برمودا

برمودا
Bermuda
برمودا; Bermuda; Bermy (برمودا ڪريئول)
	برطانوي سمنڊ پار علائقا
; جھنڊو	; ڪوٽ آف آرمز
	Motto(s): "Quo Fata Ferunt" (لاطيني); (جيئن ته مقدر اسان وٺي هلندو)
	ترانو : "God Save the King"; (خدا بادشاهه کي سلامت رکي) ;
	قومي گيت: "Hail to Bermuda"; (برمودا کي سلام) ;
خودمختيار ملڪ	گڏيل بادشاھت
برطانوي آبادڪاري	1609؛ 415 سال اَڳُ
گادي جو هنڌ	هملٽن; 32°17′46″N 64°46′58″W / 32.29611°N 64.78278°W
سڀ کان وڏوشھر	سينٽ جيورجز; 32°22′46″N 64°40′40″W / 32.37944°N 64.67778°W
سرڪاري ٻوليون	برمودن انگريزي
عام ٻوليون	برمودن انگريزي، برمودن ڪريئول
نسلي گروھَ (2016)	52% آفريڪي; 31% يورپي; 9% مخلوط نسل; 4% ايشيائي; 4% ٻيا;
آبادي جو نالو	برمودن
حڪومت	آئيني بادشاهت جي تحت پارلياماني منحصر علائقو
• بادشاهه	چارلس ٽيون
• گورنر	اينڊريو مرڊوخ
• وزيراعظم	ايڊورڊ ڊيوڊ برٽ
• ڪل آبادي	63,779
قانونساز ادارو	پارليامينٽ
• مٿيون ايوان	سينيٽ
• ھيٺيون ايوان	اسيمبلي هائوس
پکيڙ
• ڪل	53.2 km2 (20.5 sq mi)
• پاڻي (%)	27

برمودا (انگريزي: Bermuda؛ اچار: /bɜrˈmjuːdə/) وڏي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ ۾، ٻيٽن جي ميڙ تي مشتمل، هڪ برطانوي سمنڊ پار علائقو آهي، جيڪا مکيه زمين آمريڪا جي اوڀر ڪناري جي ويجھو آهي. سڀ کان ويجهو مکيه زمين جو علائقو، اولهه-اتر اولهه ۾ 643 ميل (1,035 ڪلوميٽر) جي فاصلي تي، آمريڪا جي رياست اترڪيرولينا جو ساحل آهي. برمودا 181 ٻيٽن تي مشتمل آهي، پر جئين ته سڀ اهم ٻيٽ پلن سان ڳنڍيل آهن، هڪ ئي زمين ٽڪرو ٺاهيندا نظر اچن ٿا. ان جو زميني علائقو 54 چورس ڪلوميٽر (21 چورس ميل) آهي. هن ملڪ جي گادي جو هنڌ هيملٽن آهي.

برمودا جي آبهوا، گرم سياري ۽ گرم اونهاري سان، هڪ ٽراپيڪل آبهوا آهي. ان جي آبهوا پڻ اتر اڌ گول ۾ ٻين ساحلي علائقن وانگر سامونڊي خاصيتون ڏيکاري ٿي (سمنڊ مان گرم، نم هوا سان نسبتا وڌيڪ نمي ۽ مستحڪم گرمي پد کي يقيني بڻائي ٿي). برمودا سخت موسم جو شڪار آهي (ٻيهر اڀرندڙ ٽراپيڪل سائيڪلون کان). تنهن هوندي به، ان کي مرجان ريف (۽ مکيه ترقي واري علائقي جي اتر ۾ ان جي پوزيشن) کان ڪجهه تحفظ حاصل آهي، جيڪو طوفانن جي هدايت ۽ شدت کي محدود ڪري ٿو. *

برمودا هڪ خودمختيار پارلياماني جمهوريت آهي جنهن جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ هيملٽن ۾ واقع هڪ ٻہ ايواني پارليامينٽ آهي. اسيمبلي جو گھر 1620ع کان قائم آهي، جيڪو ان کي دنيا جي قديم ترين قانون ساز ادارن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وزيراعظم حڪومت جو سربراهه هوندو آهي ۽ باضابطه طور تي گورنر طرفان مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو برطانوي حڪومت طرفان بادشاهه جي نمائندي طور نامزد ڪيو ويندو آهي. برطانيه پرڏيهي معاملن ۽ دفاع جو ذميوار آهي. 1995ع ۾ هڪ آزادي ريفرنڊم منعقد ڪيو ويو جنهن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت آزادي جي خلاف ووٽ ڏنو. علائقو 9 پارش ۾ ورهايل آهي.

