مواد ڏانھن هلو

نيو يارڪ سٽي

ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو
بيھڪ: 40°42′46″N 74°00′21″W / 40.7127°N 74.0059°W / 40.7127; -74.0059
کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
نيو يارڪ
شھر
گھڙيالي چڪر وانگر مٿان کان هيٺ: وچ شھر وارو مينھٽن، ٽائمز اسڪوائر، يوني اسفيئر، بروڪلين پل، ھيٺيون مين ھيٽن ورلڊ ٽريڊ سينٽر سميت، سينٽرل پارڪ، گڏيل قومن جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ آزادي جو مجسمو
گھڙيالي چڪر وانگر مٿان کان هيٺ: وچ شھر وارو مينھٽن، ٽائمز اسڪوائر، يوني اسفيئر، بروڪلين پل، ھيٺيون مين ھيٽن ورلڊ ٽريڊ سينٽر سميت، سينٽرل پارڪ، گڏيل قومن جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ آزادي جو مجسمو
نيو يارڪ
جھنڊو		نيو يارڪ
مھر
نيو يارڪ
ورڊ مارڪ
Map
نيويارڪ شھر جو نقشو
نيو يارڪ شھر is located in New York
نيو يارڪ شھر
نيو يارڪ شھر
نيو يارڪ شھر is located in آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون
نيو يارڪ شھر
نيو يارڪ شھر
نيو يارڪ شھر is located in North America
نيو يارڪ شھر
نيو يارڪ شھر
Location within the state of New York##Location within the United States##Location within North America
جاگرافي بيهڪ: 40°42′46″N 74°00′21″W / 40.7127°N 74.0059°W / 40.7127; -74.0059[1]
ملڪ  گڏيل آمريڪي رياستون
آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستون سانچو:Country data New York
علائقو مڊ ايٽلانٽڪ
ڪائونٽيون برونڪس


بروڪلين
مينھٽن
ڪئينس
اسٽيٽن ٻيٽ

ڪالوني نيو نيدر لينڊ
نيويارڪ صوبو
قيام 1624
مختلف حصن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو 1898
نالو پيو جيمز، ڊيوڪ آف يارڪ
حڪومت [2]
 • قسم ميئر-ڪائونسل
 • مجلس نيو يارڪ ڪائونسل
 • ميئر بل ڊي بلاسيو (ڊيموڪريٽ)
پکيڙ[1]
 • ڪل 468.484 ميل2 (1,213.37 ڪ.م2)
 • زميني 302.643 ميل2 (783.84 ڪ.م2)
 • آبي 165.841 ميل2 (429.53 ڪ.م2)
 • ميٽرو 13,318 ميل2 (34,490 ڪ.م2)
بلندي[3] 33 ft (10 ميل)
آبادي (2010)[5]
 • ڪل 8,175,133
 •  ڪاٿو

  2018

[6]		 8,398,748

نيو يارڪ شھر (New York City) يا مختصر طور تي "NYC" يا "NY"، آمريڪا جو آبادي ۽ پکيڙ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو شھر آھي،[9] جنھن جي آبادي سال 2018ع ۾ 83,98,748 ھئي.[6] ھي شھر لڳ ڀڳ 302.6 چورس ميل (784 km2) جي پکيڙ تي ڦهليل آهي.[10][11] اھو آمريڪا جو سڀ کان گھاٽي آبادي وارو شھر پڻ آهي.[12]

A spherical sculpture and several attractions line a park during a World's Fair.
ڪرونا پارڪ جتي يوني اسفيئر ڏيکاريل آهي
ازادي جو مجسمو جيڪو لبرٽي ٻيٽ تي واقع آھي[13]

ھي شھر دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن آهي[14] ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏن آبادي وارن شھرن مان ھڪ آھي،[15][16] جنھن جي آبادي سال 2018ع جي آدمشماري ۾ 1,99,79,477 ھئي. ھن کي دنيا جي معاشي طاقت وارو شھر پڻ چوندا آهن ۽ ھي الفا شھرن ۾ شامل آھي.[17] ھن کي ثقافتي شھر پڻ چوندا آهن،[18][19][20][21][22] وال اسٽريٽ (Wall Street)[23][24] آمريڪا جو مالياتي ۽ نيو يارڪ شھر جو ميڊيا جو عالمي مرڪز آھي.[25][26] نيو يارڪ واپار، تفريح، تحقيق، تعليم، ٽيڪنالاجي، سياست، سياحت، فن، فيشن ۽ راندين تي اھم اثر رکندڙ شھر آھي.[27][28][29][30] ھي شھر گڏيل قومن جي صدر مقام جو گهر پڻ آهي.[31] ھي شھر بين الاقوامي سفارتڪاري جو پڻ مرڪز آھي.[32][33] ھن شھر جي بندرگاھه، نيويارڪ ھاربر دنيا جي وڏي ۾ وڏي قدرتي بندرگاھه آھي.[34][35]

A map with five insular regions of different colors.
نيويارڪ شھر جي پنج ڪائونٽيون:
  1.مين ھيٽن
  2.بروڪلين
  3.ڪئينس
  4.برونڪس
  5.اسٽيٽن ٻيٽ

ھي شھر پنج ضلعن يا ڪائونٽين تي مشتمل آهي. [36] جن جا نالا؛ بروڪلين، ڪئينس، مين ھيٽن، برونڪس ۽ اسٽيٽن ٻيٽ آھن جيڪي سال 1898ع ۾ ملائي ھڪ شھر ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.[37] دنيا ۾ ارب پتي ماڻھن جو شھر سڏجندڙ ھي نيويارڪ سال 1624ع ۾ ھيٺين مينھٽن واري جاء تي "ڊچ ريپلڪ" جي ڪالوني ٺاھيندڙن قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ سال 1626ع ۾ کيس "نيو ايمسٽرڊم" جو نالو ڏنو ويو.[38] سال 1664ع ۾ اھو شھر ۽ ان جي چوڌاري واقع علائقا انگريزن جي قبضي ۾ آيا ۽ ان وقت جي برطانيا جي بادشاھه، چارلس ٻئين اھو علائقو پنھنجي ڀاءُ جيمز ٻئين، ڊيوڪ آف يارڪ کي ڏئي ڇڏيو جنھن ان شھر کي نيويارڪ جو نئون نالو ڏنو.[39] سال 1785ع کان 1790ع تائين ھي شھر آمريڪا جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ پڻ رھيو.[40] ۽ سال 1790ع کان وٺي ھي شھر ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شھر رھندو آيو آھي.[41] اوڻويھين ۽ ويھين صديءَ ۾ ھتي لکين ماڻھو لڏي آيا.[42] ھن شھر ۾ لڳل مجسمو، "اسٽيچو آف لبرٽي" دنيا ۾ ملڪ جي امن ۽ آزادي جي ھڪ سڃاڻپ آهي.[43]

