مواد ڏانھن هلو

ماتا (بيماري)

ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو
هي هڪ بهترين مضمون آهي. وڌيڪ تفصيل لاءِ ٺِڙڪ (ڪلڪ) ڪيو.
کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان

ماتا (بيماري)
Synonyms ماتا (بيماري)، وئريولا (variola)،[1]وئريولا وئرا (variola vera)،[2]چيچڪ (pox)،[3] ڳاڙهو طاعون (red plague)[4]
سال 1973ع ۾ بنگلاديش ۾ ماتا بيماري جو شڪار هڪ ٻار. هن بيماري جي خصوصيت ۾ داڻي جو ٿلھي سيال سان ڀرجي ويندڙ ۽ داڻي جي وچ ۾ ڊمپل يا کڏو ٿيڻ هو.
مھارت وچڙندڙ بيماري
آثار
  • ابتدائي: بخار، الٽي، وات ۾ ڇالا[5]
  • اڳيون وڌي: سيال سان ڀريل داڻا، جنهن مٿان سخت ڇال بڻجي ويندي هئي.[5]
خرابي چمڙي تي ڌاٻا، انڌو ٿيڻ [6]
معمول واري اٿل 1 to 3 weeks following exposure[5]
مدو About 4 weeks[5]
ڪارڻ variola major virus, variola minor virus (spread between people)[6][7]
تشخيصي طريقو Based on symptoms and confirmed by PCR[8]
تفاوتي تشخيص Chickenpox, impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, mpox[8]
پرھيز Smallpox vaccine[9]
علاج Supportive care[10]
دوا درمل Brincidofovir
قياس آرائي ان ح 30% risk of death[5]
ورجاء Eradicated (last naturally occurring case in 1977)

ماتا (smallpox) يا "مائي" هڪ وچڙندڙ بيماري هئي جيڪا وئريولا وائرس، جيڪو نسل آرٿوپوڪس وائرس سان تعلق رکي ٿو، جي ڪري ٿيندي هئي.[11][12] [13] ماتا بيماري جو آخري قدرتي طور مريض آڪٽوبر، 1977ع ۾ سامهون آيو ۽ سال 1980ع ۾ ورلڊ هيلٿ آرگنائيزيشن (WHO) هن جي عالمي طور تي خاتمي جي تصديق ڪري ڏني،[14] اهڙي طرح مايا بيماري واحد انسانن سان لاڳاپيل بيماري آهي، جنهن جو اڃ تائين مڪمل طور تي خاتمو ٿي سگهيو آهي.[15]

The initial symptoms of the disease included fever and vomiting.[5] This was followed by formation of ulcers in the mouth and a skin rash.[5] Over a number of days, the skin rash turned into the characteristic fluid-filled blisters with a dent in the center.[5] The bumps then scabbed over and fell off, leaving scars.[5] The disease was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person or rarely via contaminated objects.[6][16][17] Prevention was achieved mainly through the smallpox vaccine.[9] Once the disease had developed, certain antiviral medications could potentially have helped, but such medications did not become available until after the disease was eradicated.[9] The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies.[6][18] Often, those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind.[6]

The earliest evidence of the disease dates to around 1500 BC in Egyptian mummies.[19][20] The disease historically occurred in outbreaks.[10] It was one of several diseases introduced by the Columbian exchange to the New World, resulting in large swathes of Native Americans dying. In 18th-century Europe, it is estimated that 400,000 people died from the disease per year, and that one-third of all cases of blindness were due to smallpox.[10][21] Smallpox is estimated to have killed up to 300 million people in the 20th century[22][23] and around 500 million people in the last 100 years of its existence.[24] Earlier deaths included six European monarchs, including Louis XV of France in 1774.[10][21] As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred a year.[10] The final known fatal case occurred in the United Kingdom in 1978.

