مدد:بين الاقوامي اصواتي ابجديہ براءِ پوچوگيزي ۽ گاليشي

بين الاقوامي اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے پرتگیزی و گالیشی (IPA for Portuguese and Galician)

IPA			حرف صحیحs
سانچو:Country data Galicia G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			besta; fábula (BP)	best
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	fábula (EP, G); placebo^[1]	between baby and bevy or best
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		cavalo; livre (P); libre (G)^[2]	vest or between baby and bevy
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	fada; padre; rapadura^[1]	this or dice
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			duradouro; seu dente	this or dice
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			dedo	dice
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	cidade; digo^[3]	dice or engine
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			fase; café	face
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	gato; guerra	get
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	mágoa; magarefe	between go and ahold or get
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	trigo; amiga^[1]	between go and ahold
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			cores; laca; quente; kelvin	scan
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	lua; calor^[4]	lot
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	livro; lipídio; males^[5]	limp; fault (RP) or world (GA)
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	mal; principal^[5]^[4]	toll; tow or lot
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			velho (P); vello (G)^[6]	roughly like million
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			mesa; comer^[4]	almighty
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			nata; ano^[4]	not
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			unha; inglesa; can; álbum (G)^[4]	sing
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			manhã (P); mañá (G)	roughly like canyon
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			peito; topo	spouse
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	ʁ	ʁ	raro; carro; enrascado^[7]^[8]	guttural r (P) or trilled r (G)
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		ʁ	lar; morte; por favor^[7]^[8]^[9]	ladder in American English or guttural r
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	raro; caro; bravo; por acaso^[8]^[9]	ladder in American English
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	já; gente (P); xa; xente (G)	rouge or shop
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	rasgado; portas brancas	rouge or zebra
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		casa; existir; portas abertas	zebra or sack
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		zona; azul	zebra or thought
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	dez; foz	sheep; sketch or bath
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		cimeira; braço (P); brazo (G)	sack or thought
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		saco; máximo; isso (P); iso (G)	sack
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		escola; mastro; portas fechadas	sheep or sketch
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	xarope; baixo	shop
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	chave; achar	shop or chop
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	tchau	chop
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	tipo; ponte^[3]	stand or cheese
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	tempo; átomo	stand
IPA			Marginal consonants
سانچو:Country data Galicia G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	hot dog^[10]	house
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			ghato; trigho (G)^[11]	roughly like hook
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			kharxa^[12]	loch

IPA			Vowels
سانچو:Country data Galicia G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	taça; lá; às; Camões; alface	father
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Laurêncio; Ajinomoto	about or father
		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	taça; manhã; carapaça	aura; finger (RP) or father
		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	cama; banho; câmera	purse (RP) or father
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	meta, sé	set
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	incrível	set or play
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		meto; sê; acepção^[13]	play
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		semáforo^[14]	emission or play
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	pente; pequeno; se^[14]	emission; see or play
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		meandro; e	see or play
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		si; dia; país	see
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	formosa; formosos; avó	ball (GA) ~ lot (RP)
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	hospital	ball or sole (GA)
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		avô; oliveira	sole (GA) ~ sword (RP)
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		sortudo	loop or sole (GA)
		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	boneco; voo; vi-o; frio^[15]	loop or sole (GA)
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	rua; saúde	loop
IPA			Nasal vowels
سانچو:Country data Galicia G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		canto; ângulo; âmbar; lã^[16]	uhn-huh (nasal سانچو:IPAslink)
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		cento; sempre; essência^[17]	nasal سانچو:IPAslink
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		cinto; sim; ímpar	nasal سانچو:IPAslink
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		conto; cônscio; bom; cômputo	nasal سانچو:IPAslink
	Script error: The function "link" does not exist.		fungo; algum; cúmplice	nasal سانچو:IPAslink

IPA			Semivowels^[18]^[19]
سانچو:Country data Galicia G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			pais; saia; cães; corações	you or boy
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			quando; guarda; frequente; quão	wine or cow

IPA			Suprasegmentals
سانچو:Country data Galicia G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			livre [ˈlivɾɨ] ~ [ˈlivɾi]	lexical stress
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			contramão [ˌkõtɾɐˈmɐ̃w]	secondary stress
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.			dia [ˈdi.ɐ] ~ [ˈdʒi.ɐ]	syllable break