وال اسٽريٽ، مالي ضلعي، مئنهٽن ۾ بيٺل، نيو يارڪ شهر کي دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو مالياتي ۽ فن ٽيڪ سينٽر ۽ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اقتصادي طور تي طاقتور شهر بڻائي ٿو. سال 2022ع تائين، نيو يارڪ ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ميٽروپوليٽن معيشت آهي، جنهن جي مجموعي ميٽروپوليٽن پيداوار 2.16 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ آهي. نيو يارڪ ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي جي معيشت دنيا جي سڀني نون ملڪن کان وڏي آهي. چوويهه ڪلاڪ تيز ٽرانزٽ سسٽم هجڻ جي باوجود، نيو يارڪ شهري گاڏين جي ٽريفڪ جام ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻي پڻ ڪري ٿو. هي شهر دنيا جي، انهن جي لسٽ ڪيل ڪمپنين جي مارڪيٽ سرمائيداري ذريعي، ٻن وڏين اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج؛ نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج (NYSE) ۽ نئسڊڪ (NASDAQ) جو گهر آهي. نيو يارڪ شهر عالمي سيڙپڪارن لاءِ قائم ڪيل محفوظ جنت آهي. سال 2023ع تائين، نيو يارڪ شھر، غير ملڪين لاءِ ۽ وڏي فرق سان ملڪ جي ڪنهن به شهر جي رهائشي ڪرائي جي لحاظ کان، دنيا جو سڀ کان مهانگو شهر تي آهي ۽ پنجين ايونيو دنيا جي سڀ کان مهانگي شاپنگ اسٽريٽ آهي. نيو يارڪ شهر هڪ اهم فرق سان ارب پتي ماڻهن جي وڏي تعداد ۾، انتهائي اعليٰ خالص ماليت (ٽي ڪروڙ آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ) ۽ دنيا جي ڪنهن به شهر کان وڏو ارب پتي ماڻهن جو گهر آهي.

نالو

[سنواريو]
پڻ ڏسو: Nicknames of New York City

سال 1664ع ۾، نيويارڪ جو نالو ڊيوڪ آف يارڪ (بعد ۾ انگلينڊ جي بادشاهه جيمس ٻين) جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو. [44] جيمس جو وڏو ڀاءُ، بادشاهه چارلس ٻيون، کيس نيو هالينڊ جي اڳوڻي علائقي جو مالڪ مقرر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ نيو ايمسٽرڊم جو شهر به شامل هو، جڏهن انگلينڊ جي بادشاهت ان کي ڊچ (ولنديزين) جي قبضي کان وٺي ڇڏيو.[45]

تاريخ

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو History of New York City ۽ Timeline of New York City
وڌيڪ ڏسو: History of Manhattan, Timeline of Brooklyn , Timeline of Queens, Timeline of the Bronx, ۽ Timeline of Staten Island

شروعاتي تاريخ

[سنواريو]

پري-ڪولمبين دور ۾، اڄوڪي نيو يارڪ شهر جو علائقو Algonquians، جنهن ۾ Lenape به شامل هو، آباد هو. سندن وطن، جنهن کي Lenapehoking جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ان ۾ اسٽيٽن ٻيٽ، منهٽن، برونڪس، لانگ آئلينڊ جو الهندو حصو (بشمول بروڪلن ۽ ڪوئنز)، ۽ لوئر هڊسن وادي شامل آهن. نيو يارڪ هاربر ۾ پهريون دستاويزي دورو هڪ يورپين طرفان 1524 ۾ دريافت ڪندڙ Giovanni da Verrazzano پاران ڪيو ويو. هن فرانس لاءِ علائقي جي دعويٰ ڪئي ۽ ان جو نالو Nouvelle Angoulême رکيو. هڪ اسپيني مهم، جنهن جي اڳواڻي پورچوگالي ڪپتان ايسٽيو گومز ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو شهنشاهه چارلس پنجين لاءِ سفر ڪري رهيو هو، جنوري 1525ع ۾ نيويارڪ هاربر تي پهتو ۽ هڊسن نديءَ جي وات جو نقشو چٽيو، جنهن جو نالو هن ريو ڊي سان انتونيو رکيو. 1609 ۾، انگريز محقق هينري هڊسن نيو يارڪ هاربر کي ٻيهر دريافت ڪيو، جڏهن ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني لاء اتر اولهه طرف اوڀر طرف ڳولي رهيا هئا. هن ٻيڙيءَ تي چڙهيو، جنهن کي ڊچ نارٿ ريور (هاڻي هڊسن درياهه) سڏين ٿا، جنهن جو نالو هڊسن پهريون ڀيرو ماريشس جي نالي پٺيان موريس، پرنس آف نارنگي رکيو. هڊسن هن علائقي تي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپنيءَ جي دعويٰ ڪئي. 1614 ۾، ڪيپ ڪوڊ ۽ ڊيلويئر بي جي وچ واري علائقي کي هالينڊ پاران دعوي ڪيو ويو ۽ نييو-نيدرلينڊ سڏيو ويو. نيو يارڪ شهر جو پهريون غير-آمريڪي رهواسي جوآن روڊريگيز هو، جيڪو سينٽو ڊومنگو جو هڪ واپاري هو، جيڪو 1613-14 جي سياري دوران منهٽن ۾ پهتو.

the pre-Columbian era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquians, including the Lenape. Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included the present-day areas of Staten Island, Manhattan, the Bronx, the western portion of Long Island (including Brooklyn and Queens), and the Lower Hudson Valley.[46]

The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano.[47] He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême).[48] A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain Estêvão Gomes sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Río de San Antonio ('Saint Anthony's River').[49]

In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company.[50] He sailed up what the Dutch called North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange.[51]

Hudson claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland ('New Netherland'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what became New York City was Juan Rodriguez, a merchant from Santo Domingo who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch.[52][53]

Dutch rule

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو New Amsterdam, Fort Amsterdam ۽ New Netherland
The Castello Plan, a 1660 map of New Amsterdam in Lower Manhattan
New Amsterdam, centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it New York

A permanent European presence near New York Harbor was established in 1624, making New York the 12th-oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States, with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later called Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island.[54][55]

The colony of New Amsterdam extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day Wall Street, where a 12-فٽ (3.7 m) wooden stockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and English raids.[56] In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band,[57] for "the value of 60 guilders"[58] (about $900 in 2018).[59] A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.[60][61]

Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.[62] To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (patroons, or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded land, local political autonomy, and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.[63]

Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies).[62][64]

In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.[65][66] Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order; however, he earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups from establishing houses of worship.[67]

English rule

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو Province of New York ۽ History of New York City (1665–1783)
The Fall of New Amsterdam, painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, depicting the Conquest of New Netherland
Fort George and New York with British warships, ت. 1731

In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed.[67][68] The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.[69]

In 1667, during negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda after the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now Suriname, which they had gained from the English,[70] and in return the English kept New Amsterdam. The settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII).[71] The duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley.[72]

On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Anthony Colve of the Dutch navy seized New York at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange" after William III, the Prince of Orange.[73] The Dutch soon returned the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674.[74][75]

Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between 1660 and 1670.[76] By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.[77] New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone.[78][79]

In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York.[80] It became a center of slavery, with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730.[81] Most were domestic slaves; others were hired out as labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the American South. During construction in Foley Square in the 1990s, the African Burying Ground was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.[82]

The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish freedom of the press in North America.[83] In 1754, Columbia University was founded.[84]

American Revolution

[سنواريو]
وڌيڪ ڏسو: American Revolution
The Battle of Long Island, one of the largest battles of the American Revolutionary War, which took place in Brooklyn on August 27, 1776

The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.[85] The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within modern-day Brooklyn.[86] A British rout of the Continental Army at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, causing George Washington and his forces to retreat across the Hudson River to New Jersey, pursued by British forces.[87][88]

After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America.[89] The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom promised by the Crown, with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, the largest such community on the continent.[90][91] When the British forces evacuated New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands of freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia, England, and the Caribbean.[92]

The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776.[93] Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, including Trinity Church.[94][95]

Post-revolutionary period and early 19th century

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو History of New York City (1784–1854)
A portrait of the first inauguration of George Washington in 1789

In January 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital.[96] New York was the last capital of the United States under the Articles of Confederation and the first under the Constitution.[97] As the capital, New York City hosted the inauguration of the first President, George Washington, and the first Congress, at Federal Hall on Wall Street. Congress drafted the Bill of Rights there.[97] The Supreme Court held its first organizational sessions in New York in 1790.

In 1790, for the first time, New York City surpassed Philadelphia as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital was moved to Philadelphia.[98][99]

During the 19th century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million.[100] Under New York State's gradual emancipation act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties.[101][102] Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-Black population gradually developed in Manhattan. The New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate Black children.[103] It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state.[104] Free Blacks struggled with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York City's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black).[105]

A painting of a snowy city street with horse-drawn sleds and a 19th-century fire truck under blue sky
Broadway, which follows the Native American Wecquaesgeek Trail through Manhattan, 1840[106]

Also in the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center, as well as by European immigration, respectively.[107] The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.[108] Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.[109] In 1831, New York University was founded.[110]

Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Members of the business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.[111]

The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing over a quarter of the city's population.[112] Extensive immigration from the German provinces meant that Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.[113][114]

American Civil War

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو New York City in the American Civil War ۽ History of New York City (1855–1897)
Departure of the 7th New York Militia Regiment for the defense of Washington, D.C., April 19, 1861

Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.[103] Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.[103]

The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground.[113] At least 120 people were killed.[115] Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance.[113][115] It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.[116]

Late 19th and early 20th century

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو History of New York City (1898–1945) ۽ History of New York City (1946–1977)
Manhattan's Little Italy in the Lower East Side, ت. 1900

In 1886, the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they arrived via Ellis Island by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace.[117][118]

In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.[119] The opening of the New York City Subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.[120] Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.[121]

In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people.[122] In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, killed 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.[123]

A man working on a steel girder high about a city skyline.
A construction worker atop the Empire State Building during its construction in 1930. The Chrysler Building is visible to the right.

New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.[124] New York City was a prime destination in the early 20th century for Blacks during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had the largest urban African diaspora in North America.[125] The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition.[126] The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height.[127]

New York City became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed 10 million in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity.[128] The Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[129]

Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.[130]

Late 20th and early 21st centuries

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو History of New York City (1978–present) ۽ September 11 attacks
A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags.
Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, the site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots and the cradle of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement[131][132][133]

In 1969, the Stonewall riots were a series of violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village.[134] They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[131][135][136][137] and the modern fight for LGBT rights.[138][139] Wayne R. Dynes, author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, wrote that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality.[140]

فائل:Ford to City.PNG
October 1975 New York Daily News front page on President Ford's refusal to help the city avert bankruptcy

In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.[141] Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; President Gerald Ford gave a speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of the New York Daily News as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."[142] The Municipal Assistance Corporation was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances.[143] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[144]

By the mid-1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America.[حوالو گهربل] New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the 2000 census;[145] further records were set in the 2010 and 2020 censuses.[146] Important new economic sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged.[147]

The World Trade Center, in Lower Manhattan, during the September 11 attacks in 2001

The year 2000 was celebrated with fanfare in Times Square.[148] New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks.[149] Two of the four hijacked airliners were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from the New York City Fire Department and 71 law enforcement officers.[150]

The area was rebuilt with a new World Trade Center, the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, and other new buildings and infrastructure,[151] including the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub.[152] The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere[153] and the world's seventh-tallest building by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1٬776 فٽ (541.3 m), a reference to the year of American independence.[154][155][156]

The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.[157]

New York City was heavily impacted by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, including flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system,[158] and flooding of all East River subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel.[159] The New York Stock Exchange closed for two days due to weather for the first time since the Great Blizzard of 1888.[160] At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion.[161] The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter climate change and rising seas, with $15 billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts.[162][163]

In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the city was confirmed.[164] With its population density and extensive exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replaced Wuhan, China as the global epicenter of the pandemic during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure.[165][166] Through March 2023, New York City recorded more than 80,000 deaths from COVID-19-related complications.[167]

جاگرافي

[سنواريو]
نيويارڪ شھر جو وچ جتي مينھٽن ٻيٽ واقع آهي

ھي شھر امريڪا جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ رياست، نيو يارڪ ۾، ھڊسن ندي جي ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي نيويارڪ بي ۾ ڇوڙ تي واقع آهي ۽ بوسٽن ۽ واشنگٽن ڊي سي جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. بوسٽن کان ھن شھر جو فاصلو 217 ڪلوميٽر ۽ واشنگٽن ڊي سي کان 228 ڪلوميٽر آهي.[168] [169][170] آبادي ۾ اضافي ڪري ھن شھر جي ڪافي زمين سمنڊ مان ورتل آهي. ھيٺين مينھٽن جو علائقو، "بيٽري پارڪ سٽي" سمنڊ جي پاڻيءَ مان ورتل زمين تي جوڙيو ويو آهي.[171] ڪل پکيڙ 468.484 چورس ميل (1٬213.37 km2) آهي، جنھن ۾ 302.643 sq mi (783.84 km2) خشڪي ۽ 165.841 sq mi (429.53 km2) پاڻي شامل آهن.[172][173] شھر جو بلند ترين ھنڌ، "مائونٽ ٽاڊٽ" آهي جيڪو اسٽيٽن ٻيٽ ۾ واقع آهي جنھن جي اوچائي 409.8 فٽ (124.9 m) آهي.[174] ھن جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي ٻيلي جا وڻ آھن جيڪي اسٽيٽن ٻيٽ جي گرين بيلٽ جو حصو آھن.

