مواد ڏانھن هلو

عربي ٻولي

ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو
کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
(Arabic language کان چوريل)

عَرَبِي ٻولِي (اُچار: اَربِي ٻولِي، اردو: عَربِی، اَنگريزِي: Arabic، عربي: اَلعَرَبِيَّة) دُنيا جي مَشھُور تَرِين ٻولِين مان ھِڪ ٻولِي آھي.

عَرَبِي ٻولِيءَ جون ٽِي مَشهُور رَسم الخَط آهِن. خَط نَسخ، خَط ڪُوفِي ۽ خَط رُقعِي. عَرَبِي ٻولِي ٽِنَهي رَسم الخَط ۾ لِکَجي ٿي، پَر عَرَب گهَڻو ڪَري لِکَڻ لَاءِ خَط رُقعِي اِستعمَال ڪن ٿا.

عَرَبَن پَنهِنجي آئِيوِيٽا آرم مُلڪ سيميٽِڪ قَوم وارَن کان وَرتي، تَه اَڄ به ڏِسو ته عَرَبِيءَ ۾ سَڀ حَرف صَحِيح آهِن ۽ حَرف عِلت آهي ئِي ڪُونه. عربن کي جيڪي حرف صحيح اَرم ملڪ وارن وٽان مليا، تن مان ڪن جا منهن بند هئا، جي عربن کوليا. عَرَبِيءَ ۾ ڪي اُچار آهن، جي اَرم مان مليل آئيويٽا ۾ ڪين هئا، ته پنهنجي گهرج آهر ان ۾ اکر گڏيائون. مثلاً ب ۽ ت؛ ج، ح ۽ خ ساڳيءَ صورت وارا لفظ آهن، ته انهن ۾ نقطا هيٺ مٿي گڏي، پنهنجي آئيويٽا جا اکر وڌائي اٺاويهه ڪيائون. سنه 634-635ع ڌاري عربن ايران فتح ڪيو، ته اتي عَرَبِي ٻولِي ۽ عَرَبِي آئيويٽا چالو ٿي. ايراني ٻولِيءَ ۾ ڪي اهڙا اُچار آهن، جي عَرَبِيءَ ۾ ڪينهن، ته ايرانين عَرَبِي آئيويٽا ۾ پنهنجا ٻيا چار اکر ٺاهي وڌا، جنهن ڪري هينئر پارسي آئيويٽا ۾ بٽيهه اکر آهن. ڪابه ٻولِي حرف علت يا اعرابن کان سواءِ هلي ڪين سگهندي. سيميٽڪ قومن کي پڻي يا فنيشن لوڪن جي آئيويٽا مان اعرابون يا حرف علت نه مليا، ته هنن پنهنجو هوش هلائي، پنهنجي لاءِ هڪ سولي سهنجي واٽ گهڙي. مثلاً عَرَبِيءَ ۽ پارسيءَ ۾ ”ا، و ۽ ي“ اهي ٽي اکر جيتوڻيڪ حرف صحيح آهن، ته به پنهنجا اُچار اٿن، تنهن ڪري اهي ساڳيا اکر حرف علت ڪري به ڪم آڻڻ لڳا. ”الف“ مان ”اَ“، ”و“ مان ”اُ“ ۽ ”ي“ مان ”اِ“. اهي ٽي اعرابون ٺاهيائون. اهي ٽيئي ننڍي اُچار واريون اعرابون آهن، پر ٻولِيءَ ۾ ڊگها اُچار به کپن. انهيءَ اوڻائيءَ جي پورائي ڪرڻ لاءِ عرب لوڪ اهي ساڳيا ٽي ننڍا اچار ٻٽا ڪري ڪم آڻڻ لڳا. مثلاً عَرَبِيءَ ۾ لکن ”اادم“، جنهن جو اُچار آهي ”آدم“[1]. ائين اَ + اَ = آ، اِ + اِ = اِي ۽ اُ + اُ = اُو

