روبيلا

روبيلا Rubella | |
---|---|
Synonyms | German measles, three-day measles |
A rash due to rubella on a child's back. The area affected is similar to that of measles but the rash is less intensely red. | |
مھارت | Infectious disease |
آثار | Rash, swollen lymph nodes, fever, sore throat, feeling tired[1][2] |
خرابي | Testicular swelling, inflammation of nerves, congenital rubella syndrome, miscarriage[1][3] |
معمول واري اٿل | 2 weeks after exposure[1] |
مدو | 3 days[1] |
ڪارڻ | Rubella virus (spread through the air)[3][4] |
تشخيصي طريقو | Finding the virus in the blood, throat, or urine, antibody tests[1] |
پرھيز | Rubella vaccine[3] |
علاج | Supportive care[2] |
ورجاء | 17,865 cases (2022) [5] |
روبيلا (Rubella)[6] يا گلابي ٻڙن واري بيماري ھڪ وچڙندڙ بيماري آھي. ھن بيماري ۾ لاکڙو يا اُرڙي وانگر جسم تي ريش نڪرندا آھن.
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles,[7] is an infection caused by the rubella virus.[3] This disease is often mild, with half of people not realizing that they are infected.[1][8] A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.[1] It usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.[1] The rash is sometimes itchy and is not as bright as that of measles.[1] Swollen lymph nodes are common and may last a few weeks.[1] A fever, sore throat, and fatigue may also occur.[1][2] Joint pain is common in adults.[1] Complications may include bleeding problems, testicular swelling, encephalitis, and inflammation of nerves.[1] Infection during early pregnancy may result in a miscarriage or a child born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).[3] Symptoms of CRS manifest as problems with the eyes such as cataracts, deafness, as well as affecting the heart and brain.[3] Problems are rare after the 20th week of pregnancy.[3]
Rubella is usually spread from one person to the next through the air via coughs of people who are infected.[3][4] People are infectious during the week before and after the appearance of the rash.[1] Babies with CRS may spread the virus for more than a year.[1] Only humans are infected.[3] Insects do not spread the disease.[1] Once recovered, people are immune to future infections.[3] Testing is available that can verify immunity.[3] Diagnosis is confirmed by finding the virus in the blood, throat, or urine.[1] Testing the blood for antibodies may also be useful.[1]
Rubella is preventable with the rubella vaccine, with a single dose being more than 95% effective.[3] Often it is given in combination with the measles vaccine and mumps vaccine, known as the MMR vaccine.[1] When some, but less than 80%, of a population is vaccinated, more women may reach childbearing age without developing immunity by infection or vaccination, thus possibly raising CRS rates.[3] Once infected there is no specific treatment.[2]
Rubella is a common infection in many areas of the world.[2] Each year about 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome occur.[3] Rates of disease have decreased in many areas as a result of vaccination.[2][8] There are ongoing efforts to eliminate the disease globally.[3] In April 2015, the World Health Organization declared the Americas free of rubella transmission.[9][10] The name "rubella" is from Latin and means little red.[1] It was first described as a separate disease by German physicians in 1814, resulting in the name "German measles".[1]
روبيولا (Rubella)[11] يا گلابي ٻڙن واري بيماري ھڪ وچڙندڙ بيماري آھي. ھن بيماري ۾ لاکڙو يا اُرڙي وانگر جسم تي ريش نڪرندا آھن.
حوالا
[سنواريو]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 Atkinson, William (2011). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 301–323. ISBN 978-0-9832631-3-5. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/rubella.html. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 McLean, Huong (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-994849-9. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/rubella.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Lambert, N; Strebel, P; Orenstein, W; Icenogle, J; Poland, GA (7 January 2015). "Rubella.". Lancet 385 (9984): 2297–307. doi: . PMID 25576992.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)". CDC.gov. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. وقت 2 April 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 30 March 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "Rubella". World Health Organization (WHO). حاصل ڪيل 2024-10-02.
- ↑ "Rubella | Online Sindhi Dictionaries | آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون". dic.sindhila.edu.pk. حاصل ڪيل 2020-04-11.
- ↑ Neighbors, M; Tannehill-Jones, R (2010). "Childhood diseases and disorders". Human diseases (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar, Cengage Learning. pp. 457–79. ISBN 978-1-4354-2751-8.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper.". Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86 (29): 301–16. 15 July 2011. PMID 21766537. https://www.who.int/wer/2011/wer8629.pdf.
- ↑ Donald G. McNeil Jr. (April 29, 2015). "Rubella Has Been Eliminated From the Americas, Health Officials Say". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/health/rubella-has-been-eliminated-from-the-americas-health-officials-say.html.
- ↑ "Americas region is declared the world's first to eliminate rubella". PAHO.org. Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. وقت 18 May 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 6 May 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (مدد) - ↑ "Rubella | Online Sindhi Dictionaries | آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون". dic.sindhila.edu.pk. حاصل ڪيل 2020-04-11.