائل شامل آهي، گڏوگڏ ڪيترائي عجائب گھر جن ۾ ميوزيم آف باٿ آرڪيٽڪچر، وڪٽوريا آرٽ گيلري، ميوزيم آف ايسٽ ايشين آرٽ، هرشل ميوزيم آف آسٽرونومي، فيشن ميوزيم ۽ هالبرن ميوزيم شامل آهن. شهر ۾ ٻه يونيورسٽيون؛ باٿ يونيورسٽي ۽ باٿ سپا يونيورسٽي اهن، جيڪيون باٿ ڪاليج سان گڏ وڌيڪ تعليم فراهم ڪرڻ ٿيون. شهر مان راندين جون ڪلبون باٿ رگبي ۽ باٿ سٽي شامل آهن.

شهر جي ڀرپاسي ۽ چوطرف سهڻا نظارا، واديون، ٽڪريون ۽ وڻ جھجھا آھن. شھر جي چوڌاري ايوون ندي (Avon) وھي ٿي. جتي ماڻھو ننڍڙيون ٻيڙيون ھلائن پيا. ارڙھين صدي جي اڏاوت ۽ جديد نموني جي رھائش جي ڳانڍاپي شھر کي ويتر سھڻو ڪري ڇڏيو آھي. جڳھ جڳھ گلن جون ٽوڪريون ٽنگيل آهن. عجائب گھر، اوائلي زماني جا چرچ، گھٽيون، سياحن ۾ شوق وڌائين ٿا. شھر جي ڪمائي سياحن، پرنٽنگ انڊسٽري ۽ آئي ٽي انڊسٽريز منجھان ٿئي ٿي.

تاريخ

[سنواريو]

پٿر، برونز ۽ لوهه جو دور

[سنواريو]

مقامي جبلن جهڙوڪ باٿمپٽن ڊائون انساني سرگرمين کي قديم پٿر جي دور کان ڏٺو. [5] [6] 18هين صدي عيسويء ۾ جان اسڪنر طرفان ڪيترائي برونز ايج گول باررو کوليا ويا.[7] ھڪڙي ڊگھي بارو سائيٽ کي مڃيو وڃي ٿو ابتدائي برونز ايج بيڪر ماڻھن مان آھي RAF چارمي ڊائون لاءِ رستو ٺاھيو ويو. سولسبري هل موجوده شهر کي نظر انداز ڪندي هڪ لوهي دور جو ٽڪري قلعو هو ۽ ان جي ڀرسان باٿمپٽن ڪيمپ به شايد هڪ هئي.


hills in the locality such as Bathampton Down saw human activity from the Mesolithic period. Several Bronze Age round barrows were opened by John Skinner in the 18th century. A long barrow site believed to be from the Early Bronze Age Beaker people was flattened to make way for RAF Charmy Down.[8][9] Solsbury Hill overlooking the current city was an Iron Age hill fort and the adjacent Bathampton Camp may also have been one.[10][11]

رومن حمام ۽ شهر

[سنواريو]
A late-nineteenth-century Photochrom of the Great Bath at the Roman Baths. Pillars tower over the water, and the spires of Bath Abbey – restored in the early sixteenth century – are visible in the background.
19هين صديءَ جو رومن باٿس ۾ عظيم باٿ جو فوٽو ڪروم. ٿنڀن جي سطح کان مٿاهون سمورو ڍانچو بعد ۾ تعمير ٿيل آهي ۽ رومن دور ۾ عمارت جي خصوصيت نه آھي.