حوالا

1 2 3 In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [Script error: The function "link" does not exist., Script error: The function "link" does not exist., Script error: The function "link" does not exist.], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 200011). Most often, it only happens in southern and insular Portugal and in Brazil in some unstressed syllables, generally in relaxed speech, but this is by no means universal.
↑ In Galician and some rural northern accents of European Portuguese, /v/ has merged with the [b ~ β] set.
1 2 In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are palatalized and affricated to post-alveolar (generally alveolo-palatal, but not thus represented here) [Script error: The function "link" does not exist., Script error: The function "link" does not exist.] before high front vowels /i, ĩ/.
1 2 3 4 5 In Galician, nasal and lateral consonants only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. In word-final position, only /ŋ/ and /l/ occur.
1 2 In most Brazilian dialects, and in standard Brazilian speech, /l/ is strongly velarized or pharyngealized before /i, ĩ/. In European Portuguese, syllable-final /l/ is usually velarized [ɫ] much like with 'sold' for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words. In traditional Galician, syllable-final /l/ was also velarized; but nowadays it has been widely replaced by a clear l [l] in most dialects.
↑ In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with [j]. Minor yeísmo-like merger is also present in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, specially the caipira one.
1 2 The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil; as [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], etc., in Portugal; and as [r] in Galicia. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.
1 2 3 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /ʁ/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ‹l›, ‹n›, and ‹s› and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere.
1 2 The realization of syllable-final ‹r› varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in European Portuguese, Galician and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as a coronal approximant ([ɹ] or [ɻ]) in various other Brazilian dialects, and as a guttural R in all others (e.g. Rio de Janeiro city, the overwhelmingly majority from the Northeast). Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ‹r› may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (note word final ‹r› is pronounced —though as a tap [ɾ]— only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]).
↑ Present in loanwords from English. In some Brazilian dialects, it is also the phonetic realization of /ʁ/.
↑ In some Galician dialects /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ] or [h] in a phonological process known as gheada.
↑ In Galician, /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names; like kharxa, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).
↑ In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).
1 2 In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel.
↑ Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).
↑ In Portuguese, word final /ɐ̃/ may diphthongize to [ɐ̃w] (note this realization occurs exclusively in verbal forms spelled with final -am: namoram, falam, ruiram).
↑ In Portuguese, word final /ẽ/ diphthongizes to [ẽj] (e.g. sem, também, nuvens). In many European Portuguese dialects (especially central and southern varieties) it has become [ɐ̃j]: sem [ˈsɐ̃j]
↑ The semivowels [w] and [j], allophones of vowels /u/ and /i/, can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].
↑ Sometimes, Portuguese will present "geminated" semivowels, more accurately each pair being separated to one's own syllable, with the first phone occurring as coda and the second occurring as onset. Examples of such pronunciations are saia and leio for [j.j] and doe or pessoa for [w.w]. They should be transcribed as such.

سانچو:ڪليد بين الاقوامي اصواتي ابجديہ IPA keys

[Lenition-1] 1 2 3 In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [Script error: The function "link" does not exist., Script error: The function "link" does not exist., Script error: The function "link" does not exist.], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 200011). Most often, it only happens in southern and insular Portugal and in Brazil in some unstressed syllables, generally in relaxed speech, but this is by no means universal.

[Betacism-2] In Galician and some rural northern accents of European Portuguese, /v/ has merged with the [b ~ β] set.

[affrication-3] 1 2 In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are palatalized and affricated to post-alveolar (generally alveolo-palatal, but not thus represented here) [Script error: The function "link" does not exist., Script error: The function "link" does not exist.] before high front vowels /i, ĩ/.

[nasal&lateral_assimilations-4] 1 2 3 4 5 In Galician, nasal and lateral consonants only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. In word-final position, only /ŋ/ and /l/ occur.

[darkl-5] 1 2 In most Brazilian dialects, and in standard Brazilian speech, /l/ is strongly velarized or pharyngealized before /i, ĩ/. In European Portuguese, syllable-final /l/ is usually velarized [ɫ] much like with 'sold' for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words. In traditional Galician, syllable-final /l/ was also velarized; but nowadays it has been widely replaced by a clear l [l] in most dialects.

[6] In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with [j]. Minor yeísmo-like merger is also present in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, specially the caipira one.

[guttural_r-7] 1 2 The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil; as [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], etc., in Portugal; and as [r] in Galicia. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.

[rhotics-8] 1 2 3 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /ʁ/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ‹l›, ‹n›, and ‹s› and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere.

[final_r-9] 1 2 The realization of syllable-final ‹r› varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in European Portuguese, Galician and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as a coronal approximant ([ɹ] or [ɻ]) in various other Brazilian dialects, and as a guttural R in all others (e.g. Rio de Janeiro city, the overwhelmingly majority from the Northeast). Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ‹r› may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (note word final ‹r› is pronounced —though as a tap [ɾ]— only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]).

[10] Present in loanwords from English. In some Brazilian dialects, it is also the phonetic realization of /ʁ/.

[11] In some Galician dialects /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ] or [h] in a phonological process known as gheada.

[12] In Galician, /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names; like kharxa, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).

[13] In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).

[unstressed_e-14] 1 2 In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel.

[15] Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).

[16] In Portuguese, word final /ɐ̃/ may diphthongize to [ɐ̃w] (note this realization occurs exclusively in verbal forms spelled with final -am: namoram, falam, ruiram).

[17] In Portuguese, word final /ẽ/ diphthongizes to [ẽj] (e.g. sem, também, nuvens). In many European Portuguese dialects (especially central and southern varieties) it has become [ɐ̃j]: sem [ˈsɐ̃j]

[Semivowel-18] The semivowels [w] and [j], allophones of vowels /u/ and /i/, can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].

[19] Sometimes, Portuguese will present "geminated" semivowels, more accurately each pair being separated to one's own syllable, with the first phone occurring as coda and the second occurring as onset. Examples of such pronunciations are saia and leio for [j.j] and doe or pessoa for [w.w]. They should be transcribed as such.

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