آباديات

[سنواريو]

معيشت

[سنواريو]

ثقافت

[سنواريو]

انساني وسيلا

[سنواريو]

ٽرانسپورٽ

[سنواريو]

حڪومت ۽ سياست

[سنواريو]

قابل ذڪر ماڻهو

[سنواريو]

پڻ ڏسو

[سنواريو]

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

[سنواريو]
پيشرو
Trenton, New Jersey 		Capital of the United States
of America
1785–1791 		جانشين
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

سانچو:New York City سانچو:New York City Historic Sites سانچو:New York metropolitan area سانچو:Financial District, Manhattan سانچو:Long Island region سانچو:New York سانچو:Regions of New York navbox سانچو:Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities سانچو:Location of US capital سانچو:Northeast Megalopolis سانچو:Hudson River سانچو:Megacities سانچو:Northeast US سانچو:USPopulousCities

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حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. حاصل ڪيل April 23, 2011. 
  2. ↑ the Mayor, New York City Office of. "Biography". New York, City of. وقت March 17, 2010 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل January 8, 2010. 
  3. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. حاصل ڪيل January 31, 2008.  Search for feature ID 975772.
  4. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico – 2017 Population Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. حاصل ڪيل April 27, 2018. 
  5. ↑ Community Facts for New York city, New York آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2015-01-08 حوالو موجود آهي ڪانگريس جي لائبريري ويب آرڪائيو, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 26, 2017.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "NYC Population: Current and Projected Populations". www1.nyc.gov. حاصل ڪيل 2019-05-02. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-county
  8. ↑ "State & County QuickFacts – Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York". United States Census Bureau. وقت February 17, 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل March 24, 2016. 
  9. ↑ "New York City’s Population Hits a Record 8.6 Million". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/nyregion/new-york-city-population.html. Retrieved March 22, 2018. 
  10. ↑ Quick Facts for New York city, New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 9, 2017.
  11. ↑ Stormwater آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا January 25, 2017, حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Accessed February 9, 2017. "These impervious surfaces cover approximately 72% of New York City's 305 square miles in land area and generate a significant amount of stormwater."
  12. ↑ Mike Maciag. "Mapping the Nation's Most Densely Populated Cities". Governing – The States and Localities. وقت August 27, 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل August 27, 2016. 
  13. ↑ "Statue of Liberty". World Heritage. UNESCO. حاصل ڪيل July 18, 2015. 
  14. ↑ "World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia. حاصل ڪيل March 27, 2018. 
  15. ↑ "World's Largest Urban Areas [Ranked by Urban Area Population]". Rhett Butler. وقت October 9, 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل April 26, 2011. 
  16. ↑ "Largest Cities of the World – (by metro population)". Woolwine-Moen Group d/b/a Graphic Maps. حاصل ڪيل April 26, 2011. 
  17. ↑ "Global Power City Index 2009" (PDF). The Mori Memorial Foundation. حاصل ڪيل June 1, 2012. 
  18. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCWorld'sGreatestCity
  19. ↑ "Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture". Consulate General of Iceland New York. وقت February 5, 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل July 1, 2018. 
  20. ↑ "Consulate of Latvia in New York". Consulate of Latvia. وقت February 8, 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل July 1, 2018. 
  21. ↑ "Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture". The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011. وقت May 5, 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل July 1, 2018. 
  22. ↑ New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore Ashton ... [et al.]. National Library of Australia. 1988. ISBN 978-0-8478-0990-5. http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497. Retrieved July 1, 2018. 
  23. ↑ Huw Jones (September 4, 2018). "United States top, Britain second in financial activity: think-tank". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-survey-markets/united-states-top-britain-second-in-financial-activity-think-tank-idUSKCN1LK2TM. Retrieved September 4, 2018. "Think-tank New Financial's study, which focuses on the “raw” value of actual domestic and international financial activity like managing assets and issuing equity, underscored the overall dominance of New York as the world's top financial center." 
  24. ↑ "Top 8 Cities by GDP: China vs. The U.S.". Business Insider, Inc. حاصل ڪيل July 1, 2018. For instance, Shanghai, the largest Chinese city with the highest economic production, and a fast-growing global financial hub, is far from matching or surpassing New York, the largest city in the U.S. and the economic and financial super center of the world. 
    "New York City: The Financial Capital of the World". Pando Logic. حاصل ڪيل July 1, 2018. 
  25. ↑ Felix Richter. "New York Is The World's Media Capital". Statista. حاصل ڪيل July 1, 2018. 
  26. ↑ Dawn Ennis. "ABC will broadcast New York's pride parade live for the first time". LGBTQ Nation. حاصل ڪيل September 26, 2018. Never before has any TV station in the entertainment and news media capital of the world carried what organizer boast is the world's largest Pride parade live on TV. 
  27. ↑ Kelsy Chauvin. "15 Things NOT to Do in New York City". Fodor's. حاصل ڪيل March 23, 2019. There are more than 8.6 million citizens of New York City, and they're pretty much all in a hurry. They're also shrewd, outspoken, and proudly able to survive in a metropolis that tends to punish the meek. The buzzing subway system alone is a symbol of how this city works: part ballet, part battlefield. Residents and visitors alike can see why New York is considered the greatest city in the world. 
  28. ↑ Poliak, Shira. "Adjusting To New York City". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151203093200/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2009-11-19/features/0911180065_1_new-yorkers-fast-paced-big-apple. Retrieved November 1, 2015. "Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting." 
  29. ↑ Stephen Miller (2016). Walking New York: Reflections of American Writers from Walt Whitman to Teju Cole. pp. 46, 50, 131. ISBN 978-0-8232-7425-3. https://books.google.com/?id=tfsmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=hurrying+feverish+electric+crowds+new+york#v=onepage&q=hurrying%20feverish%20electric%20crowds%20new%20york&f=false. Retrieved May 10, 2017. 
  30. ↑ "Dictionary – Full Definition of New York Minute'". Merriam-Webster. حاصل ڪيل November 1, 2015. 
  31. ↑ Plan your visit آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا March 14, 2017, حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., United Nations. Accessed February 9, 2017. "The Headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York City, along the East River. When you pass through the gates of the United Nations visitors' entrance, you enter an international territory. This 18-acre site does not belong to just one country, but to all countries that have joined the Organization; currently, the United Nations has 193 Member States."
  32. ↑ "NYC Mayor's Office for International Affairs". The City of New York. وقت June 16, 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل June 24, 2015. 
  33. ↑ "Digital Diplomacy Coalition". Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York. حاصل ڪيل August 11, 2018. Established in 2014, DDC New York has partnered with the United Nations, major tech and social media companies, multiple governments, and NGOs to bring unique programs to the area community. 
  34. ↑ "New York City". A&E Television Networks, LLC. وقت March 4, 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. 
