طب

ورلڊ هيلٿ آرگنائيزيشن جو جھنڊو، جن ۾ اسليپيئس جي ڇڙي، ھڪ عام علامت دوا ۽ صحت جي سنڀال لاءِ، نمايان آھي.

طب (Medicine) سائنس جي اها شاخ آهي جنھن ۾ بيمارين جي تشخيص ۽ روڪ ٿام لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آھي. طب مريضن جي سنڀال، تشخيص جو انتظام ڪرڻ، روڪٿام، علاج، انهن جي زخم يا بيماري جي خاتمي، ۽ انهن جي صحت کي فروغ ڏيڻ جي سائنس ۽ مشق آهي. طب مختلف قسم جي صحت جي سار سنڀال جي طريقن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي بيمارين جي روڪٿام ۽ علاج ذريعي صحت کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ بحال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويا آهن. معاصر طب، بايوميڊيڪل سائنسز، بايوميڊيڪل ريسرچ، جينيٽڪس ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي تي، زخمن ۽ مرض جي تشخيص، علاج ۽ روڪڻ لاءِ لاڳو ٿئي ٿي، خاص طور تي دواسازي يا سرجري ذريعي، پر ان سان گڏ علاج جي ذريعي، جيئن مختلف نفسياتي علاج، طبي آلات، حياتيات ۽ مشينن ذريعي بيمارين جي تشخيص تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿي.

طبي عمل ذريعي مختلف اندازن ۾ جاندار جي معمول جي صحت کي برقرار رکي سگهجي ٿو. بيمارين جي تشخيص لاءِ طبي سائنس ۽ طبي ٽيڪنيڀياس جو استعمال ڪجي ٿو، جنھن بعد دوا ۽ سرجري ذريعي علاج ڪيو ويندو آهي. جديد دور ۾ مختلف طبي طريقا دريافت ٿي چڪا آهن، جئين شعاعن جي ذريعي علاج، گرمائش ذريعي علاج وغيره.

طب پراگاڻيڪ دور کان وٺي مشق ڪئي وئي آهي ۽ گهڻو ڪري هن وقت تائين اهو هڪ فن هو (تخليق ۽ مهارت جو هڪ علائقو)، اڪثر ڪري مقامي ثقافت جي مذهبي ۽ فلسفياتي عقيدن سان تعلق رکي ٿو. مثال طور، هڪ دوا وارو ماڻهو جڙي ٻوٽي لڳائيندو ۽ شفا لاءِ دعائون چوندو هو. تازن صدين ۾، جديد سائنس جي اچڻ کان وٺي، اڪثر دوائون فن ۽ سائنس جو مجموعو بڻجي چڪيون آهن (ٻئي بنيادي ۽ لاڳو، طبي سائنس جي ڇنڊ ڇاڻ هيٺ). مثال طور، جڏهن سيون جي سلائي ڪرڻ جي ٽيڪنڪ مشق جي ذريعي سکي ويندي، هي هڪ فن آهي، اهو علم سائنس جي ذريعي پيدا ٿئي ٿو جيڪو سيلولر ۽ ماليڪيولر سطح تي ٽشوز ۾ سلائي جي ڪارڻ ٿئي ٿو. طب جي سائنس سان اڳ جي شڪلون، جيڪي هاڻي روايتي طب طور سڃاڻي وڃن ٿيون، عام طور تي سائنسي دوائن جي غير موجودگيءَ ۾ استعمال ٿيندي رهيو آهن ۽ ان ڪري ان کي متبادل طب سڏيو وڃي ٿو. سائنسي طب کان ٻاهر اخلاقي، حفاظت ۽ افاديت جي خدشن سان گڏ متبادل علاج کي ڪوڙو چئبو آهي.

