ماتا (بيماري)
ماتا (بيماري) | |
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Synonyms | ماتا (بيماري)، وئريولا (variola)،[1]وئريولا وئرا (variola vera)،[2]چيچڪ (pox)،[3] ڳاڙهو طاعون (red plague)[4] |
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سال 1973ع ۾ بنگلاديش ۾ ماتا بيماري جو شڪار هڪ ٻار. هن بيماري جي خصوصيت ۾ داڻي جو ٿلھي سيال سان ڀرجي ويندڙ ۽ داڻي جي وچ ۾ ڊمپل يا کڏو ٿيڻ هو. | |
مھارت | وچڙندڙ بيماري |
آثار | |
خرابي | چمڙي تي ڌاٻا، انڌو ٿيڻ [6] |
معمول واري اٿل | 1 to 3 weeks following exposure[5] |
مدو | About 4 weeks[5] |
ڪارڻ | variola major virus, variola minor virus (spread between people)[6][7] |
تشخيصي طريقو | Based on symptoms and confirmed by PCR[8] |
تفاوتي تشخيص | Chickenpox, impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, mpox[8] |
پرھيز | Smallpox vaccine[9] |
علاج | Supportive care[10] |
دوا درمل | Brincidofovir |
قياس آرائي ان ح | 30% risk of death[5] |
ورجاء | Eradicated (last naturally occurring case in 1977) |
ماتا (smallpox) يا "مائي" هڪ وچڙندڙ بيماري هئي جيڪا وئريولا وائرس، جيڪو نسل آرٿوپوڪس وائرس سان تعلق رکي ٿو، جي ڪري ٿيندي هئي.[11][12] [13] ماتا بيماري جو آخري قدرتي طور مريض آڪٽوبر، 1977ع ۾ سامهون آيو ۽ سال 1980ع ۾ ورلڊ هيلٿ آرگنائيزيشن (WHO) هن جي عالمي طور تي خاتمي جي تصديق ڪري ڏني،[14] اهڙي طرح مايا بيماري واحد انسانن سان لاڳاپيل بيماري آهي، جنهن جو اڃ تائين مڪمل طور تي خاتمو ٿي سگهيو آهي.[15]
The initial symptoms of the disease included fever and vomiting.[5] This was followed by formation of ulcers in the mouth and a skin rash.[5] Over a number of days, the skin rash turned into the characteristic fluid-filled blisters with a dent in the center.[5] The bumps then scabbed over and fell off, leaving scars.[5] The disease was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person or rarely via contaminated objects.[6][16][17] Prevention was achieved mainly through the smallpox vaccine.[9] Once the disease had developed, certain antiviral medications could potentially have helped, but such medications did not become available until after the disease was eradicated.[9] The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies.[6][18] Often, those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind.[6]
The earliest evidence of the disease dates to around 1500 BC in Egyptian mummies.[19][20] The disease historically occurred in outbreaks.[10] It was one of several diseases introduced by the Columbian exchange to the New World, resulting in large swathes of Native Americans dying. In 18th-century Europe, it is estimated that 400,000 people died from the disease per year, and that one-third of all cases of blindness were due to smallpox.[10][21] Smallpox is estimated to have killed up to 300 million people in the 20th century[22][23] and around 500 million people in the last 100 years of its existence.[24] Earlier deaths included six European monarchs, including Louis XV of France in 1774.[10][21] As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred a year.[10] The final known fatal case occurred in the United Kingdom in 1978.
Inoculation for smallpox appears to have started in China around the 1500s.[25][26] Europe adopted this practice from Asia in the first half of the 18th century.[27] In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the modern smallpox vaccine.[28][29] In 1967, the WHO intensified efforts to eliminate the disease.[10] Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated, the other being rinderpest (a disease of even-toed ungulates) in 2011.[30][31] The term "smallpox" was first used in England in the 16th century to distinguish the disease from syphilis, which was then known as the "great pox".[32][33] Other historical names for the disease include pox, speckled monster, and red plague.[3][4][33]
The United States and Russia retain samples of variola virus in laboratories, which has sparked debates over safety.

حوالا
[سنواريو]- ↑ Barton, Leslie L.; Friedman, Neil R. (2008) (en ۾). The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-59745-391-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151.
- ↑ Schaller, Karl F. (2012) (en ۾). Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-3-642-76200-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World". Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1988. pp. 209–44. ISBN 978-92-4-156110-5. https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History. Pengui. 2016. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4654-5893-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 "Signs and Symptoms". CDC. وقت 7 June 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "What is Smallpox?". CDC. وقت 7 June 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid
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- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Diagnosis & Evaluation". CDC. وقت 9 December 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Prevention and Treatment". CDC. وقت 15 December 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. وقت 21 September 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل.
- ↑ Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. 2004. pp. 525–28. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/525/mode/2up.
- ↑ "The Origin of the variola Virus". Viruses 7 (3): 1100–12. March 2015. doi: . ISSN 1999-4915. PMID 25763864.
- ↑ "The Origin of the variola Virus". Viruses 7 (3): 1100–12. March 2015. doi: . ISSN 1999-4915. PMID 25763864.
- ↑ "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. وقت 21 September 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل.
- ↑ "Smallpox – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. وقت 20 April 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2022-04-27. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ Lebwohl, Mark G.; Heymann, Warren R.; Berth-Jones, John; Coulson, Ian (2013) (en ۾). Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7020-5236-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89.
- ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid
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- ↑ "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings 18 (1): 21–25. January 2005. doi: . PMID 16200144.
- ↑ "History of Smallpox". CDC. وقت 14 June 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ Thèves, Catherine; Crubézy, Eric; Biagini, Philippe (2016). "History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations". Microbiology Spectrum 4 (4). doi: . ISSN 2165-0497. PMID 27726788. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27726788. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 (en ۾) Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History. ABC-CLIO. 2005. pp. 151–52. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays.
- ↑ Koprowski, Hilary; Oldstone, Michael B. A. (1996). Microbe hunters, then and now. Medi-Ed Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-936741-11-6.
- ↑ "The eradication of smallpox – an overview of the past, present, and future". Vaccine 29 (Suppl 4): D7–9. December 2011. doi: . PMID 22188929.
- ↑ Smallpox : the death of a disease. Prometheus Books. 2009. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61592-230-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&pg=PA12.
- ↑ Needham, Joseph (2000) (en ۾). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-521-63262-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&q=Smallpox&pg=PA134. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ↑ Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009). A History of Immunology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 293. ISBN 978-0080919461. https://books.google.com/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&q=Smallpox&pg=PA293..
- ↑ Strathern, Paul (2005). A Brief History of Medicine. London: Robinson. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-84529-155-6.
- ↑ "Anti-vaccinationists past and present". BMJ 325 (7361): 430–32. August 2002. doi: . PMID 12193361.
- ↑ "Smallpox vaccines". WHO. وقت 30 September 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 27 March 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ Guidotti, Tee L. (2015) (en ۾). Health and Sustainability: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. T290. ISBN 978-0-19-932568-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290.
- ↑ Roossinck, Marilyn J. (2016) (en ۾). Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes. Princeton University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4008-8325-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126.
- ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Smallpox". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death". Annals of Internal Medicine 127 (8 Pt 1): 635–42. October 1997. doi: . PMID 9341063.