مواد ڏانھن هلو

ڪائنات جو علم

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
هبل ايڪسٽريم ڊيپ فيلڊ (XDF) ٽيلي اسڪوپ منصوبو سيپٽمبر 2012ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو ۽ اهو ان وقت تائين ورتل سڀ کان پري ڪهڪشائن کي ڏيکاري ٿو. پيش منظر ۾ موجود ڪجھ تارن کان سواءِ (جيڪا روشن ۽ آساني سان سڃاڻائي سگهجن ٿا)، جامع تصوير ۾ نظر اچڻ وارو روشني جو هر ذرو هڪ انفرادي ڪهڪشان آهي. انهن مان ڪجهه 13.2 ارب سالن جي عمر جيتري پراڻي آهن. مشاهدي واري ڪائنات ۾ 2 ٽريلين کان وڌيڪ ڪهڪشائون هجڻ جو اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي.[1]

ڪاسمولوجي (Cosmology)، قديم يوناني جي ٻه لفظن "ڪاسموس" (κόσμος، يعني ڪائنات، دنيا) ۽ "لوجيا" (λογία، يعني مطالعو) کان ورتل، طبيعيات (Physics) ۽ مابعدالطبعيات (Metaphysics) جي هڪ شاخ آهي، جيڪا ڪائنات (Cosmos) جي فطرت سان معاملو ڪري ٿي. ڪاسمولوجي جي اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو انگريزي ۾ 1656ع ۾ ٿامس بلائونٽ جي ڪتاب، "گلوسوگرافيا" معنيٰ "دنيا يا ڪائنات جي باري ۾ هڪ ڳالهه" آهي، ۾ استعمال ڪيو.[2] 1731ع ۾، جرمن فلسفي ڪرسچن وولف، ڪاسمولوجي (لاطيني ٻولي جي اصطلاح، ڪاسمولوجيا کان) مابعدالطبعيات جي هڪ شاخ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو، جيڪا طبعي دنيا جي عام نوعيت سان واسطو رکي ٿي.[3]

مذهبي يا افسانوي ڪاسمولوجي عقيدن جو هڪ شعبو آھي، جيڪو افسانوي (مذهبي ۽ باطني) ادب ۽ تخليق جي افسانن ۽ اسڪاٽولوجي جي روايتن تي ٻڌل آهي. فلڪيات جي سائنس ۾، ڪاسمولوجي ڪائنات جي تاريخ جي مطالعي سان لاڳاپيل آهي.

طبعي ڪاسمولوجي مشاهدي لائق ڪائنات جي اصليت، ان جي وڏي پيماني تي جوڙجڪ، حرڪيات ۽ ڪائنات جي آخري منزل جي کوجنا ۽ هنن سان گڏ سائنس جا قانون، جيڪا هن ميدان کان متعلق آهن، جو مطالعو آهي.

ڪائنات جي علم متعلق بگ بينگ ۽ قائم حالت (Steady-state) واري نظرين جي هڪ چاڪي واري وضاحت.

اها مطالعو ڪيترن ئي سوالن تي بحث ڪري ٿو، جيئن ته هي ڪائنات ڪٿان کان آئي؟، ان کان پھرين ڪٿي ۽ ڪھڙي حالت ۾ هئي؟ ۽ ان کي ڪنھن ظاهر ڪيو؟ وغيره.

تفصيل

[سنواريو]

طبعي ڪاسمولوجي مشاهدي لائق ڪائنات جي اصليت، ان جي وڏي پيماني تي جوڙجڪ، حرڪيات ۽ ڪائنات جي آخري منزل جي کوجنا ۽ هنن سان گڏ سائنس جا قانون، جيڪا هن ميدان کان متعلق آهن، جو مطالعو آهي



is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe, the cosmos. The term cosmology was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's Glossographia, with the meaning of "a speaking of the world".[4] In 1731, German philosopher Christian Wolff used the term cosmology in Latin (cosmologia) to denote a branch of metaphysics that deals with the general nature of the physical world.[5] Religious or mythological cosmology is a body of beliefs based on mythological, religious, and esoteric literature and traditions of creation myths and eschatology. In the science of astronomy, cosmology is concerned with the study of the chronology of the universe.