آثار قديمه جا ثبوت ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته رومن حمام جي مکيه چشمي واري ماڳ کي شايد انگريزن طرفان هڪ مزار سمجهيو ويو هجي، ۽ ديوي سولس لاءِ وقف ڪيو ويو هو، جنهن کي رومن منروا سان سڃاڻيندا هئا؛ نالو سليس رومن جي حملي کان پوءِ استعمال ٿيندو رهيو، جيڪو شهر جي رومن نالو، Aquae Sulis (لفظي طور تي، "سولس جو پاڻي") ۾ ظاهر ٿيو. هن کي ڌاتو تي ڇڪيل پيغام، لعنت جي ٽيبل جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، آثار قديمه جي ماهرن طرفان مقدس چشمي مان هٿ ڪيو ويو آهي. ٽيبل تي لاطيني ۾ لکيل هئا، ۽ ذاتي دشمنن تي لعنت ڪئي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن شهريءَ جا ڪپڙا غسل خاني ۾ چوري ٿي ويا هجن، ته هو ديوي طرفان پڙهڻ لاءِ ٽيبل تي شڪي ماڻهن جي خلاف لعنت لکندو. pgf 60-70 ع ۾ هڪ مندر تعمير ڪيو ويو، ۽ ايندڙ 300 سالن ۾ غسل خانو ڪمپليڪس تعمير ڪيو ويو. انجنيئرن هڪ مستحڪم بنياد مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ بلوط جي ٿلهن کي مٽيءَ ۾ اڇلايو، ۽ چشمي جي چوڌاري پٿرن جي بي ترتيب چيمبر سان ليڊ سان ليس ٿي. ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾، بهار کي ڪاٺ جي بيرل سان ڍڪيل ڍانچي جي اندر بند ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪلڊاريم (گرم غسل)، ٽيپيڊيريم (گرم غسل) ۽ فريگيڊيريم (ٿڌو غسل) رکيو ويو. شهر کي بعد ۾ دفاعي ديوار ڏني وئي، شايد 3 صدي عيسويء ۾. پنجين صدي عيسويءَ جي پهرين ڏهاڪي ۾ رومن حڪومت جي ناڪاميءَ کان پوءِ، حمام خراب ٿي ويا ۽ آخرڪار پاڻيءَ جي سطح وڌڻ ۽ سڙي وڃڻ سبب گم ٿي ويا. مارچ 2012 ۾، 30,000 چانديء جي رومن سڪن جو هڪ ذخيرو، برطانيه ۾ دريافت ڪيل سڀ کان وڏين مان هڪ آهي.

evidence shows that the site of the Roman baths' main spring may have been treated as a shrine by the Britons,[12][13] and was dedicated to the goddess Sulis, whom the Romans identified with Minerva; the name Sulis continued to be used after the Roman invasion, appearing in the town's Roman name, Aquae Sulis (literally, "the waters of Sulis").[14] Messages to her scratched onto metal, known as curse tablets, have been recovered from the sacred spring by archaeologists.[15] The tablets were written in Latin, and laid curses on personal enemies. For example, if a citizen had his clothes stolen at the baths, he might write a curse against the suspects on a tablet to be read by the goddess.

A temple was constructed in AD 60–70, and a bathing complex was built up over the next 300 years.[16] Engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation, and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead. In the 2nd century, the spring was enclosed within a wooden barrel-vaulted structure that housed the caldarium (hot bath), tepidarium (warm bath), and frigidarium (cold bath).[17]

The town was later given defensive walls, probably in the 3rd century.[18] After the failure of Roman authority in the first decade of the 5th century, the baths fell into disrepair and were eventually lost as a result of rising water levels and silting.[19]

In March 2012, a hoard of 30,000 silver Roman coins, one of the largest discovered in Britain, was unearthed in an archaeological dig. The coins, believed to date from the 3rd century, were found about 150 m (490 ft) from the Roman baths.[20]

Post-Roman and medieval

[سنواريو]
Yellow stone building with large arched windows and a tower.
Bath Abbey

Bath may have been the site of the Battle of Badon (ت. 500 AD), in which Arthur, the hero of later legends, is said to have defeated the Anglo-Saxons.[21] The town was captured by the West Saxons in 577 after the Battle of Deorham;[22] the Anglo-Saxon poem The Ruin may describe the appearance of the Roman site about this time.[23] A monastery was founded at an early date – reputedly by Saint David although more probably in 675 by Osric, King of the Hwicce,[24] perhaps using the walled area as its precinct.[25][26] Nennius, a 9th-century historian, mentions a "Hot Lake" in the land of the Hwicce along the River Severn, and adds "It is surrounded by a wall, made of brick and stone, and men may go there to bathe at any time, and every man can have the kind of bath he likes. If he wants, it will be a cold bath; and if he wants a hot bath, it will be hot". Bede described hot baths in the geographical introduction to the Ecclesiastical History in terms very similar to those of Nennius.[27] King Offa of Mercia gained control of the monastery in 781 and rebuilt the church, which was dedicated to St. Peter.[28]