  35. ↑ "Port in a Storm: The Port of New York in World War II". New York State Museum. وقت April 29, 2014 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل August 5, 2015. 
  36. ↑ "Boroughs of New York City". Ben Cahoon. وقت February 11, 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل October 5, 2015. 
  37. ↑ "A 5-Borough Centennial Preface for Katharine Bement Davis Mini-History". The New York City Department of Correction. وقت October 23, 2011 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل October 26, 2011. 
  38. ↑ "United States History – History of New York City, New York". حاصل ڪيل September 9, 2012. 
  39. ↑ "Kingston: Discover 300 Years of New York History Dutch Colonies". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. حاصل ڪيل May 10, 2011. 
  40. ↑ "The Nine Capitals of the United States". United States Senate. حاصل ڪيل September 7, 2008. 
  41. ↑ "Rank by Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 1790–1990". U.S. Census Bureau. حاصل ڪيل February 8, 2009. 
  42. ↑ "Statue of Liberty". A&E Television Networks, LLC. حاصل ڪيل May 21, 2011. 
  43. ↑ "Statue of Liberty". World Heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992–2011. حاصل ڪيل October 23, 2011. 
  44. ↑ Badoe, Etta. "1664 New Amsterdam becomes New York Dutch rulers surrender to England". Queens Chronicle. وقت February 1, 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل March 13, 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  45. ↑ Archdeacon, Thomas J. (2013). New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change. Cornell University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8014-6891-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=9bTxAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19. 
  46. ↑ Pritchard, Evan T. (2002). Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin people of New York. Council Oak Books. p. 27. ISBN 1-57178-107-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=c5hky9f5PgoC&pg=PA27. 
  47. ↑ Debo, Angie (2013). A History of the Indians of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8061-8965-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=pLjYpwiuN_wC&pg=PT28. 
  48. ↑ Rankin, Rebecca B.; Rodgers, Cleveland (1948). New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262. 
  49. ↑ WPA Writer's Project (2004). A Maritime History of New York. Going Coastal Productions. p. 246. ISBN 0-9729803-1-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC. 
  50. ↑ Lankevich, George J. (2002). New York City: A Short History. NYU Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8147-5186-2. https://archive.org/details/newyorkcity00geor. 
  51. ↑ "The Hudson River". New Netherland Institute. حاصل ڪيل July 10, 2016. 
  52. ↑ Roberts, Sam (October 2, 2012). "Honoring a Very Early New Yorker". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/honoring-a-very-early-new-yorker/. 
  53. ↑ "CUNY DSI Publishes Monograph on New York's First Immigrant". The City College of New York. حاصل ڪيل May 16, 2020. 
  54. ↑ Dutch Colonies, National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."
  55. ↑ GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance, Tolerance Park. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.
  56. ↑ "Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology". PBS. حاصل ڪيل October 28, 2021. 
  57. ↑ Binder, Frederick M.; Reimers, David M. (1996). All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City. Columbia University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-231-07879-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC. 
  58. ↑ "Pieter Schaghen Letter". S4ulanguages.com. حاصل ڪيل October 28, 2021. "... hebben t'eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen. ..." ("... They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size ...) 
  59. ↑ "Value of the Guilder versus Euro". International Institute of Social History. حاصل ڪيل July 25, 2019. 
  60. ↑ "Peter Schaghen Letter". Nnp.org. وقت October 23, 2010 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل October 28, 2010. 
  61. ↑ Miller, Christopher L.; Hamell, George R. (September 1986). "A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade". The Journal of American History 73 (2): 311–328. doi:10.2307/1908224. ISSN 0021-8723. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Dutch Colonies". National Park Service. حاصل ڪيل July 10, 2016. 
  63. ↑ "The Patroon System". Library of Congress. وقت March 19, 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل July 10, 2016.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  64. ↑ "The Story of New Amsterdam". New Amsterdam History Center. حاصل ڪيل July 10, 2016. 
  65. ↑ Jacobs, Jaap (2009). The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America. Cornell University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0801475160. https://books.google.com/books?id=vgnh3E5Mm0cC. 
  66. ↑ Eisenstadt, Peter; Moss, Laura-Eve; Huxley, Carole F. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1051. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=tmHEm5ohoCUC&q=New+Amsterdam+grew+from+under+2,000+to+8,000&pg=PA1051. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Peter Stuyvesant". New-York Historical Society. وقت June 24, 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل July 11, 2016.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  68. ↑ "Peter Stuyvesant". New Netherland Institute. حاصل ڪيل July 11, 2016. 
  69. ↑ "The surrender of New Netherland, 1664". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. حاصل ڪيل July 11, 2016. 
  70. ↑ "Treaty of Breda". Encyclopædia Britannica. حاصل ڪيل July 10, 2016. 
  71. ↑ Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History. Owl Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8050-7842-8. 
  72. ↑ Miller, John (2000). James II (The English Monarchs Series). Yale University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-300-08728-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=McEJCAAAQBAJ. 
  73. ↑ Roper, L. H. (2017). Advancing Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-107-11891-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=i8wnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215. 
  74. ↑ Van Luling, Todd (April 17, 2014). "8 Things Even New Yorkers Don't Know About New York City". HuffPost. https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/new-york-history-facts_n_5107337.html. 
  75. ↑ Douglas, Peter. "The Man Who Took Back New Netherland" (PDF). New Netherland Institute. وقت July 8, 2022 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل July 11, 2016.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  76. ↑ "Native Americans". Penn Treaty Museum. حاصل ڪيل October 29, 2021. 
  77. ↑ "Gotham Center for New York City History" Timeline 1700–1800
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  79. ↑ "Timeline – Yellow Fever in America". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). حاصل ڪيل October 30, 2021. 
  80. ↑ Foote, Thelma Wills (2004). Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City. Oxford University Press, US. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-508809-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu4VfJPRsl4C&pg=PA68. 
  81. ↑ Oltman, Adele (October 24, 2005). "The Hidden History of Slavery in New York". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york#. Retrieved July 9, 2013. 
  82. ↑ Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama; Cérol, Marie-José (2005). Encyclopedia of Black Studies. SAGE. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7619-2762-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA33. 
  83. ↑ Linder, Doug. "The Trial of John Peter Zenger: An Account". University of Missouri–Kansas City. حاصل ڪيل October 30, 2021. 
  84. ↑ Moore, Nathaniel Fish (1876). An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876. Columbia University. p. 8. https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00univgoog. 