تفصيل

[سنواريو]
عربي
اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ
خط نسخ ۾ لکيل العربيه
اچارar
ar
ٻولي جو وطنعرب دنيا ۽ آس پاس جا علائقا
نسلعرب ۽ عرب دنيا جا ٻيا نسلي گروهه
ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ
عربي جي سڀني قسمن جا 41 ڪروڙ 10 لک (411 ملين) مقامي ڳالهائيندڙ (2020-2024) (2020–2024)[2]
ست ڪروڙ (70 ملين) ان کي ٻي ٻولي طور استعمال ڪري رهيا آهن (سڀني قسمن جا L2 استعمال ڪندڙ). (2020–2024)[3]
پراڻيون صورتون
معياري صورتون
لھجو
Arabic alphabet
Other official scripts
عربي الفابيٽ * ٻيا سرڪاري رسم الخط: لاطيني رسم الخط (مالٽيز الفابيٽ) # 28 رياستون ۽ علائقا الجيريا
سرڪاري حيثيت
سرڪاري ٻولي وغيره
بين الاقوامي تنظيمون
خاص دستوري حيثيت:
اقليت جي
ٻولي 
ريگيوليٽر
List
ٻولي جا ڪوڊ
ISO 639-1ar
ISO 639-2ara
ISO 639-3ara – inclusive code
Individual codes:
arq – الجزائر جي عربي
xaa – اندلسي عربي
abv – بحراني عربي
avl – بدوي عربي
shu – چاڊ جي عربي
acy – قبرصي عربي
adf – ظوفاري عربي
arz – Egyptian Arabic
acm – Gelet Iraqi Arabic
afb – Gulf Arabic
ayh – Hadhrami Arabic
mey – Hassaniya Arabic
acw – Hejazi Arabic
apc – Levantine Arabic
ayl – Libyan Arabic
ary – Moroccan Arabic
ars – Najdi Arabic
acx – Omani Arabic
ayp – Qeltu Iraqi Arabic
aao – Saharan Arabic
aec – Saʽidi Arabic
ayn – Sanʽani Arabic
ssh – Shihhi Arabic
sqr – Siculo-Arabic
arb – Standard Arabic
apd – Sudanese Arabic
acq – Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic
abh – Tajiki Arabic
aeb – Tunisian Arabic
auz – Uzbeki Arabic
گلوٽولوگarab1395[14]
لنگاسفيئر12-AAC
  واحد سرڪاري ٻولي، عربي ڳالهائيندڙ جي اڪثريت
  شريڪ سرڪاري ٻولي، عربي ڳالهائيندڙ جي اڪثريت
  شريڪ سرڪاري ٻولي، عربي ڳالهائيندڙ جي اقليت
  سرڪاري ٻولي نه آهي، عربي ڳالهائيندڙ جي اقليت
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Arabic[lower-alpha 3] is

عربي (اللسان اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ) افرو ايشيائي ٻولي خاندان جي هڪ مرڪزي سامي ٻولي آهي ۽ بنيادي طور تي عرب دنيا ۾ ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. معيار جي عالمي تنظيم (ISO) عربي جي 32 قسمن کي ٻولين جو ڪوڊ تفويض ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ ادبي عربي جي معياري شڪل به شامل آهي، جيڪا جديد معياري عربي جي نالي سان سڃاڻي وڃي ٿي ۽ ڪلاسيڪل عربي مان نڪتل آهي. هي فرق بنيادي طور تي لسانيات جي يورپي ماهرن ۾ موجود آهي، جڏهن ته عربي ڳالهائيندڙ پاڻ عام طور تي جديد معياري عربي ۽ ڪلاسيڪل عربي ۾ فرق نٿا ڪن، پر ٻنهي کي "اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ" (فصيح عربي) يا صرف اَلْفُصْحَىٰ جي طور تي حوالو ڏين ٿا.

گڏيل قومن جي ڇهن سرڪاري ٻولين مان هڪ، عربي ٻولي، انگريزي ۽ فرانسيسي کان پوءِ عربي ٽئين سڀ کان وڌيڪ وسيع سرڪاري ٻولي آهي. مسلمانن جي مقدس ڪتاب، قرآن ڪريم، هن ئي ٻولي ۾ نازل ٿي آهي ۽ هن ئي بولي ۾ تلاوت ڪئي ويندي آهي. عربي ٻولي دنيا جي اسڪولن ۽ يونيورسٽين ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پڙهائي ويندي آهي ۽ اها نجي ۽ سرڪاري دفترن ۽ ميڊيا ۾ مختلف درجن تائين استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وچين دور دوران، عربي ٻولي ثقافت ۽ سکيا جو، خاص طور تي سائنس، رياضي ۽ فلسفي ۾، هڪ وڏو ذريعو هئي. نتيجي طور، ڪيترين ئي يورپي ٻولين جا لفظ عربي کان ورتل آهن.

a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.[15] The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic,[16] which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā (اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ[17] "the eloquent Arabic") or simply al-fuṣḥā (اَلْفُصْحَىٰ).

Arabic is the third most widespread official language after English and French,[18] one of six official languages of the United Nations,[19] and the liturgical language of Islam.[20] Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the world and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, governments and the media.[20] During the Middle Ages, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture and learning, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have borrowed words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages (mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Catalan, and Sicilian) owing to the proximity of Europe and the long-lasting Arabic cultural and linguistic presence, mainly in Southern Iberia, during the Al-Andalus era. Maltese is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet.[21] The Balkan languages, including Albanian, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian, have also acquired many words of Arabic origin, mainly through direct contact with Ottoman Turkish.

