علم العلم

علم العلم يا ڄاڻ جو علم (Epistemology) فلسفي جي هڪ شاخ آهي. جيڪا ڄاڻ جي نوعيت، اصليت ۽ حدن جو جائزو وٺندي آهي. ان کي "ڄاڻ جو نظريو" پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي. اها مختلف قسمن جي ڄاڻ، جهڙوڪ حقيقتن بابت تجويزاتي ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن جي صورت ۾ عملي ڄاڻ ۽ واقفيت ذريعي ڄاڻ يا معرفت (تجربي ذريعي واقفيت جي طور تي)، جي ڳولا ڪري ٿو. علم جا ماهر، ڄاڻ جي نوعيت کي سمجهڻ ۽ اهو دريافت ڪرڻ لاءِ ته علم ڪيئن پيدا ٿئي ٿو، عقيدن، سچائين ۽ جواز جي تصورن جو مطالعو ڪندا آهن. اها جواز، جهڙوڪ تصور، خود شناسي، ياداشت، دليل ۽ مشاهدن جي ذريعن جي جاچ ڪندا آهن.

تشڪيڪي مڪتبهء فڪر ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ جي انساني صلاحيتن تي سوال اٿاريندو آهي، جڏهن ته اعتقاد (فاليبلزم) چوي ٿو ته ڄاڻ يا معرفت ڪڏهن به يقيني نه هوندي آهي. تجرباتي ماهر سمجهن ٿا ته سڀ معرفت حسي تجربي مان ايندي آهي، جڏهن ته عقليت پسند يقين رکن ٿا ته ڪجهه ڄاڻ يا معرفتون ان تي منحصر نه آهن، جڏهن ته هم آهنگي پسند دليل ڏين ٿا ته هڪ عقيدو جائز آهي، جيڪڏهن اهو ٻين عقيدن سان هم آهنگ ٿئي ٿو. ان جي ابتڙ، بنياد پرست هن تي قائم رهن ٿا ته بنيادي عقيدن جو جواز ٻين عقيدن تي منحصر نه آهي. اندرونيت ۽ خارجيت بحث ڪن ٿا ته جواز نه صرف ذهني حالتن ذريعي طئي ڪيو ويندو آهي، بلڪه خارجي حالتن ذريعي پڻ حاصل ڪئي سگهجي ٿو.

معرفت شناسي جون الڳ الڳ شاخون مخصوص شعبن ۾ ڄاڻ يا معرفت، جهڙوڪ سائنسي، رياضيات، اخلاقي ۽ مذهبي علم تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون. فطري معرفت شناسي تجرباتي طريقن ۽ دريافتن تي ڀاڙي ٿي، جڏهن ته رسمي معرفت شناسي منطق مان رسمي اوزار استعمال ڪري ٿي ۽ سماجي معرفت شناسي ڄاڻ جي اجتماعي پهلو جي جاچ ڪري ٿي.

خلاصو

علم العلم (Epistemology) جنھن جو موضوع ڄاڻ آهي. مطلب تہ ان ۾ ڄاڻ يا معرفت جي باري ۾ بحث ڪئي ويندي آهي تہ ڄاڻ ڇا آهي؟ معرفت ڪيئن حاصل ٿيندي آهي؟ ڇا مطلق سچائي جي ڄاڻ ممڪن آهي؟ هن جي امڪاني حدون ڪھڙيون آهن؟ صحيح ڄاڻ جي بنياد عقل آهي يا حواس آهن؟ عقل تي ڪيترو يقين ڪري سگهجي ٿو؟ ۽ ڇا وجدان به ڄاڻ ذريعي حاصل ٿي سگهي ٿو؟^[1]

ڄاڻ جو نظريو

ڄاڻ جي علم جون الڳ الڳ شاخون مخصوص شعبن ۾، جئين ته سائنسي، رياضياتي، اخلاقي ۽ مذهبي ڄاڻ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون. فطري ڄاڻ جو علم تجرباتي طريقن ۽ دريافتن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جڏهن ته رسمي معرفت شناسي منطق مان رسمي اوزار استعمال ڪري ٿي. سماجي سائنس ڄاڻ جي اجتماعي پهلوءَ جي جاچ ڪري ٿي ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ جي سائنس ان جي تاريخي حالتن جو جائزو وٺي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي علم جو تعلق نفسيات سان ويجهڙائي سان آهي، جيڪو ماڻهن جي عقيدن کي بيان ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته ڄاڻ جو علم عقيدن جي تشخيص کي منظم ڪندڙ معيارن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. اها فيصلي جي نظريي، تعليم ۽ بشریات جهڙن شعبن سان پڻ ٽڪراءُ ڪري ٿو.

