مواد ڏانھن هلو

يهوديت

ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو
کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
(يھوديت کان چوريل)

يھوديت (Judaism) يھودين جي نسلي گروہ جي مذھب جو نالو آهي جنھن ۾ انھن جي مذھبي، ثقافتي ۽ شرعي روايتن سميت انھن جي پنھنجي تھذيب پڻ شامل آهي.[1] ھي سڀ کان پھريون ابراھيمي مذھب آھي ۽ ان جو بنياد توحيد تي آھي يعني يھودي صرف ھڪ خدا جي ھجڻ جي تصور ۾ يقين رکندڙ آھن. يھودين جي وڏي مقدس ڪتاب تورات آھي، جيڪا عبراني بائيبل جو وڏو حصو ٺاهيندي آھي. انھن جي زباني روايتن تي مشتمل ٻيون مقدس ڪتاب تلمود ۽ مدراش آھن. ھن مذھب جا پوئلڳ ھن وقت دنيا ۾ ڏيڍ کان پوڻا ٻه ڪروڙ تائين آھن. يھوديت وچ اوڀر ۾ ٽامي جي دؤر کان وٺي ھڪ منظم مذھب رھيو آھي.[2]

تفصيل

[سنواريو]

اسلام

Judaism
יַהֲדוּת
سانچو:Transliteration
Ethnic religion
Founded by Abraham and Moses (according to tradition)[3][4]

يھوديت (انگريزي: Judaism؛ عبراني: יַהֲדוּת، ياهادت)، يھودين جي نسلي گروہ جي مذھب جو نالو آهي جنھن ۾ انھن جي مذھبي، ثقافتي ۽ شرعي روايتن سميت انھن جي پنھنجي تھذيب پڻ شامل آهي.[11] ھي سڀ کان پھريون ابراھيمي مذھب آھي ۽ ان جو بنياد توحيد تي آھي يعني يھودي صرف ھڪ خدا جي ھجڻ جي تصور ۾ يقين رکندڙ آھن. يھودين جي وڏي مقدس ڪتاب تورات آھي، جيڪا عبراني بائيبل جو وڏو حصو ٺاهيندي آھي. انھن جي زباني روايتن تي مشتمل ٻيون مقدس ڪتاب تلمود ۽ مدراش آھن. ھن مذھب جا پوئلڳ ھن وقت دنيا ۾ ڏيڍ کان پوڻا ٻه ڪروڙ تائين آھن. يھوديت وچ اوڀر ۾ ٽامي جي دؤر کان وٺي ھڪ منظم مذھب رھيو آھي.[12]

Judaism (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jewish people.[13][14][15] Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of observing the Mosaic covenant, which they believe was established between God and the Jewish people.[16] The religion is considered one of the earliest monotheistic religions.

Jewish religious doctrine encompasses a wide body of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Among Judaism's core texts is the Torah—the first five books of the Hebrew Bible—and a collection of ancient Hebrew scriptures. The Tanakh, known in English as the Hebrew Bible, has the same books as Protestant Christianity's Old Testament, with some differences in order and content. In addition to the original written scripture, the supplemental Oral Torah is represented by later texts, such as the Midrash and the Talmud. The Hebrew-language word torah can mean "teaching", "law", or "instruction",[17] although "Torah" can also be used as a general term that refers to any Jewish text or teaching that expands or elaborates on the original Five Books of Moses. Representing the core of the Jewish spiritual and religious tradition, the Torah is a term and a set of teachings that are explicitly self-positioned as encompassing at least seventy, and potentially infinite, facets and interpretations.[18] Judaism's texts, traditions, and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity and Islam.[19][20] Hebraism, like Hellenism, played a seminal role in the formation of Western civilization through its impact as a core background element of early Christianity.[21]

Within Judaism, there are a variety of religious movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism,[22][23][24] which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah.[25] Historically, all or part of this assertion was challenged by various groups, such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period;[26][23][27] the Karaites during the early and later medieval period; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations.[28] Some modern branches of Judaism, such as Humanistic Judaism, may be considered secular or nontheistic.[29][30][31][32] Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi and Modern Orthodox), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to halakha (Jewish law), rabbinic authority and tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel.[33][34][35][3] Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Halakha are explicitly divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed.[36][37][38][39] Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism.[40][41][42][43] A typical Reform position is that Halakha should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews.[44][45][46][47][48] Historically, special courts enforced Halakha; today, these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary.[49] Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, but in the Jewish sacred texts and the rabbis and scholars who interpret them.

Jews are an ethnoreligious group[50] including those born Jewish, in addition to converts to Judaism. In 2025, the world Jewish population was estimated at 14.8 million, although religious observance varies from strict to nonexistent.[51][52]

يھوديت مسلمانن جي نظر ۾

[سنواريو]

مسلمانن جي نظر ۾ يھوديت ۽ عيسائيت بعد پيغمبرن کان بعد جا ٺھيل مذھب آھن. يھوديت پنھنجي ان نالي ۽ مذھبي خصوصيتن، رسمن ۽ قائدن سميت ٽين يا چوٿين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ پيدا ٿي ۽ عيسائيت بہ حضرت عيسيٰ کان گھڻو پوء وجود ۾ آئي[53].

