مواد ڏانھن هلو

طب

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
ورلڊ هيلٿ آرگنائيزيشن جو جھنڊو، جن ۾ اسليپيئس جي ڇڙي، ھڪ عام علامت دوا ۽ صحت جي سنڀال لاءِ، نمايان آھي.

طب (Medicine) سائنس جي اها شاخ آهي جنھن ۾ بيمارين جي تشخيص ۽ روڪ ٿام لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آھي. طب مريضن جي سنڀال، تشخيص جو انتظام ڪرڻ، روڪٿام، علاج، انهن جي زخم يا بيماري جي خاتمي، ۽ انهن جي صحت کي فروغ ڏيڻ جي سائنس ۽ مشق آهي.[1] [2] طب مختلف قسم جي صحت جي سار سنڀال جي طريقن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي بيمارين جي روڪٿام ۽ علاج ذريعي صحت کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ بحال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويا آهن. معاصر طب، بايوميڊيڪل سائنسز، بايوميڊيڪل ريسرچ، جينيٽڪس ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي تي، زخمن ۽ مرض جي تشخيص، علاج ۽ روڪڻ لاءِ لاڳو ٿئي ٿي، خاص طور تي دواسازي يا سرجري ذريعي، پر ان سان گڏ علاج جي ذريعي، جيئن مختلف نفسياتي علاج، طبي آلات، حياتيات ۽ مشينن ذريعي بيمارين جي تشخيص تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿي.[3]

طبي عمل ذريعي مختلف اندازن ۾ جاندار جي معمول جي صحت کي برقرار رکي سگهجي ٿو. بيمارين جي تشخيص لاءِ طبي سائنس ۽ طبي ٽيڪنيڀياس جو استعمال ڪجي ٿو، جنھن بعد دوا ۽ سرجري ذريعي علاج ڪيو ويندو آهي. جديد دور ۾ مختلف طبي طريقا دريافت ٿي چڪا آهن، جئين شعاعن جي ذريعي علاج، گرمائش ذريعي علاج وغيره.

طب پراگاڻيڪ دور کان وٺي مشق ڪئي وئي آهي ۽ گهڻو ڪري هن وقت تائين اهو هڪ فن هو (تخليق ۽ مهارت جو هڪ علائقو)، اڪثر ڪري مقامي ثقافت جي مذهبي ۽ فلسفياتي عقيدن سان تعلق رکي ٿو. مثال طور، هڪ دوا وارو ماڻهو جڙي ٻوٽي لڳائيندو ۽ شفا لاءِ دعائون چوندو هو. تازن صدين ۾، جديد سائنس جي اچڻ کان وٺي، اڪثر دوائون فن ۽ سائنس جو مجموعو بڻجي چڪيون آهن (ٻئي بنيادي ۽ لاڳو، طبي سائنس جي ڇنڊ ڇاڻ هيٺ). مثال طور، جڏهن سيون جي سلائي ڪرڻ جي ٽيڪنڪ مشق جي ذريعي سکي ويندي، هي هڪ فن آهي، اهو علم سائنس جي ذريعي پيدا ٿئي ٿو جيڪو سيلولر ۽ ماليڪيولر سطح تي ٽشوز ۾ سلائي جي ڪارڻ ٿئي ٿو. طب جي سائنس سان اڳ جي شڪلون، جيڪي هاڻي روايتي طب طور سڃاڻي وڃن ٿيون، عام طور تي سائنسي دوائن جي غير موجودگيءَ ۾ استعمال ٿيندي رهيو آهن ۽ ان ڪري ان کي متبادل طب سڏيو وڃي ٿو. سائنسي طب کان ٻاهر اخلاقي، حفاظت ۽ افاديت جي خدشن سان گڏ متبادل علاج کي ڪوڙو چئبو آهي.