According to the Victorian churchman Edward Churton, during the Anglo-Saxon era Bath was known as Acemannesceastre ('Akemanchester'), or 'aching men's city', on account of the reputation these springs had for healing the sick.[29]

Map of Bath by John Speed published in 1610

By the 9th century, the old Roman street pattern was lost and Bath was a royal possession. King Alfred laid out the town afresh, leaving its south-eastern quadrant as the abbey precinct.[18] In the Burghal Hidage, Bath is recorded as a burh (borough) and is described as having walls of 1٬375 يارڊ (1٬257 m) and was allocated 1000 men for defence.[30] During the reign of Edward the Elder coins were minted in Bath based on a design from the Winchester mint but with 'BAD' on the obverse relating to the Anglo-Saxon name for the town, Baðum, Baðan or Baðon, meaning "at the baths",[31] and this was the source of the present name. Edgar of England was crowned king of England in Bath Abbey in 973, in a ceremony that formed the basis of all future English coronations.[32]

William Rufus granted the town, abbey and mint to a royal physician, John of Tours, who became Bishop of Wells and Abbot of Bath,[33][34] following the sacking of the town during the Rebellion of 1088.[35] It was papal policy for bishops to move to more urban seats, and John of Tours translated his own from Wells to Bath.[36] The bishop planned and began a much larger church as his cathedral, to which was attached a priory, with the bishop's palace beside it.[37] New baths were built around the three springs. Later bishops returned the episcopal seat to Wells while retaining the name Bath in the title, Bishop of Bath and Wells. St John's Hospital was founded around 1180 by Bishop Reginald Fitz Jocelin and is among the oldest almshouses in England.[38] The 'hospital of the baths' was built beside the hot springs of the Cross Bath, for their health-giving properties and to provide shelter for the poor infirm.[39]

Administrative systems fell within the hundreds. The Bath Hundred had various names including the Hundred of Le Buri. The Bath Foreign Hundred or Forinsecum covered the area outside the city and was later combined into the Bath Forum Hundred. Wealthy merchants had no status within the hundred courts and formed guilds to gain influence. They built the first guildhall probably in the 13th century. Around 1200, the first mayor was appointed.[40]

Early modern

[سنواريو]
The South Prospect of Bath as depicted in Millerd's 1673 map of Bristol

By the 15th century, Bath's abbey church was dilapidated[41] and Oliver King, Bishop of Bath and Wells, decided to rebuild it on a smaller scale in 1500. The new church was completed just a few years before Bath Priory was dissolved in 1539 by Henry VIII.[42] The abbey church became derelict before being restored as the city's parish church in the Elizabethan era, when the city experienced a revival as a spa. The baths were improved and the city began to attract the aristocracy. A Royal charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590 confirmed city status.[43] James Montagu, Bishop of Bath and Wells from 1608, spent considerable sums in restoring Bath Abbey and actively supported the Baths themselves, aware that the 'towne liveth wholly by them'. In 1613, perhaps at his behest, Queen Anne visited the town to take the waters: the Queen's Bath was named after her. The cue for the visit may have been the completion of the restoration work to Bath Abbey, the last instalment of which had been paid for two years previously.[44] Anne of Denmark came to Bath in 1613 and 1615.[45] By the beginning of the English Civil War, the city was a first-class resort. However, it lost much of this trade in 1642; with the outbreak of war, fiddlers, "ladies who are there", and ale-house guides, lost their customers.[46]

