مواد ڏانھن هلو

قانون

ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو
کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
قانون ۽ انصاف سان لاڳاپيل ادارن سان گڏ اڪثر منسلڪ ڪئي ويندڙ هڪ تشبيھ (نشاني) جيڪا تارازي کي جبر ۽ انصاف جي وچ ۾ پيماني جي طور تي پيش ڪري ٿي۔

قانون (Law) دراصل اجتماعي اصولن تي مشتمل هڪ اهڙو نظام هوندو آهي جنهن کي ڪنهن اداري (عموماََ حڪومت) جي پاران ڪنهن معاشري جي رويي کي منظم ڪرڻ ۽ انجي نگراني ڪرڻ جي لاءِ تيار ۽ نافذ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان تي ئي ھر معاشري جي اجتماعي روين جو دارو مدار ٿيندو آهي.[1]

جيڪڏھن لفظن کي وسعت ڏني وڃي ته ائين چيو ويندو ته قانون رسمي اصول ۽ نظميت (regulation) جو هڪ اهڙو نظام آهي جيڪو آئين يا دستور، وضع قانون (legislation)، عدالتي راءِ ۽ اسبق (precedent) جھڙن شعبن عدل ۽ انصاف ۽ حڪومتي تضبيط تي محيط ھوندو آھي ۽ ان کي معاشري تي لاڳو ڪرڻ يا نافذ ڪرڻ جي لاءِ (جڏھن ۽ جيتري ضرورت پوي) رياستي طاقت کي استعمال ۾ آڻي سگھجي (يا آندو ويندو آھي).

قانون جيئن تہ مڪمل معاشري تي لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آھي ان ڪري ھي ان معاشري ۾ وسڻ واري ھر فرد جي زندگي تي اثر انداز ٿيندو آھي۔ مثال جي طور تي ھڪ قانون عھد (contract law)، جيڪو ھر خريد ڪئي ويندڙ شيءِ جي نظميت ڪري ٿو ڀلي اھا ھڪ ٽيليويزن ھجي يا اھا مالياتي پرزي (financial instrument) سان لاڳاپيل ڪنھن ماخوذ بازار (derivatives market) مان خريد ڪيل تبادلو (swaption) ھجي.

اھڙي طرح قانون جائداد (property law) جيڪو غيرمنقوله جائيداد (real property)، جيئن گهر، عمارت ۽ ملڪيت (estate) وغيرہ کي خريد ڪرڻ، وڪڙڻ ۽ ڪرائي تي ڏيڻ سان لاڳاپيل لازمي ڳالھيون ۽ فرض تعين ڪري ٿو.

ان جي صحيح تعريف سان، هڪ ڊگهي بحث جو معاملو آهي. ان کي مختلف طرح سان انصاف جي سائنس ۽ فن طور بيان ڪيو ويو آهي. رياست طرفان لاڳو ڪيل قانون هڪ قانون ساز گروهه يا هڪ واحد قانون ساز طرفان ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ قانون؛ عام طور تي عام قانون جي دائري اختيار ۾، حڪمرانن طرفان فرمانن ۽ ضابطن ذريعي؛ يا ججن پاران قائم ڪيل مثال جي ذريعي ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا.

پرائيويٽ فرد قانوني طور تي پابند معاهدا ٺاهي سگھن ٿا، بشمول ثالثي معاهدا جيڪي معياري عدالتي مقدمن جي تڪرارن کي حل ڪرڻ جا متبادل طريقا اختيار ڪن ٿا. قانونن جي تخليق خود آئين جي اثر هيٺ، لکت ۾ يا ٺھيل ۽ ان ۾ انڪوڊ ٿيل حقن سان گڏ ٿي سگھي ٿي. قانون مختلف طريقن سان سياست، اقتصاديات، تاريخ ۽ سماج کي شڪل ڏئي ٿو ۽ ماڻهن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي ثالث جو ڪم پڻ ڪري ٿو. قانوني نظام مختلف علائقن جي وچ ۾ مختلف آهن، انهن جي اختلافن سان تقابلي قانون ۾ تجزيو ڪيو ويو آهي. سول قانون جي دائري اختيار ۾، قانون سازي يا ٻيو مرڪزي ادارو قانون کي ڪوڊ ڪري ٿو ۽ مضبوط ڪري ٿو. عام قانون جي سرشتي ۾، جج شايد مقدمي جي قانون کي پابند ڪري سگھن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ موقعي تي اهو اعلي عدالت يا قانون سازي طرفان رد ڪري سگهجي ٿو. تاريخي طور تي، مذهبي قانون سيڪيولر معاملن تي اثرانداز ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ 21 صدي عيسويءَ تائين، اڃا به ڪجهه مذهبي برادرين ۾ استعمال ۾ آهي. اسلامي اصولن تي ٻڌل شرعي قانون ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ بنيادي قانوني نظام طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، بشمول ايران ۽ سعودي عرب. قانون قانوني تاريخ، فلسفي، معاشي تجزيي ۽ سماجيات ۾ علمي تحقيق جو هڪ ذريعو مهيا ڪري ٿو. قانون پڻ برابري، انصاف ۽ انصاف جي حوالي سان اهم ۽ پيچيده مسئلا پيدا ڪري ٿو.

with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.[2][3][4] It has been variously described as a science[5][6] and as the art of justice.[7][8][9] State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.

Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent,[10] although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature.[11] Historically, religious law has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities.[12][13][14] Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia.[15][16]

The scope of law can be divided into two domains: public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law; while private law deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as contracts, property, torts, delicts and commercial law.[17] This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts;[18][19] by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions.[20][21]

Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history,[22] philosophy,[23] economic analysis[24] and sociology.[25] Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice.[26][27]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ Robertson 200690.
  2. ↑ Willis 1926.
  3. ↑ Gibbs, Jack P. (1968). "Definitions of Law and Empirical Questions". Law & Society Review 2 (3): 429–446. doi:10.2307/3052897. ISSN 0023-9216. 
  4. ↑ Akers, Ronald L. (1965). "Toward a Comparative Definition of Law". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 56 (3): 301–306. doi:10.2307/1141239. ISSN 0022-0205. http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5313&context=jclc. Retrieved 3 January 2020. 
  5. ↑ Spooner, Lysander (1882). Natural Law; or The Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing that All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part First.. A. Williams & Co.. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_Law;_or_The_Science_of_Justice:_A_Treatise_on_Natural_Law,_Natural_Justice,_Natural_Rights,_Natural_Liberty,_and_Natural_Society;_Showing_that_All_Legislation_Whatsoever_is_an_Absurdity,_a_Usurpation,_and_a_Crime._Part_First.. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  6. ↑ Núñez Vaquero, Álvaro (10 June 2013). "Five Models of Legal Science" (en ۾). Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava (19): 53–81. doi:10.4000/revus.2449. ISSN 1581-7652. https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  7. ↑ Cohen 1992.
  8. ↑ Rubin, Basha. "Is Law an Art or a Science?: A Bit of Both". Forbes. وقت 3 November 2018 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  9. ↑ Berger 1953525.
  10. ↑ Mason, Anthony (1996). "The Judge as Law-maker". James Cook University Mayo Lecture. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  11. ↑ Devins, Neal. "Congressional Responses to Judicial Decisions". Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court. Gale MacMillan. صفحا. 400–403. وقت 31 December 2019 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 31 December 2019.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  12. ↑ Berman, Harold J. (1983). "Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective". Journal of Law and Religion (Cambridge University Press) 1 (1): 3–43. doi:10.2307/1051071. 
  13. ↑ Fox, Jonathan; Sandler, Shmuel (1 April 2005). "Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies". Comparative Politics 37 (3): 317. doi:10.2307/20072892. 
  14. ↑ Cox, Noel (2001). "Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia". Deakin Law Review 6 (2): 262. http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  15. ↑ Otto, Jan Michiel, ed (2010). Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087280574. 
  16. ↑ Raisch, Marylin Johnson. "Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex". Hauser Global Law School Program. New York University School of Law. وقت 31 December 2019 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 31 December 2019.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  17. ↑ Horwitz, Morton J. (1 June 1982). "The History of the Public/Private Distinction". University of Pennsylvania Law Review 130 (6): 1423–1428. doi:10.2307/3311976. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677. Retrieved 3 January 2020. [مئل ڳنڍڻو]
  18. ↑ Merryman, John Henry (1968). "The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law". Journal of Public Law 17: 3. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/emlj17&div=5. Retrieved 3 January 2020. 
  19. ↑ Saiman, Chaim N. (6 July 2008). "Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science" (en ۾). American Journal of Comparative Law (Social Science Research Network) 56 (961): 691–702. doi:10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1155203. Retrieved 3 January 2020. 
  20. ↑ Harlow, Carol (1 May 1980). ""Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction" (en ۾). The Modern Law Review 43 (3): 241–265. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x. ISSN 1468-2230. 
  21. ↑ Samuel, Geoffrey (1 September 1983). "Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response" (en ۾). The Modern Law Review 46 (5): 558–583. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x. ISSN 1468-2230. 
  22. ↑ Gordley, James (16 November 2006). Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard. eds. "Comparative Law and Legal History" (en ۾). The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law: 752–774. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024. ISBN 9780199296064. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  23. ↑ Bor, Fredric L. (1974). "The nexus between philosophy and law". Journal of Legal Education 26 (4): 539–543. ISSN 0022-2208. 
  24. ↑ Rubin, Paul H. "Law and Economics". The Library of Economics and Liberty. Liberty Fund, Inc. وقت 2 July 2019 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 31 December 2019.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  25. ↑ Banakar, Reza (2003). Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research. Berlin/Wisconsin: Galda and Wilch Publishing. ISBN 1-931255-13-X. 
  26. ↑ Pound, Roscoe (1914). "The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines". Harvard Law Review 27 (3): 195–234. doi:10.2307/1325958. ISSN 0017-811X. 
  27. ↑ Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas, eds (1996). Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory. University of Michigan Press. pp. 18–19. doi:10.3998/mpub.10283. ISBN 9780472096251. 
"https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=قانون&oldid=297403" تان ورتل