اصطلاح

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طبي مشق

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ادارا

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شاخون

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مارگوريٽ مارٽن (1918) پاران: سينٽ لوئس، مسوري ۾ هڪ دورو ڪندڙ نرس; دوا ۽ ٻارن 4 سان گڏ

هڪ بين الضابطه ٽيم جي حيثيت سان گڏ ڪم ڪندي، طبي عملي کان علاوه ڪيترائي اعليٰ تربيت يافته صحت جا ماهر جديد صحت جي سارسنڀال جي ترسيل ۾ شامل آهن. مثالن ۾: نرسون، ايمرجنسي ميڊيڪل ٽيڪنيشيئن ۽ پيرا ميڊيڪل عملو، ليبارٽري سائنسدان، فارماسسٽ، پيڊياٽرسٽ، فزيوٿراپسٽ، ريسپيريٽري ٿراپسٽ، اسپيچ ٿراپسٽ، پيشه ورانه معالج، ريڊيوگرافر، غذائي ماهر، فزيشيئن، سرجن، سرجن اسسٽنٽ، سرجن ٽيڪنالوجسٽ ۽ بائيو انجنيئر شامل آهن.

انساني طب جي دائري ۽ سائنس جو دائرو ٻين ڪيترن ئي شعبن کي اوورليپ ڪري ٿو. عام طور تي اسپتال ۾ داخل ٿيل مريض، ان جي بنيادي پيشي واري مسئلي جي بنياد تي، هڪ خاص ٽيم جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي. مثال طور، ڪارڊيالوجي ٽيم جي، جيڪا بنيادي مسئلي جي تشخيص ۽ علاج ڪرڻ يا ڪنهن به پوءِ جي پيچيدگي ۾ مدد لاءِ ٻين مهارتن، مثال طور، سرجري، پيٿالاجي يا ريڊيولاجي، کان رابطو ڪري سگهي ٿي .

طب جي ڪجهه شاخن ۾ طبيب لاءِ ڪيتريون ئي مهارتن ۽ سب اسپيشلائيزيشنون آهن، جيڪي هيٺ ڏجن ٿيون. ملڪ کان ملڪ, مهارتن ۽ ذيلي مهارتن جي حوالي سان, مختلف تبديليون هونديون آهن.

طب جي مکيه شاخن ۾:

  1. طب جي بنيادي سائنس: جن ۾ هر طبيب تعليم يافته هوندو آهي ۽ ڪجهه طبيب بايوميڊيڪل تحقيق ڏانهن موٽندا آهن.
  2. بين النظمياتي شعبا: جتي خاص موقعن تي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ مختلف طبي مهارتون ملائي وينديون آهن.
  3. ۽ طبي مهارتون شامل آهن.


The main branches of medicine are:

بنيادي سائنسون

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  • اناتومي جاندارن جي جسماني ساخت جو مطالعو آهي. (macroscopic) يا مجموعي اناتومي جي ابتڙ، سيبا ٽام (سائيٽولوجي) ۽ هسٽريا (هسٽولوجي) جو تعلق مائڪرو (مائڪرو اسڪوپي) ساخت سان آهي. اسڪوپي
  • Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures.
  • Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components.
  • Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of Mechanics.
  • Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physics and physical chemistry to study biological systems.
  • Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidence-based medicine.
  • Cytology is the microscopic study of individual cells.
Louis Pasteur, as portrayed in his laboratory, 1885 by Albert Edelfelt
Statue of Robert Koch in Berlin

Specialties

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Medical specialty
سانچو:Globalize section

In the broadest meaning of "medicine", there are many different specialties. In the UK, most specialities have their own body or college, which has its own entrance examination. These are collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although not all currently use the term "Royal". The development of a speciality is often driven by new technology (such as the development of effective anaesthetics) or ways of working (such as emergency departments); the new specialty leads to the formation of a unifying body of doctors and the prestige of administering their own examination.

Within medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery". "Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most of its subspecialties require preliminary training in Internal Medicine. In the UK, this was traditionally evidenced by passing the examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland. "Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery, which in the UK leads to membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS). At present, some specialties of medicine do not fit easily into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, or anesthesia. Most of these have branched from one or other of the two camps above; for example anaesthesia developed first as a faculty of the Royal College of Surgeons (for which MRCS/FRCS would have been required) before becoming the Royal College of Anaesthetists and membership of the college is attained by sitting for the examination of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Anesthetists (FRCA).

Surgical specialty

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Surgery
Surgeons in an operating room

Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas (for example, a perforated ear drum). Surgeons must also manage pre-operative, post-operative, and potential surgical candidates on the hospital wards. In some centers, anesthesiology is part of the division of surgery (for historical and logistical reasons), although it is not a surgical discipline. Other medical specialties may employ surgical procedures, such as ophthalmology and dermatology, but are not considered surgical sub-specialties per se.