شاخون

مارگوريٽ مارٽن (1918) پاران: سينٽ لوئس، مسوري ۾ هڪ دورو ڪندڙ نرس; دوا ۽ ٻارن 4 سان گڏ

هڪ بين الضابطه ٽيم جي حيثيت سان گڏ ڪم ڪندي، طبي عملي کان علاوه ڪيترائي اعليٰ تربيت يافته صحت جا ماهر جديد صحت جي سارسنڀال جي ترسيل ۾ شامل آهن. مثالن ۾: نرسون، ايمرجنسي ميڊيڪل ٽيڪنيشيئن ۽ پيرا ميڊيڪل عملو، ليبارٽري سائنسدان، فارماسسٽ، پيڊياٽرسٽ، فزيوٿراپسٽ، ريسپيريٽري ٿراپسٽ، اسپيچ ٿراپسٽ، پيشه ورانه معالج، ريڊيوگرافر، غذائي ماهر، فزيشيئن، سرجن، سرجن اسسٽنٽ، سرجن ٽيڪنالوجسٽ ۽ بائيو انجنيئر شامل آهن.

انساني طب جي دائري ۽ سائنس جو دائرو ٻين ڪيترن ئي شعبن کي اوورليپ ڪري ٿو. عام طور تي اسپتال ۾ داخل ٿيل مريض، ان جي بنيادي پيشي واري مسئلي جي بنياد تي، هڪ خاص ٽيم جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي. مثال طور، ڪارڊيالوجي ٽيم جي، جيڪا بنيادي مسئلي جي تشخيص ۽ علاج ڪرڻ يا ڪنهن به پوءِ جي پيچيدگي ۾ مدد لاءِ ٻين مهارتن، مثال طور، سرجري، پيٿالاجي يا ريڊيولاجي، کان رابطو ڪري سگهي ٿي .

طب جي ڪجهه شاخن ۾ طبيب لاءِ ڪيتريون ئي مهارتن ۽ سب اسپيشلائيزيشنون آهن، جيڪي هيٺ ڏجن ٿيون. ملڪ کان ملڪ, مهارتن ۽ ذيلي مهارتن جي حوالي سان, مختلف تبديليون هونديون آهن.

طب جي مکيه شاخن ۾:

1. طب جي بنيادي سائنس: جن ۾ هر طبيب تعليم يافته هوندو آهي ۽ ڪجهه طبيب بايوميڊيڪل تحقيق ڏانهن موٽندا آهن.
2. بين النظمياتي شعبا: جتي خاص موقعن تي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ مختلف طبي مهارتون ملائي وينديون آهن.
3. ۽ طبي مهارتون شامل آهن.

The main branches of medicine are:

• Basic sciences of medicine; this is what every physician is educated in, and some return to in biomedical research.
• Interdisciplinary fields, where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions.
• Medical specialties

بنيادي سائنسون

• اناتومي جاندارن جي جسماني ساخت جو مطالعو آهي. (macroscopic) يا مجموعي اناتومي جي ابتڙ، سيبا ٽام (سائيٽولوجي) ۽ هسٽريا (هسٽولوجي) جو تعلق مائڪرو (مائڪرو اسڪوپي) ساخت سان آهي. اسڪوپي

• Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures.
• Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components.
• Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of Mechanics.
• Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physics and physical chemistry to study biological systems.
• Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidence-based medicine.
• Cytology is the microscopic study of individual cells.

Louis Pasteur, as portrayed in his laboratory, 1885 by Albert Edelfelt

Statue of Robert Koch in Berlin

• Embryology is the study of the early development of organisms.
• Endocrinology is the study of hormones and their effect throughout the body of animals.
• Epidemiology is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics.
• Genetics is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance.
• Gynecology is the study of female reproductive system.
• Histology is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry.
• Immunology is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example.
• Lifestyle medicine is the study of the chronic conditions, and how to prevent, treat and reverse them.
• Medical physics is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine.
• Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
• Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.
• Neuroscience includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Some related clinical specialties include neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry.
• Nutrition science (theoretical focus) and dietetics (practical focus) is the study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease, especially in determining an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, weight and eating disorders, allergies, malnutrition, and neoplastic diseases.
• Pathology as a science is the study of disease – the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof.
• Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions.
• Photobiology is the study of the interactions between non-ionizing radiation and living organisms.
• Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.
• Radiobiology is the study of the interactions between ionizing radiation and living organisms.
• Toxicology is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons.