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ Lawrence Schiffman, Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. KTAV Publishing House, 2003. p. 3.
  2. ↑ "History of Judaism until 164 BCE", History of Judaism, BBC۔ 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mendes-Flohr 2005.
  4. ↑ Levenson 20123.
  5. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). "At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 95–112. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA95. Retrieved 20 January 2021. 
  6. ↑ Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). "How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity". How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 13–55. ISBN 978-0-8028-2861-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA13. Retrieved 20 July 2021. 
  7. ↑ Freeman, Charles (2010). "Breaking Away: The First Christianities". A New History of Early Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 31–46. doi:10.12987/9780300166583. ISBN 978-0-300-12581-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=5_in-6VLgRoC&pg=PA31. Retrieved 20 January 2021. 
  8. ↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). "Beginning in Jerusalem". The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 6–16. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA6. Retrieved 20 January 2021. 
  9. ↑ Krans, Jan; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J.; Smit, Peter-Ben et al., eds (2013). "How Antichrist Defeated Death: The Development of Christian Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Early Church". Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer. Novum Testamentum: Supplements. 149. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 238–255. doi:10.1163/9789004250369_016. ISBN 978-90-04-25026-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA238. Retrieved 13 February 2021. 
  10. ↑ Fahmy, Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia (09 جون 2025), "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020", Pew Research Center (ٻولي ۾ en-US), حاصل ڪيل 10 جون 2025۔ 
  11. ↑ Lawrence Schiffman, Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. KTAV Publishing House, 2003. p. 3.
  12. ↑ "History of Judaism until 164 BCE", History of Judaism, BBC۔ 
  13. ↑ سانچو:JewishEncyclopedia
  14. ↑ Jacobs 2007511 quote: "Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews.".
  15. ↑ Schiffman 20033.
  16. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Knowledge Resources: Judaism
  17. ↑ Fried, Yerachmiel (18 August 2011). "What is Torah?.". Aish. https://aish.com/what-is-torah/. 
  18. ↑ "Bamidbar Rabah", sefaria.org, sefaria, اصل کان 11 March 2022 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 11 March 2022۔ 
  19. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations
  20. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The Historical Muhammad
  21. ↑ Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.
  22. ↑ Neusner & Avery-Peck 200378–92.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Schiffman 2003.
  24. ↑ "Rabbinic Judaism", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, اصل کان 12 June 2020 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 07 نومبر 2020۔ 
  25. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named What is the oral Torah?
  26. ↑ Neusner & Avery-Peck 200358–77.
  27. ↑ "Sadducee", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, اصل کان 8 March 2021 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 07 نومبر 2020۔ 
  28. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named JEkaraites
  29. ↑ Mendes-Flohr, Paul (2003). "Secular Forms of Jewishness". in Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J.. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism (Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ.. pp. 461–476. ISBN 1-57718-058-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C&pg=PA461. Retrieved 10 July 2023. 
  30. ↑ Karesh & Hurvitz 2005221, "Humanistic Judaism".
  31. ↑ Ackerman, Ari (May 2010). "Eliezer Schweid on the Religious Dimension of a Secular Jewish Renewal". Modern Judaism 30 (2): 209–228. doi:10.1093/mj/kjq005. ISSN 0276-1114. 
  32. ↑ Troen, Ilan (April 2016). Secular Judaism in Israel, آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 31 July 2023 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Society, Vol. 53, Issue 2.
  33. ↑ Rudavsky 1979.
  34. ↑ Raphael 1984.
  35. ↑ Jacobs 2007.
  36. ↑ Rudavsky 1979218–270, 367–402.
  37. ↑ Raphael 1984125–176.
  38. ↑ Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003311–333.
  39. ↑ Jacobs 2003, "Orthodox Judaism".
  40. ↑ Rudavsky 1979317–346.
  41. ↑ Raphael 198479–124.
  42. ↑ Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003334–353.
  43. ↑ Jacobs 2003, "Conservative Judaism".
  44. ↑ Rudavsky 1979156–185, 285–316.
  45. ↑ Raphael 19841–78.
  46. ↑ Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003291–310.
  47. ↑ Jacobs 2003, "Reform Judaism".
  48. ↑ Karesh & Hurvitz 2005419–422, "Reform Judaism".
  49. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Bet Din
  50. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ethnoreligious
  51. ↑ Dashefsky, Arnold; Della-Pergola, Sergio; Sheskin, Ira, وڪي نويس (2021), World Jewish Population, Berman Jewish DataBank, اصل کان 6 September 2023 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 4 September 2023۔ 
  52. ↑ Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea (1997). Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–. ISBN 978-1-4128-2689-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&pg=PA90.  "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"
  53. ↑ - ڪتاب: تفھيم القرآن ، جلد اول ، ابوالاعلي مودودي، اداره ترجمان القرآن ، لاھور ڇاپو 35 مارچ 2003، صه :115


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