Surgical training in the U.S. requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last an additional one to three years. Because post-residency fellowships can be competitive, many trainees devote two additional years to research. Thus in some cases surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school. Furthermore, surgical training can be very difficult and time-consuming.

Surgical subspecialties include those a physician may specialize in after undergoing general surgery residency training as well as several surgical fields with separate residency training. Surgical subspecialties that one may pursue following general surgery residency training: [4]

Other surgical specialties within medicine with their own individual residency training:

Internal medicine specialty

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Internal medicine

Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases.[5] According to some sources, an emphasis on internal structures is implied.[6] In North America, specialists in internal medicine are commonly called "internists". Elsewhere, especially in Commonwealth nations, such specialists are often called physicians.[7] These terms, internist or physician (in the narrow sense, common outside North America), generally exclude practitioners of gynecology and obstetrics, pathology, psychiatry, and especially surgery and its subspecialities.

Because their patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Formerly, many internists were not subspecialized; such general physicians would see any complex nonsurgical problem; this style of practice has become much less common. In modern urban practice, most internists are subspecialists: that is, they generally limit their medical practice to problems of one organ system or to one particular area of medical knowledge. For example, gastroenterologists and nephrologists specialize respectively in diseases of the gut and the kidneys.[8]

In the Commonwealth of Nations and some other countries, specialist pediatricians and geriatricians are also described as specialist physicians (or internists) who have subspecialized by age of patient rather than by organ system. Elsewhere, especially in North America, general pediatrics is often a form of primary care.

There are many subspecialities (or subdisciplines) of internal medicine:

Training in internal medicine (as opposed to surgical training), varies considerably across the world: see the articles on medical education for more details. In North America, it requires at least three years of residency training after medical school, which can then be followed by a one- to three-year fellowship in the subspecialties listed above. In general, resident work hours in medicine are less than those in surgery, averaging about 60 hours per week in the US. This difference does not apply in the UK where all doctors are now required by law to work less than 48 hours per week on average.

Diagnostic specialties

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Other major specialties

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The following are some major medical specialties that do not directly fit into any of the above-mentioned groups:

  • Anesthesiology (also known as anaesthetics): concerned with the perioperative management of the surgical patient. The anesthesiologist's role during surgery is to prevent derangement in the vital organs' (i.e. brain, heart, kidneys) functions and postoperative pain. Outside of the operating room, the anesthesiology physician also serves the same function in the labor and delivery ward, and some are specialized in critical medicine.
  • Emergency medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or life-threatening conditions, including trauma, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies.
  • Family medicine, family practice, general practice or primary care is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients with non-emergency medical problems. Family physicians often provide services across a broad range of settings including office based practices, emergency department coverage, inpatient care, and nursing home care.
Gynecologist Michel Akotionga of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Interdisciplinary fields

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Some interdisciplinary sub-specialties of medicine include:

تعليم ۽ قانوني ڪنٽرول

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طبي اخلاقيات

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تاريخ

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معيار، ڪارڪردگي ۽ رسائي

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پڻ ڏسو

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Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of creativity and skill), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with ethical, safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

خارجي لنڪس

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حوالا

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  1. Firth, John (2020). "Science in medicine: when, how, and what". Oxford textbook of medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874669-0. 
  2. Saunders, John (June 2000). "The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science". Med Humanit 26 (1): 18–22. doi:10.1136/mh.26.1.18. ISSN 1468-215X. PMID 12484313. 
  3. "Dictionary, medicine". وقت 4 March 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 December 2013.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  4. "What are the surgical specialties?". American College of Surgeons. وقت 22 January 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 18 January 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  5. Culyer, Anthony J. (31 July 2014) (en ۾). The Dictionary of Health Economics, Third Edition. Chelthenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-78100-199-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=LUcjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA335. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  6. سانچو:DorlandsDict
  7. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Wordsworth Collection) (Wordsworth Collection). NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company. 1994. ISBN 978-1-85326-318-7. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmo00fowl. 
  8. "The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians?". Royal Australasian College of Physicians. وقت 6 March 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 5 February 2008. 
  9. "therapeutics (medicine)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. وقت 18 December 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 21 April 2012.