  85. ↑ Boyer, Paul; Clark, Clifford; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph; Rieser, Andrew (2009). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877, Concise. Cengage Learning. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-111-78553-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=O7NsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100. 
  86. ↑ Reno, Linda Davis (2008). The Maryland 400 in the Battle of Long Island, 1776. McFarland. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7864-5184-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=KvhogpG5154C&pg=PA3. 
  87. ↑ Fort Washington, American Battlefield Trust. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Fought on November 16, 1776 on the island of Manhattan, the Battle of Fort Washington was the final devastating chapter in General Washington's disastrous New York Campaign.... Seeing how precarious the American position was, Howe launched a three-pronged assault on Fort Washington and its outer defensive works. The combined British-Hessian assault force of 8,000 men grossly outnumbered the fort's 3,000 defenders.... At 3:00 P.M., after a fruitless attempt to gain gentler surrender terms for his men, Magaw surrendered Fort Washington and its 2,800 surviving defenders to the British."
  88. ↑ Schenawolf, Harry. "Washington's Retreat Across New Jersey: A British Fox Chase", Revolutionary War Journal, August 5, 2019. Accessed December 31, 2023.
  89. ↑ Aggarwala, Rohit T. "'I want a Packet to arrive': Making New York City the headquarters of British North America 1696-1783", New York History, Winter 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "One of New York City's key distinctions in the late colonial period was its role as the headquarters of the British Army in North America, almost continuously from 1755 to 1783."
  90. ↑ "Finding Freedom: Deborah", Museum of the American Revolution, May 4, 2018. Accessed December 31, 2023. "They ran to the British Army which offered freedom to enslaved people owned by rebel masters based on the 1779 Philipsburg Proclamation issued by British General Henry Clinton. Historians estimate that 10,000 enslaved people sought freedom by escaping to the British during the Revolutionary War."
  91. ↑ Goulet, L.; and Tsaltas-Otoomanelli, Mary. "Black Loyalists In The Evacuation Of New York City, 1783", The Gotham Center for New York City History, November 15, 2023. Accessed December 31, 2023. "By 1783, New York City had become the largest fugitive slave community in North America.... Free and self-emancipated Black people entered New York City during the British occupation seeking protection."
  92. ↑ Hinks, Peter P. (2007). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-313-33144-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXQs0uO0VMC&pg=PA508. 
  93. ↑ Mattera, John. Conference House Park The Daily Plant : Thursday, September 7, 2006, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed December 29, 2023.
  94. ↑ Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897, By Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.) p. 37, ISBN 978-1-356-90825-7
  95. ↑ New York City (NYC) The Great Fire of 1776, Baruch College. Accessed December 29, 2023. "The fire started in a wooden building near White Hall Slip, called the Fighting Cocks Tavern, a fun house visited by the city's most disreputable residents. It was fanned by winds south west of the city and spread rapidly into the night, demolishing 493 buildings and houses in the process."
  96. ↑ "January Highlight: Superintending Independence, Part 1", Harvard University Declaration Resources Project, January 4, 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "From January 11, 1785 through 1789, the Congress of the Confederation met in New York City, at City Hall (which later became Federal Hall) and at Fraunces Tavern."
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 "The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)". U.S. News & World Report. وقت September 25, 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل September 1, 2008.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  98. ↑ "Residence Act". Web Guides: Primary Documents in American History. Library of Congress. وقت February 22, 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل April 23, 2017. 
  99. ↑ Fortenbaugh, Robert. "The Nine Capitals of the United States". United States Senate. صفحو. 9. حاصل ڪيل October 30, 2021. 
  100. ↑ Smil, Vaclav (2019). Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities. The MIT Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-262-04283-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=52yuDwAAQBAJ. 
  101. ↑ "An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Negro Slavery in New York" (L. 1799, Ch. 62)
  102. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Emancipation in New York". Slave North. حاصل ڪيل February 6, 2013. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 "New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit". New-York Historical Society (physical exhibit). وقت April 14, 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل May 10, 2012.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  104. ↑ When Did Slavery End in New York State?, New-York Historical Society. Accessed January 16, 2024. "In 1799, New York passed a Gradual Emancipation act that freed slave children born after July 4, 1799, but indentured them until they were young adults. In 1817 a new law passed that would free slaves born before 1799 but not until 1827."
  105. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Census1790to1990
  106. ↑ Shorto, Russell (February 9, 2004). "The Streets Where History Lives". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/09/opinion/the-streets-where-history-lives.html. 
  107. ↑ Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8156-2155-3. https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar. 
  108. ↑ Bridges, William (1811). Map of the City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References. ; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.
  109. ↑ Mushkat, Jerome (1990). Fernando Wood: A Political Biography. Kent State University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-87338-413-1. https://archive.org/details/fernandowoodpoli0000mush. 
  110. ↑ Communications, NYU Web. "A Brief History of New York University". nyu.edu. حاصل ڪيل March 8, 2024. 
  111. ↑ Waxman, Sarah. "History of Central Park, New York", NY.com. Accessed January 16, 2024. "New York's Central Park is the first urban landscaped park in the United States."
  112. ↑ "Cholera in Nineteenth Century New York". Virtual New York. City University of New York. حاصل ڪيل October 31, 2021. 
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 Harris, Leslie M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863. University of Chicago Press. Excerpted from pages 279–288. ISBN 9780226317755. https://books.google.com/books?id=TZx6A_M0yjQC. 
  114. ↑ M.G. Leonard. "H. Doc. 29-54 - Paupers and criminals. Memorial of the Corporation of the City of New York, relative to the exportation from abroad of paupers and criminals. January 25, 1847. Read, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary". GovInfo.gov. U.S. Government Printing Office. صفحا. 8–9. حاصل ڪيل June 22, 2023. 'Leaving their homes,' [immigrants] say, 'with the brightest prospects,' alluring representations presented to them of the blessed state of American life, a few scanty coins in their pockets, though feeling in the enjoyment of rugged health, and surrounded by their young and innocent offspring, little did they imagine the trials to which they would be exposed; but at length they discover to their sorrow, and very natural discontent, that the foul steerage of some ocean-tossed ship is to form the filthy receptacle of persons, crowded too with hordes of human beings, with scarcely space enough to contain the half of them—certainly not more than the quarter of them comfortably; and thus huddled together en masse, they become the "emigrant passengers" destined to this country. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 McPherson, James M.; Hogue, James Keith (2001). Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-07-743035-1. https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0077430352. 