The city was initially garrisoned for Charles I. Seven thousand pounds was spent on fortifications, but on the appearance of parliamentary forces the gates were thrown open and the city surrendered. It became a significant post for the Western Association army under William Waller.[47] Bath was retaken by the royalists in July 1643 following the Battle of Lansdowne and occupied for two years until 1645.[48][49] The city was spared widespread destruction of property, overcrowding, bubonic plague, or starvation of its inhabitants, etc, unlike nearby Bristol and Gloucester, and it had good water piped in from its surrounding hills. Still, soldiers who were billeted in private houses contributed to disorder and vandalism, though this never caused the general destruction and plundering seen in Marlborough and other towns. Bath remained a health resort, often for wounded soldiers, its markets continued open and well-regulated, and its shopkeepers and craftsmen continued busy.[50] Nevertheless, council spending, rents and grants all decreased and the finances of the Bath City Council were seriously affected.[49]

Normality to the city quickly recovered after the war when the city council achieved a healthy budget surplus.[49] Thomas Guidott, a student of chemistry and medicine at Wadham College, Oxford, set up a practice in the city in 1668. He was interested in the curative properties of the waters, and he wrote A discourse of Bathe, and the hot waters there. Also, Some Enquiries into the Nature of the water in 1676. It brought the health-giving properties of the hot mineral waters to the attention of the country, and the aristocracy arrived to partake in them.[51]

Aerial photograph of semicircular terrace of stone buildings with large expanse of grass in front and to the left. Also shows surrounding terraces of buildings.
Royal Crescent and Circus from the air (connected by link road, thus creating the famous "question mark" formation). Georgian taste favoured the regularity of Bath's streets and squares and the contrast with adjacent rural nature.
Semicircular terrace of 3-storey buildings with matching windows and roofs, stone bands run the length of the terrace.
The Circus

Several areas of the city were developed in the Stuart period, and more building took place during Georgian times in response to the increasing number of visitors who required accommodation.[52] Architects John Wood the Elder and his son laid out the new quarters in streets and squares, the identical façades of which gave an impression of palatial scale and classical decorum.[53] Much of the creamy gold Bath stone, a type of limestone used for construction in the city, was obtained from the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines owned by Ralph Allen (1694–1764).[54] Allen, to advertise the quality of his quarried limestone, commissioned the elder John Wood to build a country house on his Prior Park estate between the city and the mines.[54] Allen was responsible for improving and expanding the postal service in western England, for which he held the contract for more than forty years.[54] Although not fond of politics, Allen was a civic-minded man and a member of Bath Corporation for many years. He was elected mayor for a single term in 1742.[54]

In the early 18th century, Bath acquired its first purpose-built theatre, the Old Orchard Street Theatre. It was rebuilt as the Theatre Royal, along with the Grand Pump Room attached to the Roman Baths and assembly rooms. Master of ceremonies Beau Nash, who presided over the city's social life from 1704 until his death in 1761, drew up a code of behaviour for public entertainments.[55] Bath had become perhaps the most fashionable of the rapidly developing British spa towns, attracting many notable visitors such as the wealthy London bookseller Andrew Millar and his wife, who both made long visits.[56] In 1816, it was described as "a seat of amusement and dissipation", where "scenes of extravagance in this receptacle of the wealthy and the idle, the weak and designing" were habitual.[57]

Late modern

[سنواريو]
An 1850s photograph of Green Street
Looking north-west from Bathwick Hill towards the northern suburbs, showing the variety of housing typical of Bath

The population of the city was 40,020 at the 1801 census, making it one of the largest cities in Britain.[58] William Thomas Beckford bought a house in Lansdown Crescent in 1822, and subsequently two adjacent houses to form his residence. Having acquired all the land between his home and the top of Lansdown Hill, he created a garden more than 1⁄2 ميل (800 m) in length and built Beckford's Tower at the top.[59]

Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia spent four years in exile, from 1936 to 1940, at Fairfield House in Bath.[60] During World War II, between the evening of 25 April and the early morning of 27 April 1942, Bath suffered three air raids in reprisal for RAF raids on the German cities of Lübeck and Rostock, part of the Luftwaffe campaign popularly known as the Baedeker Blitz. During the Bath Blitz, more than 400 people were killed, and more than 19,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.[61]