Physical cosmology is the study of the observable universe's origin, its large-scale structures and dynamics, and the ultimate fate of the universe, including the laws of science that govern these areas.[6] It is investigated by scientists, including astronomers and physicists, as well as philosophers, such as metaphysicians, philosophers of physics, and philosophers of space and time. Because of this shared scope with philosophy, theories in physical cosmology may include both scientific and non-scientific propositions and may depend upon assumptions that cannot be tested. Physical cosmology is a sub-branch of astronomy that is concerned with the universe as a whole. Modern physical cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang Theory which attempts to bring together observational astronomy and particle physics;[7][8] more specifically, a standard parameterization of the Big Bang with dark matter and dark energy, known as the Lambda-CDM model.

Theoretical astrophysicist David N. Spergel has described cosmology as a "historical science" because "when we look out in space, we look back in time" due to the finite nature of the speed of light.[9]

عيسائي مذهب ۾ ڪائنات جو علم

[سنواريو]

اسلام ۾ ڪائنات جو علم

[سنواريو]

هندو ڌرم ۾ ڪائنات جو علم

[سنواريو]

پڻ ڏسو

[سنواريو]

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

[سنواريو]
  • Bragg, Melvyn (2023), "The Universe's Shape", bbc.co.uk, BBC, حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2023, "Melvyn Bragg discusses shape, size and topology of the universe and examines theories about its expansion. If it is already infinite, how can it be getting any bigger? And is there really only one?" 
  • "Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology", history.aip.org, American Institute of Physics, 2023, حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2023, "The history of cosmology is a grand story of discovery, from ancient Greek astronomy to -space telescopes." 
  • Dodelson, Scott; Schmidt, Fabian (2020). Modern Cosmology 2nd Edition. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0128159484.  Download full text: Dodelson, Scott; Schmidt, Fabian (2020), "Scott Dodelson - Fabian Schmidt - Modern Cosmology (2021) PDF" (PDF), scribd.com, Academic Press, حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2023۔ 
  • Charles Kahn. 1994. Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology. Indianapolis: Hackett.
  • "Genesis, Search for Origins. End of mission wrap up.", genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov, NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2023, "About 4.6 billion years ago, the solar nebula transformed into the present solar system. In order to chemically model the processes which drove that transformation, we would, ideally, like to have a sample of that original nebula to use as a baseline from which we can track changes." 
  • Leonard, Scott A; McClure, Michael (2004). Myth and Knowing. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-7674-1957-4. 
  • سانچو:Cite arXiv Lectures given at the Summer School in High Energy Physics and Cosmology, ICTP (Trieste) 1993.) 60 pages, plus 5 Figures.
  • "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)", ned.ipac.caltech.edu, NASA, 2023, حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2023, "April 2023 Release Highlights Database Updates" 
  • Sophia Centre. The Sophia Centre for the Study of Cosmology in Culture, University of Wales Trinity Saint David.

سانچو:Cosmology topics سانچو:Metaphysics سانچو:Environmental humanities سانچو:Astronomy subfields

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ Hille, Karl, وڪي نويس (13 October 2016), "Hubble Reveals Observable Universe Contains 10 Times More Galaxies Than Previously Thought", NASA, حاصل ڪيل 17 October 2016۔
  2. ↑ Hetherington, Norriss S. (2014). Encyclopedia of Cosmology (Routledge Revivals): Historical, Philosophical, and Scientific Foundations of Modern Cosmology. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-317-67766-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=EP9QAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116.
  3. ↑ Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2008). The Wraparound Universe. CRC Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-4398-6496-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=PeDqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170. Extract of page 170.
  4. ↑ Hetherington, Norriss S. (2014). Encyclopedia of Cosmology (Routledge Revivals): Historical, Philosophical, and Scientific Foundations of Modern Cosmology. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-317-67766-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=EP9QAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116.
  5. ↑ Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2008). The Wraparound Universe. CRC Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-4398-6496-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=PeDqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170. Extract of page 170.
  6. ↑ "Introduction: Cosmology – space" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 3 July 2015 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.. New Scientist. 4 September 2006.
  7. ↑ "Cosmology", Oxford Dictionaries.
  8. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (25 February 2019). "Have Dark Forces Been Messing With the Cosmos? – Axions? Phantom energy? Astrophysicists scramble to patch a hole in the universe, rewriting cosmic history in the process.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/science/cosmos-hubble-dark-energy.html.
  9. ↑ Spergel, David N. (Fall 2014). "Cosmology Today". Daedalus 143 (4): 125–133. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00312.
"https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ڪائنات_جو_علم&oldid=336984" تان ورتل