ڄاڻ جي فطرت، ذريعن ۽ دائري تي ابتدائي عڪاسي قديم يوناني، هندستاني ۽ چيني فلسفي ۾ ملي ٿي. عقل ۽ ايمان جي وچ ۾ تعلق وچين دور ۾ هڪ مرڪزي موضوع هو. جديد دور کي تجربيت ۽ عقليت جي متضاد نقطه نظر سان منسوب ڪيو ويو. 20هين صدي ۾ ڄاڻ جا ماهر فطري سائنس ۽ لسانيات مان بصيرت کي ضم ڪندي، ڄاڻ جي جزن، جوڙجڪ ۽ قدرن جو جائزو ورتو.

تعريف

ڄاڻ جو علم، ڄاڻ ۽ لاڳاپيل تصورن، جهڙوڪ جواز، جو فلسفياتي مطالعو آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي نوعيت ۽ قسمن جو جائزو وٺندو آهي. اها ڄاڻ جي ذريعن (جهڙوڪ تصور، استنباط ۽ مشاهدي) جي وڌيڪ جاچ ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اهو سمجهي سگهجي ته معرفت ڪيئن پيدا ٿئي ٿي. سوالن جو هڪ ٻيو مجموعو علم جي حدن سان لاڳاپيل آهي. اهو سوال ڪري ٿو ته ماڻهو ڇا ڄاڻي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڇا نٿا ڄاڻي سگهن؟ معرفت جي علمِ جي مرڪزي تصورات ۾ عقيدا، سچائي، ثبوت ۽ دليل شامل آهن. فلسفي جي مکيه شاخن مان هڪ جي طور تي، ڄاڻ جو علم، اخلاقيات، منطق ۽ مابعدالطبعيات جهڙن شعبن سان گڏ بيٺو آهي. هي اصطلاح هن شاخ اندر فلسفين جي مخصوص پوزيشن، جيئن افلاطون جو علمِ معرفت ۽ ايمانوئل ڪانٽ جو علمِ معرفت، جو حوالو پڻ ڏئي سگهي ٿي.^[2]

ڄاڻ جو علمِ اهو ڳولي ٿو ته ماڻهن کي عقيدا ڪيئن حاصل ڪرڻ گهرجن. اهو طئي ڪري ٿو ته ڪهڙا عقيدا حاصل ڪرڻ جي مضبوط معيارن (يا علمِ معرفت جي مقصدن) تي پورا لهن ٿا ۽ ڪهڙا ناڪام ٿين ٿا؟ اهڙي طرح اها عقيدن جو جائزو فراهم ڪري ٿو. نفسيات ۽ علمِ سماجيات جا شعبا عقيدن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي علمِ ۾ پڻ دلچسپي رکن ٿا، پر انهن کي هڪ مختلف نقطه نظر کان جانچڻ ٿا. ڄاڻ جي علمِ جي برعڪس، اها هنن عقيدن جو مطالعو ڪن ٿا جيڪي ماڻهو اصل ۾ رکن ٿا ۽ ماڻهو انهن عملن جي تشخيصي معيارن جي جانچ ڪرڻ جي بدران انهن کي ڪيئن حاصل ڪن ٿا؟ هن سلسلي ۾، ڄاڻ جو علم، بشريات يا علم الانسان جو هڪ معياري نظم آهي، جڏهن ته نفسيات ۽ ادراڪي سماجيات وضاحتي مضمون آهن. ^[3] علم الانسان ڪيترن ئي وضاحتي ۽ معياري مضمونن سان لاڳاپيل آهي، جهڙوڪ فلسفي ۽ سائنس جون ٻيون شاخون، انهن اصولن جي ڳولا ڪندي تي ته ڪيئن اها معرفت تائين پهچي سگهن ٿا.

انگريزي ۾ اپستمولاجي جو قديم يوناني اصطلاحن، اپستمي "ἐπιστήμη"، معني ڄاڻ يا سمجهه ۽ لوگوس "λόγος"، معني مطالعو يا سبب) کان آيو آھي، ۽ جديد معني ۾، "ڄاڻ جي علم" استعمال ٿئي ٿو. اصطلاح جي پراڻي جڙن جي باوجود، اها لفظ پاڻ، هن شعبي کي فلسفي جي هڪ الڳ شاخ طور متعارف ڪرائڻ لاء 19هين صدي ۾ ٺاهيو ويو.^[4]

پڻ ڏسو

باب فلسفو

ڄاڻ کي رد ڪرڻ (falsification)
لوگولاجي (سائنس)
سڌاريل اپسٽمولاجي
ڄاڻ جو نظريو (IB ڪورس)
Epistemological pluralism

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ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

حوالا

↑ ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛پبلشر: سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.
↑ سانچو:Multiref
↑ Crumley II 2009, p. 16
↑ سانچو:Multiref

نوٽ

سائيٽيشن

[1] ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛پبلشر: سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.

[2] سانچو:Multiref

[3] Crumley II 2009, p. 16

[4] سانچو:Multiref

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]