Houses in Royal Crescent, Circus and Paragon were burnt out along with the Assembly Rooms.[62][63] A 500-ڪلوگرام (1٬100 lb) high explosive bomb landed on the east side of Queen Square, resulting in houses on the south side being damaged and the Francis Hotel losing 24 ميٽر (79 ft) of its frontage.[62] The buildings have all been restored although there are still signs of the bombing.[62][63]

A postwar review of inadequate housing led to the clearance and redevelopment of areas of the city in a postwar style, often at variance with the local Georgian style. In the 1950s, the nearby villages of Combe Down, Twerton and Weston were incorporated into the city to enable the development of housing, much of it council housing.[64][65] In 1965, town planner Colin Buchanan published Bath: A Planning and Transport Study, which to a large degree sought to better accommodate the motor car, including the idea of a traffic tunnel underneath the centre of Bath. Though criticised by conservationists, some parts of the plan were implemented.

In the 1970s and 1980s, it was recognised that conservation of historic buildings was inadequate, leading to more care and reuse of buildings and open spaces.[64][66] In 1987, the city was selected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, recognising its international cultural significance.[67]

Between 1991 and 2000, Bath was the scene of a series of rapes committed by an unidentified man dubbed the "Batman rapist".[68] The attacker remains at large and is the subject of Britain's longest-running serial rape investigation.[68] He is said to have a tights fetish, have a scar below his bottom lip and resides in the Bath area or knows it very well.[68] He has also been linked to the unsolved murder of Melanie Hall, which occurred in the city in 1996.[69] Although the offender's DNA is known and several thousand men in Bath were DNA tested, the attacker continues to evade police.[68]

Since 2000, major developments have included the Thermae Bath Spa, the SouthGate shopping centre, the residential Western Riverside project on the Stothert & Pitt factory site, and the riverside Bath Quays office and business development.[70][71] In 2021, Bath become part of a second UNESCO World Heritage Site, a group of spa towns across Europe known as the "Great Spas of Europe".[72] This makes it one of the only places to be formally recognised twice as a World Heritage site.[73]

حڪومت

[سنواريو]

جاگرافي ۽ ماحول

[سنواريو]

ڊيموگرافي

[سنواريو]

معيشت

[سنواريو]

فن تعمير

[سنواريو]

ثقافت

[سنواريو]