  116. ↑ Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 193–195. ISBN 9780813162553. https://books.google.com/books?id=QNkeBgAAQBAJ. 
  117. ↑ Statue of Liberty, UNESCO. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Inaugurated in 1886, the sculpture stands at the entrance to New York Harbour and has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States ever since."
  118. ↑ The Immigrant's Statue, Statue of Liberty National Monument. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Between 1886 and 1924, almost 14 million immigrants entered the United States through New York. The Statue of Liberty was a reassuring sign that they had arrived in the land of their dreams."
  119. ↑ "The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City". NYC100 Centennial Celebration. وقت October 11, 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل October 28, 2010.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  120. ↑ Cudahy, Brian J. (2004). The New York Subway: Its Construction and Equipment : Interborough Rapid Transit, 1904. Fordham University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8232-2401-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=UfodzizzrfQC&pg=PA2. 
  121. ↑ Blake, Angela M. (2009). How New York Became American, 1890–1924. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-8018-8874-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=v36fyM6qswYC&pg=PT63. 
  122. ↑ Sheard, Bradley (1998). Lost Voyages: Two Centuries of Shipwrecks in the Approaches to New York. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc.. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-881652-17-5. https://archive.org/details/lostvoyagestwoce0000shea. 
  123. ↑ "The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire". Kheel Center, Cornell University. حاصل ڪيل February 9, 2017. 
  124. ↑ Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse University Press. Table 30. ISBN 978-0-8156-2155-3. https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar. 
  125. ↑ Gates, Henry Louis Jr.; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (2009). Harlem Renaissance Lives from the African American National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-538795-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=E_vRLcgEdGoC&pg=PR7. 
  126. ↑ Roche, Linda De (2015). The Jazz Age: A Historical Exploration of Literature: A Historical Exploration of Literature. ABC-CLIO. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-61069-668-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=cOGOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18. 
  127. ↑ Willis, Carol (1995). Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 41, 85, 165. ISBN 9781568980447. 
  128. ↑ "New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional)". Demographia. حاصل ڪيل July 8, 2009. 
  129. ↑ Allen, Oliver E. (1993). "Chapter 9: The Decline". The Tiger—The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-62463-2. https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle. 
  130. ↑ Burns, Ric. "The Center of the World—New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript)". PBS. وقت June 23, 2011 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل September 1, 2008.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 Goicichea, Julia. "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. حاصل ڪيل February 2, 2019. 
  132. ↑ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service. حاصل ڪيل May 1, 2011. 
  133. ↑ Rosenberg, Eli (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html. 
  134. ↑ Murphy, Timothy (2013). Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies. Routledge. p. 572. ISBN 978-1-135-94234-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=FeWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA572. 
  135. ↑ "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S.". University of Kentucky. وقت November 18, 2019 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل September 2, 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  136. ↑ Frizzell, Nell. "Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement". PinkNews. حاصل ڪيل August 31, 2017. 
  137. ↑ "Stonewall riots". Encyclopædia Britannica. حاصل ڪيل August 31, 2017. 
  138. ↑ "Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument". National Park Service. حاصل ڪيل August 31, 2017. 
  139. ↑ "Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots". North Jersey Media Group. وقت May 30, 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل July 2, 2013.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  140. ↑ Williams, Cristan. "So, what was Stonewall?". The TransAdvocate. حاصل ڪيل March 28, 2017. 
  141. ↑ Tannenbaum, Allan. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". The Digital Journalist. وقت March 20, 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل December 18, 2011.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  142. ↑ Roberts, Sam. "Infamous 'Drop Dead' Was Never Said by Ford", The New York Times, December 28, 2006. Accessed February 20, 2024. "Mr. Ford, on Oct. 29, 1975, gave a speech denying federal assistance to spare New York from bankruptcy. The front page of The Daily News the next day read: "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."... Moreover, the speech spurred New York's civic, business and labor leaders to rally bankers in the United States and abroad, who feared their own investments would be harmed if New York defaulted on its debt."
  143. ↑ Chan, Sewell. "Felix G. Rohatyn, Financier Who Piloted New York's Rescue, Dies at 91", The New York Times, December 14, 2019. Accessed February 20, 2024. "For nearly two decades, from 1975 to 1993, as chairman of the state-appointed Municipal Assistance Corporation, Mr. Rohatyn had a say, often the final one, over taxes and spending in the nation's largest city, a degree of influence for an unelected official that rankled some critics. His efforts to meld private profit with the public good defined him: In the perception of many his name was synonymous with two institutions — the M.A.C., which was hastily created in 1975 to save the city from insolvency, and Lazard (formerly Lazard Frères), the storied investment firm that started as a dry-goods business in New Orleans in 1848."
  144. ↑ Effgen, Christopher. "New York Crime Rates 1960–2009". Disastercenter.com. حاصل ڪيل October 28, 2010. 
  145. ↑ Population - Decennial Census - Census 2000, New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed January 27, 2024. "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of New York City as of April 1, 2000, was 8,008,278, the largest enumerated census population in the city's history. The previous peak was in 1970, when the enumerated population stood at 7,894,862."
  146. ↑ Population, New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed January 27, 2024. "The enumerated population of New York City's was 8,804,190 as of April 1, 2020, a record high population. This is an increase of 629,057 people since the 2010 Census."
  147. ↑ Waller, Irvin (2013). Smarter Crime Control. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4422-2170-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=qQPGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38. 
  148. ↑ "THE YEAR 2000: THE OVERVIEW; 2000 Draws Rave Reviews After Opening Night Night Jitters". The New York Times. January 6, 2000. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/02/nyregion/year-2000-overview-2000-draws-rave-reviews-after-opening-night-night-jitters.html. 
  149. ↑ Dieterle, David A. (2017). Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-313-39708-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=LmphDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396. 