Specialties

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Medical specialty

سانچو:Globalize section

In the broadest meaning of "medicine", there are many different specialties. In the UK, most specialities have their own body or college, which has its own entrance examination. These are collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although not all currently use the term "Royal". The development of a speciality is often driven by new technology (such as the development of effective anaesthetics) or ways of working (such as emergency departments); the new specialty leads to the formation of a unifying body of doctors and the prestige of administering their own examination.

Within medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery". "Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most of its subspecialties require preliminary training in Internal Medicine. In the UK, this was traditionally evidenced by passing the examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland. "Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery, which in the UK leads to membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS). At present, some specialties of medicine do not fit easily into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, or anesthesia. Most of these have branched from one or other of the two camps above; for example anaesthesia developed first as a faculty of the Royal College of Surgeons (for which MRCS/FRCS would have been required) before becoming the Royal College of Anaesthetists and membership of the college is attained by sitting for the examination of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Anesthetists (FRCA).

Surgical specialty

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Surgery

Surgeons in an operating room

Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas (for example, a perforated ear drum). Surgeons must also manage pre-operative, post-operative, and potential surgical candidates on the hospital wards. In some centers, anesthesiology is part of the division of surgery (for historical and logistical reasons), although it is not a surgical discipline. Other medical specialties may employ surgical procedures, such as ophthalmology and dermatology, but are not considered surgical sub-specialties per se.

Surgical training in the U.S. requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last an additional one to three years. Because post-residency fellowships can be competitive, many trainees devote two additional years to research. Thus in some cases surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school. Furthermore, surgical training can be very difficult and time-consuming.

Surgical subspecialties include those a physician may specialize in after undergoing general surgery residency training as well as several surgical fields with separate residency training. Surgical subspecialties that one may pursue following general surgery residency training:

• Bariatric surgery
• Cardiovascular surgery – may also be pursued through a separate cardiovascular surgery residency track
• Colorectal surgery
• Endocrine surgery
• General surgery
• Hand surgery
• Hepatico-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery
• Minimally invasive surgery
• Pediatric surgery
• Plastic surgery – may also be pursued through a separate plastic surgery residency track
• Surgical critical care
• Surgical oncology
• Transplant surgery
• Trauma surgery
• Vascular surgery – may also be pursued through a separate vascular surgery residency track

Other surgical specialties within medicine with their own individual residency training:

• Dermatology
• Neurosurgery
• Ophthalmology
• Oral and maxillofacial surgery
• Orthopedic surgery
• Otorhinolaryngology
• Podiatric surgery – do not undergo medical school training, but rather separate training in podiatry school
• Urology

Internal medicine specialty

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Internal medicine

Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. According to some sources, an emphasis on internal structures is implied. In North America, specialists in internal medicine are commonly called "internists". Elsewhere, especially in Commonwealth nations, such specialists are often called physicians. These terms, internist or physician (in the narrow sense, common outside North America), generally exclude practitioners of gynecology and obstetrics, pathology, psychiatry, and especially surgery and its subspecialities.

Because their patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Formerly, many internists were not subspecialized; such general physicians would see any complex nonsurgical problem; this style of practice has become much less common. In modern urban practice, most internists are subspecialists: that is, they generally limit their medical practice to problems of one organ system or to one particular area of medical knowledge. For example, gastroenterologists and nephrologists specialize respectively in diseases of the gut and the kidneys.

In the Commonwealth of Nations and some other countries, specialist pediatricians and geriatricians are also described as specialist physicians (or internists) who have subspecialized by age of patient rather than by organ system. Elsewhere, especially in North America, general pediatrics is often a form of primary care.