تعليم

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  1. ↑ "Bath". City population. حاصل ڪيل 25 October 2022. 
  2. ↑ "Visitors and tourists: Bath and North East Somerset Council". beta.bathnes.gov.uk. حاصل ڪيل 6 January 2023. 
  3. ↑ "Travel trends – Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. وقت 10 December 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2020-12-17.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  4. ↑ "Experience Bath – Tailor-made visits to Bath". وقت 25 November 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2020-12-16.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  5. ↑ Wessex Archaeology. "Archaeological Desk- based Assessment" (PDF). University of Bath, Masterplan Development Proposal 2008. Bath University. وقت 2 September 2015 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  6. ↑ "Monument No. 204162". PastScape. Historic England. وقت 4 May 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  7. ↑ Thomas, Rod (2008). A Sacred landscape: The prehistory of Bathampton Down. Bath: Millstream Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-948975-86-8. 
  8. ↑ "The Beaker people and the Bronze Age". Somerset County Council. وقت 14 August 2011 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  9. ↑ "Charmy Down". Pastscape. Historic England. وقت 22 August 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 22 August 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  10. ↑ Thomas, Rod (2008). A Sacred landscape: The prehistory of Bathampton Down. Bath: Millstream Books. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-0-948975-86-8. 
  11. ↑ "Bathampton Camp". PastScape. Historic England. وقت 4 May 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  12. ↑ "History of Bath's Spa". Bath Tourism Plus. وقت 15 March 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  13. ↑ Page, William. "Romano-British Somerset: Part 2, Bath". British History Online. Victoria County History. وقت 30 September 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 3 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  14. ↑ A L Rowse, Heritage of Britain, 1995, Treasure of London, ISBN 978-0-907407-58-4, 184 pages, Page 15
  15. ↑ "A Corpus of Writing-Tablets from Roman Britain". Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, Oxford. وقت 28 August 2011 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  16. ↑ "City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan". Bath and North East Somerset. وقت 14 June 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015. 
  17. ↑ "The Roman Baths". TimeTravel Britain. وقت 9 April 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Alfreds Borough". Bath Past. وقت 11 June 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  19. ↑ Southern, Patricia (2012). The Story of Roman Bath. Amberley. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-1445610900. 
  20. ↑ Hough, Andrew (22 March 2012). "Hoard of 30,000 silver Roman coins discovered in Bath". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/9161483/Hoard-of-30000-silver-Roman-coins-discovered-in-Bath.html. 
  21. ↑ "Dobunni to Hwicce". Bath past. وقت 23 September 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  22. ↑ "History of Bath England, Roman Bath history". My England Travel Guide. وقت 20 February 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  23. ↑ Klinck, Anne (1992). The Old English Elegies: A Critical Edition and Genre Study. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. 
  24. ↑ Davenport, Peter (2002). Medieval Bath Uncovered. Stroud: Tempus. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-0752419657. 
  25. ↑ "Timeline Bath". Time Travel Britain. وقت 3 April 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  26. ↑ "Saint David". 100 Welsh Heroes. وقت 10 October 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  27. ↑ Campbell, James; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. Penguin. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0140143959. 
  28. ↑ "Bath Abbey". Robert Poliquin's Music and Musicians. Quebec University. وقت 21 June 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 18 September 2007.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  29. ↑ Churton, Edward (1841). The Early English Church (2nd ed.). London: James Burns. p. 102. https://archive.org/details/earlyenglishchu01churgoog. 
  30. ↑ Davenport, Peter (2002). Medieval Bath Uncovered. Stroud: Tempus. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-0752419657. 
  31. ↑ Davenport, Peter (2002). Medieval Bath Uncovered. Stroud: Tempus. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0752419657. 
  32. ↑ "Edgar the Peaceful". English Monarchs – Kings and Queens of England. وقت 1 July 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  33. ↑ Powicke, Maurice (1939). Handbook of British Chronology. Offices of the Royal Historical Society. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-901050-17-5. 
  34. ↑ Barlow, Frank (March 2000). William Rufus. Yale University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-300-08291-3. 
  35. ↑ Davenport, Peter (2002). Medieval Bath Uncovered. Stroud: Tempus. p. 71. ISBN 978-0752419657. 
  36. ↑ Huscroft, Richard (2004). Ruling England, 1042–1217. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 978-0582848825. 
  37. ↑ Taylor, Ann (1999). Bath Abbey 1499-1999. Bath Abbey. p. 3. 
  38. ↑ "The eight-hundred-year story of St John's Hospital, Bath". Spirit of Care. Jean Manco. وقت 21 August 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  39. ↑ Manco, Jean. "Shelter in old age". Bath Past. وقت 23 September 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  40. ↑ Davenport, Peter (2002). Medieval Bath Uncovered. Stroud: Tempus. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0752419657. 