Inoculation for smallpox appears to have started in China around the 1500s.[25][26] Europe adopted this practice from Asia in the first half of the 18th century.[27] In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the modern smallpox vaccine.[28][29] In 1967, the WHO intensified efforts to eliminate the disease.[10] Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated, the other being rinderpest (a disease of even-toed ungulates) in 2011.[30][31] The term "smallpox" was first used in England in the 16th century to distinguish the disease from syphilis, which was then known as the "great pox".[32][33] Other historical names for the disease include pox, speckled monster, and red plague.[3][4][33]

The United States and Russia retain samples of variola virus in laboratories, which has sparked debates over safety.

Child with Smallpox Bangladesh

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ Barton, Leslie L.; Friedman, Neil R. (2008) (en ۾). The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-59745-391-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151. 
  2. ↑ Schaller, Karl F. (2012) (en ۾). Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-3-642-76200-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World". Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1988. pp. 209–44. ISBN 978-92-4-156110-5. https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History. Pengui. 2016. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4654-5893-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 "Signs and Symptoms". CDC. وقت 7 June 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "What is Smallpox?". CDC. وقت 7 June 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  7. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named She2004
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Diagnosis & Evaluation". CDC. وقت 9 December 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Prevention and Treatment". CDC. وقت 15 December 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. وقت 21 September 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. 
  11. ↑ Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. 2004. pp. 525–28. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/525/mode/2up. 
  12. ↑ "The Origin of the variola Virus". Viruses 7 (3): 1100–12. March 2015. doi:10.3390/v7031100. ISSN 1999-4915. PMID 25763864. 
  13. ↑ "The Origin of the variola Virus". Viruses 7 (3): 1100–12. March 2015. doi:10.3390/v7031100. ISSN 1999-4915. PMID 25763864. 
  14. ↑ "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. وقت 21 September 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. 
  15. ↑ "Smallpox – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. وقت 20 April 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2022-04-27.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  16. ↑ Lebwohl, Mark G.; Heymann, Warren R.; Berth-Jones, John; Coulson, Ian (2013) (en ۾). Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7020-5236-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89. 
  17. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2012Spread
  18. ↑ "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings 18 (1): 21–25. January 2005. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMID 16200144. 
  19. ↑ "History of Smallpox". CDC. وقت 14 June 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 December 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  20. ↑ Thèves, Catherine; Crubézy, Eric; Biagini, Philippe (2016). "History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations". Microbiology Spectrum 4 (4). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0004-2014. ISSN 2165-0497. PMID 27726788. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27726788. Retrieved 11 September 2022. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 (en ۾) Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History. ABC-CLIO. 2005. pp. 151–52. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays. 
  22. ↑ Koprowski, Hilary; Oldstone, Michael B. A. (1996). Microbe hunters, then and now. Medi-Ed Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-936741-11-6. 
  23. ↑ "The eradication of smallpox – an overview of the past, present, and future". Vaccine 29 (Suppl 4): D7–9. December 2011. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080. PMID 22188929. 
  24. ↑ Smallpox : the death of a disease. Prometheus Books. 2009. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61592-230-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&pg=PA12. 
  25. ↑ Needham, Joseph (2000) (en ۾). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-521-63262-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&q=Smallpox&pg=PA134. Retrieved 30 March 2020. 
  26. ↑ Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009). A History of Immunology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 293. ISBN 978-0080919461. https://books.google.com/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&q=Smallpox&pg=PA293. .
  27. ↑ Strathern, Paul (2005). A Brief History of Medicine. London: Robinson. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-84529-155-6. 
  28. ↑ "Anti-vaccinationists past and present". BMJ 325 (7361): 430–32. August 2002. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430. PMID 12193361. 
  29. ↑ "Smallpox vaccines". WHO. وقت 30 September 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 27 March 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  30. ↑ Guidotti, Tee L. (2015) (en ۾). Health and Sustainability: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. T290. ISBN 978-0-19-932568-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290. 
  31. ↑ Roossinck, Marilyn J. (2016) (en ۾). Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes. Princeton University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4008-8325-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126. 
  32. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Smallpox". Online Etymology Dictionary. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death". Annals of Internal Medicine 127 (8 Pt 1): 635–42. October 1997. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010. PMID 9341063. 
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