Arabic has influenced languages across the globe throughout its history, especially languages where Islam is the predominant religion and in countries that were conquered by Muslims. The most markedly influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu),[22] Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian), Maldivian, Pashto, Punjabi, Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian, Tagalog, Sindhi, Odia,[23] Hebrew and African languages such as Hausa, Amharic, Tigrinya, Somali, Tamazight, and Swahili. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed some words (mostly nouns) from other languages, including its sister-language Aramaic, Persian, Greek, and Latin and to a lesser extent and more recently from Turkish, English, French, and Italian.

Arabic is spoken by as many as 380 million speakers, both native and non-native, in the Arab world,[2] making it the fifth most spoken language in the world[24] and the fourth most used language on the internet in terms of users.[25][26] It also serves as the liturgical language of more than 2 billion Muslims.[19] In 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked Arabic the fourth most useful language for business, after English, Mandarin Chinese, and French.[27] Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, an abjad script that is written from right to left.

Classical Arabic (and Modern Standard Arabic) is considered a conservative language among Semitic languages, it preserved the complete Proto-Semitic three grammatical cases and declension (ʾiʿrāb), and it was used in the reconstruction of Proto-Semitic since it preserves as contrastive 28 out of the evident 29 consonantal phonemes.[28]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ {ڪتاب: قديم سنڌ ؛ از: ڀيرومل مهرچند آڏواڻي ؛ چوٿون ايڊيشن 2004، پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/History/Book46/Book_page26.html#_ftn27. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. 1 2 سانچو:E28
  3. ↑ سانچو:E28
  4. ↑ "Eritrea", The World Factbook (in انگريزي), Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-04-26, archived from the original on 2021-01-21, retrieved 2023-04-29 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ↑ Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979. – Article: 16 Official or national languages, 1979, retrieved 25 July 2018
  6. ↑ Constitution of Pakistan: Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 – Article: 31 Islamic way of life, 1973, retrieved 13 June 2018
  7. ↑ "Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus". Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  8. ↑ "Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State of the Jewish People" (PDF). Knesset. 2018-07-19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  9. ↑ "Mali". www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  10. ↑ "Niger : Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales". www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca (in فرانسيسي). Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  11. ↑ Constitution of the Philippines, Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
  12. ↑ "Decret n° 2005-980 du 21 octobre 2005". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  13. ↑ The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. ch. 1, s. 6. https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  14. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin et al., eds (2016). "Arabic". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arab1395.
  15. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Al-Jallad
  16. ↑ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  17. ↑ Kamusella, Tomasz (2017). "The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?". Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 11 (2): 117–145. doi:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006. ISSN 2570-5857. https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/12443/_Journal_of_Nationalism_Memory_Language_Politics_The_Arabic_Language_A_Latin_of_Modernity.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  18. ↑ Wright (2001:492)
  19. 1 2 "What are the official languages of the United Nations? - Ask DAG!". ask.un.org (in انگريزي). Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  20. 1 2 World, I. H. "Arabic". IH World (in انگريزي). Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  21. ↑ "Maltese language". Encyclopedia Britannica (in انگريزي). Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  22. ↑ Versteegh, Kees; Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997) (en ۾). The Arabic Language. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231111522. "... of the Qufdn; many Arabic loanwords in the indigenous languages, as in Urdu and Indonesian, were introduced mainly through the medium of Persian."
  23. ↑ Bhabani Charan Ray (1981). "Appendix B Persian, Turkish, Arabic words generally used in Oriya". Orissa Under the Mughals: From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa. Orissan studies project, 10. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. p. 213. OCLC 461886299. https://books.google.com/books?id=FgUeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA213.
  24. ↑ Lane, James (2 June 2021). "The 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World". Babbel. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  25. ↑ "Internet: most common languages online 2020". Statista (in انگريزي). Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  26. ↑ "Top Ten Internet Languages in The World - Internet Statistics". www.internetworldstats.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  27. ↑ "Mandarin Chinese Most Useful Business Language After English - Bloomberg Business". Bloomberg News. 2015-03-29. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  28. ↑ Versteegh, Cornelis Henricus Maria "Kees" (1997). The Arabic Language. Columbia University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-231-11152-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=2tghviSsrF8C.

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

[سنواريو]


حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script, Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 "Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic, ..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study."[5]
  2. ↑ The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan states in Article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language ..."[6]
  3. ↑ endonym: اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, romanized: al-ʿarabiyyah, ar, or عَرَبِيّ, ʿarabīy, ar ar
حوالي جي چڪ: "lower-alpha" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <ref> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <references group="lower-alpha"/> نہ مليو
"https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=عربي_ٻولي&oldid=365078" تان ورتل