  41. ↑ "Bath Abbey". Visit Bath. وقت 11 July 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  42. ↑ "Renaissance Bath". City of Bath. وقت 14 January 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 December 2007.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  43. ↑ "Civic Insignia". City of Bath. وقت 14 January 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 10 December 2007.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  44. ↑ Stout, Adam (2020). Glastonbury Holy Thorn: Story of a Legend. Green & Pleasant Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9781916268616. 
  45. ↑ Green, Emanuel (1893). "The Visits to Bath of Two Queens". Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club 7: 224. 
  46. ↑ History of England during the Reigns of the Royal House of Stuart. John Oldmixon, 1730 pp208-212, as quoted in: An unhappy civil war. The experiences of ordinary people in Gloucestershire, Somerset, and Wiltshire, 1642-1646. John Wroughton. Lansdown Press, Bath, 1999. Chapter 4, Forced to improvise. pp165-166
  47. ↑ Crutwell, Clement (1801). A tour through the whole island of Great Britain; Divided into Journeys. Interspersed with Useful Observations; Particularly Calculated for the Use of Those who are Desirous of Travelling over England & Scotland. 2. pp. 387–388. https://books.google.com/books?id=7n5HAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA387. Retrieved 2 May 2015. 
  48. ↑ Rodgers, Colonel Hugh Cuthbert Basset (1968). Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars. Seeley Service & Co.. p. 81. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Wroughton, John (2004). Stuart Bath: Life in the Forgotten City 1603–1714. The Lansdown Press. pp. 156, 158, 161–2, 174. 
  50. ↑ An unhappy civil war. The experiences of ordinary people in Gloucestershire, Somerset, and Wiltshire, 1642-1646. John Wroughton. Lansdown Press, Bath, 1999. Chapter 4, Forced to improvise. pp165-167
  51. ↑ Burns, D. Thorburn (1981). "Thomas Guidott (1638–1705): Physician and Chymist, contributor to the analysis of mineral waters". Analytical Proceedings 18 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1039/AP9811800002. 
  52. ↑ Hembury, Phylis May (1990). The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press. pp. 114–121. ISBN 978-0-8386-3391-5. 
  53. ↑ "John Wood and the Creation of Georgian Bath". Building of Bath Museum. وقت 13 November 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 "Ralph Allen Biography". Bath Postal Museum. وقت 4 October 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  55. ↑ Eglin, John (2005). The Imaginary Autocrat: Beau Nash and the invention of Bath. Profile. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-86197-302-3. 
  56. ↑ "The manuscripts, Letter from Andrew Millar to Thomas Cadell, 16 July, 1765. Andrew Millar Project. University of Edinburgh.". millar-project.ed.ac.uk. وقت 15 January 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 3 June 2016.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  57. ↑ Thorn, sir William (1816) (en ۾). A memoir of major-general sir R.R. Gillespie [by W. Thorn..]. https://books.google.com/books?id=JEgVAAAAQAAJ. 
  58. ↑ "A vision of Bath". Britain through time. University of Portsmouth. وقت 12 October 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  59. ↑ "Beckford's Tower & Mortuary Chapel, Lansdown Cemetery". Images of England. Historic England. وقت 28 April 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  60. ↑ "The Emperor Haile Selassie I in Bath 1936–1940". Anglo-Ethiopian Society. وقت 30 January 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  61. ↑ "History – Bath at War". Royal Crescent Society, Bath. وقت 31 January 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 December 2007.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Spence, Cathryn (2012). Bath in the Blitz: Then and Now. Stroud: The History Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7524-6639-2. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Royal Crescent History: The Day Bombs fell on Bath". Royal Crescent Society, Bath. وقت 31 January 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 December 2007. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Cultural and historical development of Bath". Bath City-Wide Character Appraisal. Bath & North East Somerset Council. 31 August 2005. http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/planning-and-building-control/planning-policy/supplementary-planning-documents-spds/bath-ci. Retrieved 2 May 2015. 
  65. ↑ "Council Housing in Bath 1945–2013 – a social history" (PDF). Museum of Bath at Work. حاصل ڪيل 27 August 2023. 
  66. ↑ "Brutal Bath" (PDF). Museum of Bath Architecture. وقت 30 November 2018 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 30 November 2018. 
  67. ↑ "Why is Bath a World Heritage Site?". Bath and North East Somerset. وقت 9 June 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 3 May 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 "The Batman Rapist: What we know about the shocking serial attacker who terrorised women in Bath". Somerset Live. 1 August 2020. https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/in-your-area/batman-rapist-what-know-shocking-3210972. 
  69. ↑ "Parents plead for answers in 13-year-old murder case". The Independent. 9 October 2009. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/parents-plead-for-answers-in-13yearold-murder-case-1799966.html. 
  70. ↑ "South Gate Bath". Morley. وقت 26 October 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 8 December 2007.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  71. ↑ James Crawley (11 June 2016). "£12million for Bath Quays regeneration project is approved". Bath Chronicle. http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/12million-bath-quays-regeneration-project/story-29370279-detail/story.html. 
  72. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DPA-whs
  73. ↑ "Bath World Heritage Site | The City of Bath is exceptional in having two UNESCO inscriptions.". www.bathworldheritage.org.uk. حاصل ڪيل 2024-05-18. 
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