There are many subspecialities (or subdisciplines) of internal medicine:

• Angiology/Vascular Medicine
• Bariatrics
• Cardiology
• Critical care medicine
• Endocrinology
• Gastroenterology
• Geriatrics
• Hematology
• Hepatology
• Infectious disease
• Nephrology
• Neurology
• Oncology
• Pediatrics
• Pulmonology/Pneumology/Respirology/chest medicine
• Rheumatology
• Sports Medicine

Training in internal medicine (as opposed to surgical training), varies considerably across the world: see the articles on medical education for more details. In North America, it requires at least three years of residency training after medical school, which can then be followed by a one- to three-year fellowship in the subspecialties listed above. In general, resident work hours in medicine are less than those in surgery, averaging about 60 hours per week in the US. This difference does not apply in the UK where all doctors are now required by law to work less than 48 hours per week on average.

Diagnostic specialties

• Clinical laboratory sciences are the clinical diagnostic services that apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. In the United States, these services are supervised by a pathologist. The personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical degrees, but who usually hold an undergraduate medical technology degree, who actually perform the tests, assays, and procedures needed for providing the specific services. Subspecialties include transfusion medicine, cellular pathology, clinical chemistry, hematology, clinical microbiology and clinical immunology.
• Clinical neurophysiology is concerned with testing the physiology or function of the central and peripheral aspects of the nervous system. These kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of: (1) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or (2) stimulus evoked responses. Subspecialties include electroencephalography, electromyography, evoked potential, nerve conduction study and polysomnography. Sometimes these tests are performed by techs without a medical degree, but the interpretation of these tests is done by a medical professional.
• Diagnostic radiology is concerned with imaging of the body, e.g. by x-rays, x-ray computed tomography, ultrasonography, and nuclear magnetic resonance tomography. Interventional radiologists can access areas in the body under imaging for an intervention or diagnostic sampling.
• Nuclear medicine is concerned with studying human organ systems by administering radiolabelled substances (radiopharmaceuticals) to the body, which can then be imaged outside the body by a gamma camera or a PET scanner. Each radiopharmaceutical consists of two parts: a tracer that is specific for the function under study (e.g., neurotransmitter pathway, metabolic pathway, blood flow, or other), and a radionuclide (usually either a gamma-emitter or a positron emitter). There is a degree of overlap between nuclear medicine and radiology, as evidenced by the emergence of combined devices such as the PET/CT scanner.
• Pathology as a medical specialty is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases and the morphologic, physiologic changes produced by them. As a diagnostic specialty, pathology can be considered the basis of modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large role in evidence-based medicine. Many modern molecular tests such as flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, gene rearrangements studies and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) fall within the territory of pathology.

Other major specialties

The following are some major medical specialties that do not directly fit into any of the above-mentioned groups:

• Anesthesiology (also known as anaesthetics): concerned with the perioperative management of the surgical patient. The anesthesiologist's role during surgery is to prevent derangement in the vital organs' (i.e. brain, heart, kidneys) functions and postoperative pain. Outside of the operating room, the anesthesiology physician also serves the same function in the labor and delivery ward, and some are specialized in critical medicine.
• Emergency medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or life-threatening conditions, including trauma, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies.
• Family medicine, family practice, general practice or primary care is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients with non-emergency medical problems. Family physicians often provide services across a broad range of settings including office based practices, emergency department coverage, inpatient care, and nursing home care.

Gynecologist Michel Akotionga of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

• Medical genetics is concerned with the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders.
• Neurology is concerned with diseases of the nervous system. In the UK, neurology is a subspecialty of general medicine.
• Obstetrics and gynecology (often abbreviated as OB/GYN (American English) or Obs & Gynae (British English)) are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs. Reproductive medicine and fertility medicine are generally practiced by gynecological specialists.
• Pediatrics (AE) or paediatrics (BE) is devoted to the care of infants, children, and adolescents. Like internal medicine, there are many pediatric subspecialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery.
• Pharmaceutical medicine is the medical scientific discipline concerned with the discovery, development, evaluation, registration, monitoring and medical aspects of marketing of medicines for the benefit of patients and public health.
• Physical medicine and rehabilitation (or physiatry) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or congenital disorders.
• Podiatric medicine is the study of, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, lower limb, hip and lower back.
• Preventive medicine is the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease.
  • Community health or public health is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis.
• Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology.

