هند-ايراني ٻوليون

Indo-Iranian
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Iranic (Aryan)
علائقائي; ورهاست	South, Central, West Asia and the Caucasus
ٻولي واري درجابندي	هند۔يورپي Indo-Iranian;
پورٽو-ٻولي	Proto-Indo-Iranian
شاخون	Indo-Aryan; Iranian; Nuristani; Badeshi (unclassified);
ISO 639-5	iir
گلوٽو لاگ	indo1320
	Distribution of the Indo-Iranian languages

هند-ايراني ٻوليون (Indo-Iranic Languages)، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي آريائي ٻوليون پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي،^[3] هند-يورپي ٻولي خاندان جي سڀ کان وڏي شاخ ٺاهين ٿيون. انهن ۾ 300 کان وڌيڪ ٻوليون شامل آهن،^[4] ^[5] جنهن کي دنيا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1.7 ارب ڳالهائيندڙ، خاص طور تي ڏکڻ ايشيا، اولهه ايشيا ۽ وچ ايشيا جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ ڳالهائين ٿا.^[6]^[7]

هند-ايراني ٻوليون ٽن وڏين شاخن؛ هند-آريائي، نورستاني ٻولي ۽ ايراني ٻولين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بديشي ٻولي، هند-ايراني شاخ اندر غير درجه بندي رهي ٿي. سڀ کان وڏي هند-ايراني ٻولي هندستاني ٻولي (هندي-اردو) آهي.^[8]

هند-ايراني ٻولين جا علائقا يورپ (روماني)، قفقاز (اوسيتيائي، تات، تلش) کان وٺي ميسوپوٽيميا ۽ اوڀر اناطوليا (ڪوردي ۽ زازا)،^[9] ^[10] ^[11] ليوانت ۽ اتر آفريڪا (ڊومئري)^[12] ۽ ايران ۾ فارسي ۽ اوڀر طرف سنڪيانگ (سريڪولي)، آسام (آسامي) ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سري لنڪا (سنهالا)، مالديپ (ديويهي) ۽ وڌيڪ شاخ اوشيانا ۽ ڪيريبين (فجي هندي ۽ ڪيريبين هندستاني لاءِ ترتيب وار) تائين پکڙيل آهن. وڌيڪ انڊو-ايراني ڳالهائيندڙن جون وڏيون برادريون، اتر اولهه يورپ ۾، اتر آمريڪا، اوشيانا، اوڀر آفريڪا، ڏکڻ آفريڪا، ڪيريبين ۽ عرب ملڪن ۾ موجود آهن.

حوالا

↑ Bashir, Elena (2007). "Dardic". ۾ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (مرتب). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge. ص. 905. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5. 'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [...] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, مرتب (2016). "Indo-Iranian". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (مدد); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (مدد)
↑ Mahulkar, D. D. (1990). Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-85119-88-5.
↑ "Indo-Iranian". Ethnologue. 2023.
↑ "Glottolog 4.7 – Indo-Iranian". Glottolog. 1 February 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
↑ Puglielli, Annarita; Frascarelli, Mara (2011). Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022250-0.
↑ Gvozdanović, Jadranka (1999). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. Walter de Gruyter. ص. 221. ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7. The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping.
↑ "Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): Ethnologue 21. سانچو:E21. سانچو:E21.
↑ Asatrian, Garnik (1995). "DIMLĪ". Encyclopedia Iranica VI. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dimli. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
↑ Paul, Ludwig (1998). "The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages" (PDF). Iran Chamber. Open Publishing. 4 December 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
↑ Chatoev, Vladimir; K'osyan, Aram (1999). Nationalities of Armenia (انگريزي ۾). YEGEA Publishing House. ص. 61. ISBN 978-99930-808-0-0.
↑ Matras 2012.

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

Appendix:Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists جي لغوي معنائن جي لاءِ وڪي لغت ۾ ڏسو

وڪيميڊيا العام ۾ سان لاڳاپيل ميڊيا هند-ايراني ٻوليون.

Swadesh lists of Indo-Iranian basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

سانچو:Indo-European languages سانچو:Indo-Iranian languages

↑ A fourth independent branch, Dardic, was previously posited, but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo-Aryan branch^[1]

حوالي جي چڪ: "lower-alpha" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <ref> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <references group="lower-alpha"/> نہ مليو

[jain-cardona-20073-1] Bashir, Elena (2007). "Dardic". ۾ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (مرتب). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge. ص. 905. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5. 'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [...] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.

[Glottolog-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, مرتب (2016). "Indo-Iranian". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (مدد); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (مدد)

[Mahulkar19902-4] Mahulkar, D. D. (1990). Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-85119-88-5.

[5] "Indo-Iranian". Ethnologue. 2023.

[6] "Glottolog 4.7 – Indo-Iranian". Glottolog. 1 February 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.

[PuglielliFrascarelli20112-7] Puglielli, Annarita; Frascarelli, Mara (2011). Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022250-0.

[8] Gvozdanović, Jadranka (1999). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. Walter de Gruyter. ص. 221. ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7. The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping.

[ethnologue2-9] "Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): Ethnologue 21. سانچو:E21. سانچو:E21.

[10] Asatrian, Garnik (1995). "DIMLĪ". Encyclopedia Iranica VI. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dimli. Retrieved 11 June 2021.

[11] Paul, Ludwig (1998). "The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages" (PDF). Iran Chamber. Open Publishing. 4 December 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.

[12] Chatoev, Vladimir; K'osyan, Aram (1999). Nationalities of Armenia (انگريزي ۾). YEGEA Publishing House. ص. 61. ISBN 978-99930-808-0-0.

[FOOTNOTEMatras2012-13] Matras 2012.

[2] A fourth independent branch, Dardic, was previously posited, but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo-Aryan branch^[1]

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