  150. ↑ Nelson, Joshua Q. "Former FDNY commissioner on losing 343 firefighters on 9/11: 'We had the best fire chiefs in the world'", Fox News, September 11, 2021. Accessed January 30, 2024. "Of the 2,753 people killed at the World Trade Center, 343 were first responders from the Fire Department of New York, while another 71 were law enforcement officers from 10 different agencies."
  151. ↑ Greenspan, Elizabeth (2013). Battle for Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center. St. Martin's Press/Harvard University. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-137-36547-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=DMHzmpTK5rYC&pg=PA152. 
  152. ↑ "World Trade Center Transportation Hub". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. وقت January 3, 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل February 9, 2017. The state-of-the-art World Trade Center Transportation Hub, completed in 2016, serves 250,000 Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) daily commuters and millions of annual visitors from around the world. At approximately 800,000 square feet, the Hub, designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava, is the third-largest transportation center in New York City.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  153. ↑ Hetter, Katia; Boyette, Chris (November 12, 2013). "It's official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/12/travel/one-world-trade-center-tallest-us-building/index.html?hpt=hp_t2. 
  154. ↑ "New York City Skyscraper Diagram". SkyscraperPage.com. Skyscraper Source Media. حاصل ڪيل January 22, 2013. 
  155. ↑ "One World Trade Center". SkyscraperPage.com. Skyscraper Source Media. حاصل ڪيل February 9, 2017. The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center. The building is topped out by a 124-meter (408-foot) spire. So the tower rises 1,776 feet (541-meter) which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence. 
  156. ↑ Lesser, Benjamin. "It's official: 1 World Trade Center is now New York's tallest skyscraper". Daily News. New York. حاصل ڪيل January 22, 2013. 
  157. ↑ Nocera, Joe. "Two Days in September". The New York Times. حاصل ڪيل May 6, 2017. On the left, that anger led, a year ago, to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Thus, Anniversary No. 2: Sept. 17, 2011, was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan, which soon led to similar actions in cities across the country. The movement's primary issue was income inequality—"We are the 99 percent", they used to chant. 
  158. ↑ Flegenheimer, Matt. "Flooded Tunnels May Keep City's Subway Network Closed for Several Days", The New York Times, October 30, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "As the remnants of Hurricane Sandy left the city on Tuesday, transit officials surveyed the damage to the system, which they shut down on Sunday night as a precaution. What they found was an unprecedented assault: flooded tunnels, battered stations and switches and signals likely damaged."
  159. ↑ Superstorm Sandy: The Devastating Impact On The Nation's Largest Transportation Systems, United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, Maritime, Freight, and Ports, December 6, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The most damaging impact of the storm, from a transportation standpoint, was on the highway, transit, and rail tunnels in and out of Manhattan. All seven of the subway tunnels under the East River flooded, as did the Hudson River subway tunnel, the East River and Hudson River commuter rail tunnels, and the subway tunnels in lower Manhattan. Three of the four highway tunnels into Manhattan flooded, leaving only the Lincoln Tunnel open. While some subway service was restored three days after the storm, the PATH train service to the World Trade Center was only restored on November 26, four weeks after the storm, and subway service between the Rockaway peninsula and Howard Beach is not expected to be re-opened for months."
  160. ↑ Strasburg, Jenny; Cheng, Jonathan; and Bunge, Jacob. "Behind Decision to Close Markets", The Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Superstorm Sandy forced regulators and exchange operators to keep U.S. stock markets closed Tuesday, in the first weather-related shutdown to last more than one day since the Blizzard of 1888. The decision to close the New York Stock Exchange and other U.S. equity markets for a second straight day—reached by midafternoon Monday—renewed questions about the industry's disaster preparedness."
  161. ↑ "NYC Still Vulnerable to Hurricanes 10 Years After Sandy", Bloomberg Businessweek, October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Hurricane Sandy swept through New York City in October 2012, leading to 43 deaths and an estimated $19 billion in damages.... New York needs to step up its efforts and spend the $15 billion in federal grants that it received for recovery efforts, a new report by New York City Comptroller Brad Lander released on Thursday said."
  162. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ClimateResiliency2
  163. ↑ Ten Years After Sandy; Barriers to Resilience, New York City Comptroller Brad Lander, October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Of the $15 billion of federal grants appropriated for Sandy recovery and resilience, the City has spent $11 billion, or 73%, as of June 2022."
  164. ↑ West, Melanie Grayce (March 1, 2020). "First Case of Coronavirus Confirmed in New York State" (en-US ۾). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-new-york-state-11583111692. 
  165. ↑ Liveris, A.; Stone Jr, M. E.; Markel, H.; Agriantonis, G.; Bukur, M.; Melton, S.; Roudnitsky, V.; Chao, E. et al. (August 2022). "When New York City was the COVID-19 pandemic epicenter: The impact on trauma care". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 93 (2): 247–255. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000003460. PMID 35881035. "During early spring 2020, New York City (NYC) rapidly became the first US epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.". 
  166. ↑ Robinson, David. "COVID-19: How New York City became epicenter of coronavirus pandemic, what that means", The Journal News, March 27, 2020. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York City's rise this month to become the new coronavirus pandemic's epicenter has far-reaching implications for communities statewide. Most pressing, the rapidly spreading virus that originated in Wuhan, China, threatens to overwhelm New York state's entire medical system, prompting a dire push for thousands of new hospital beds to treat infected New Yorkers. Further, the outbreak, which topped 44,600 confirmed cases statewide as of Friday, including 23,000 in New York City alone, is also devastating the entire state's economy and draining government coffers at all levels.... Why New York City's density, tourism made it vulnerable to coronavirus"
  167. ↑ "Tracking Coronavirus in New York: Latest Map and Case Count", The New York Times, March 23, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024 "Since the beginning of the pandemic, a total of 6,805,271 cases have been reported. At least 1 in 243 residents have died from the coronavirus, a total of 80,109 deaths."
  168. ↑ Washington, D.C. is 228 ميل (367 km) driving distance from New York, and Boston is 217 ميل (349 km) driving distance from New York. – Google Maps
  169. ↑ "Information About the Hudson River Estuary". Life.bio.sunysb.edu. حاصل ڪيل August 20, 2011. 
  170. ↑ Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). "Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html. Retrieved July 21, 2010. 
  171. ↑ Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7838-9785-1. 
  172. ↑ New York State Gazetteer from 2010 United States Census, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 9, 2017.
  173. ↑ Roberts, Sam (May 22, 2008). "It's Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/nyregion/22shrink.html. Retrieved May 22, 2008. 
  174. ↑ Lundrigan, Margaret (2004). Staten Island: Isle of the Bay, NY. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7385-2443-6. 
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