Interdisciplinary fields

Some interdisciplinary sub-specialties of medicine include:

• Addiction medicine deals with the treatment of addiction.
• Aerospace medicine deals with medical problems related to flying and space travel.
• Biomedical Engineering is a field dealing with the application of engineering principles to medical practice.
• Clinical pharmacology is concerned with how systems of therapeutics interact with patients.
• Conservation medicine studies the relationship between human and non-human animal health, and environmental conditions. Also known as ecological medicine, environmental medicine, or medical geology.
• Disaster medicine deals with medical aspects of emergency preparedness, disaster mitigation and management.
• Diving medicine (or hyperbaric medicine) is the prevention and treatment of diving-related problems.
• Evolutionary medicine is a perspective on medicine derived through applying evolutionary theory.
• Forensic medicine deals with medical questions in legal context, such as determination of the time and cause of death, type of weapon used to inflict trauma, reconstruction of the facial features using remains of deceased (skull) thus aiding identification.
• Gender-based medicine studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease.
• Health informatics is a relatively recent field that deal with the application of computers and information technology to medicine.
• Hospice and Palliative Medicine is a relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with terminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure.
• Hospital medicine is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Physicians whose primary professional focus is hospital medicine are called hospitalists in the United States and Canada. The term Most Responsible Physician (MRP) or attending physician is also used interchangeably to describe this role.
• Laser medicine involves the use of lasers in the diagnostics or treatment of various conditions.
• Many other health science fields, e.g. dietetics
• Medical ethics deals with ethical and moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine.
• Medical humanities includes the humanities (literature, philosophy, ethics, history and religion), social science (anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, sociology), and the arts (literature, theater, film, and visual arts) and their application to medical education and practice.
• Nosokinetics is the science/subject of measuring and modelling the process of care in health and social care systems.
• Nosology is the classification of diseases for various purposes.
• Occupational medicine is the provision of health advice to organizations and individuals to ensure that the highest standards of health and safety at work can be achieved and maintained.
• Pain management (also called pain medicine, or algiatry) is the medical discipline concerned with the relief of pain.
• Pharmacogenomics is a form of individualized medicine.
• Podiatric medicine is the study of, diagnosis, and medical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, lower limb, hip and lower back.
• Sexual medicine is concerned with diagnosing, assessing and treating all disorders related to sexuality.
• Sports medicine deals with the treatment and prevention and rehabilitation of sports/exercise injuries such as muscle spasms, muscle tears, injuries to ligaments (ligament tears or ruptures) and their repair in athletes, amateur and professional.
• Therapeutics is the field, more commonly referenced in earlier periods of history, of the various remedies that can be used to treat disease and promote health.
• Travel medicine or emporiatrics deals with health problems of international travelers or travelers across highly different environments.
• Tropical medicine deals with the prevention and treatment of tropical diseases. It is studied separately in temperate climates where those diseases are quite unfamiliar to medical practitioners and their local clinical needs.
• Urgent care focuses on delivery of unscheduled, walk-in care outside of the hospital emergency department for injuries and illnesses that are not severe enough to require care in an emergency department. In some jurisdictions this function is combined with the emergency department.
• Veterinary medicine; veterinarians apply similar techniques as physicians to the care of non-human animals.
• Wilderness medicine entails the practice of medicine in the wild, where conventional medical facilities may not be available.

پڻ ڏسو

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of creativity and skill), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with ethical, safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

خارجي لنڪس

وڌيڪ ڏسو: Outline of medicine, Outline of health, ۽ Glossary of medicine