2019ع تائين، برمودا جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 64,000 ماڻهن جي هئي، جيڪا ان کي برطانيا جي سمنڊ پار علائقن جو ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو علائقو بڻائي ٿو. ڪارا برمودن، هڪ متنوع آبادي،^[4] بنيادي طور تي آفريقي، يورپي ۽ اصلي آمريڪي نسل جي ڪنهن به ميلاپ جي، آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ %50 ٺاهيندا آهن،^[5] جڏهن ته گورا برمودن، بنيادي طور تي برطانوي، آئرش ۽ پرتگالي نسل جا، آبادي جو %30 ٺاهيندا آهن. ٻين نسلن جا ننڍا گروهه پڻ موجود آهن يا مخلوط نسل جي طور تي سڃاڻپ ڪرائڻ ٿا. آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ %30 پيدائش جي لحاظ کان برمودن نا آهن. اڳوڻي برطانوي اتر آمريڪا ۾ آخري باقي علائقو (1867ع ۾ ڪينيڊا جي ڪنفيڊريشن ۽ نيو فاؤنڊلينڊ جي ڪالوني 1907ع ۾ نيو فاؤنڊلينڊ جي ڊومينين بڻجڻ کان پوءِ، برمودا ۾ انگريزي جي هڪ الڳ ٻولي آهي ۽ تاريخي طور تي آمريڪا ۾ ٻين انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن، آمريڪا، ڪينيڊا ۽ دولت مشترڪه ۾ شامل ڪيريبين رياستن سان مضبوط لاڳاپا رکي ٿو. اهو ڪيريبين ڪميونٽي جو هڪ ساٿي ميمبر آهي.

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

برمودا بابت وڌيڪ ڏسو وڪيپيڊيا جي ڀينر رٿائن ۾:
	معني ڏسو وِڪِشنري تي
	تصويرون ۽ وڊيو ڏسو وڪي ڪامنز تي
	تربيتي مواد ڏسو وڪي ورسٽي تي
	نيوز اسٽوريز وڪي نيوز تان
	چَوِڻيون Quotations وڪي ڪوٽ تان
	سورس ٽيڪسٽس وڪي سورس تان
	درسي ڪتاب وڪي ڪتاب تان

Official website of the Government of Bermuda
Bermuda Tourism
Bermuda Guide
Bermuda Parliament
Bermuda Chamber of commerce
Bermuda's British Army forts from 1609 (archived 26 September 2006)
وڪيميڊيا اٽلس آف Bermuda

32°19′N 64°44′W / 32.32°N 64.74°W / 32.32; -64.74

Bermuda آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2020-06-04 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. ڪتاب عالمي حقائق ۾ معلومات
وڪيميڊيا نقشي نامو Bermuda
Bermuda سفري رهنما طرفا وڪي سفر

حڪومت

حڪومت برمودا سرڪاري موقع حباله

حوالا

↑ "Bermuda", The World Factbook, North America, July 2018, اصل کان 9 January 2021 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 4 February 2019۔ سانچو:CIA World Factbook
↑ "National Anthem", The Royal Family, اصل کان 20 May 2024 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 10 April 2024۔
↑ "Bermuda 2016 Census", Bermuda Department of Statistics, December 2016, اصل کان 15 July 2020 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 22 March 2020۔
↑ Gaieski, Jill B.; Owings, Amanda C.; Vilar, Miguel G.; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gaieski, David F.; Gittelman, Rachel M.; Lindo, John; Gau, Lydia et al. (2011). "Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146 (3): 392–405. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21588. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 21994016. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.21588. Retrieved 7 April 2024. "the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and southeast Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.".
↑ indexed by A. C. Hollis Hallett. Updated by: C. F. E. Hollis Hallett (2005). 19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda. Bermuda: Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. Page x, Guide to the Use of this Index: Coloured and White. ISBN 0-921992-23-8. https://nmb.bm/member-portal/product/19th-century-church-registers-of-bermuda-pdf. "Today, the term 'Coloured' as a racial distinction referring to the Black population is no longer used, but in the period covered by this index it was the usual term and has been retained......We suspect that the clergy generally made a decision whether they would describe a person as 'White', and the 'Coloured' designation was used for everyone not described as 'White'. Users of this index should not confine themselves to 'White' or 'Coloured' registers (where they are separated) but should look at both. They should also not take too seriously the indication 'Col.' or 'Wh.' that appears often under Comments; these were occasionally written into the margins of the register by the clergyman or parish clerk."

سائيٽيشن

"Non-Self-Governing Territories listed by General Assembly in 2002", United Nations Special Committee of 24 on Decolonization, حاصل ڪيل 10 March 2005۔ اڻڄاتل پيراميٽر |dateformat= نظر انداز ڪيو ويو (مدد)
"Bermuda". The New American Desk Encyclopedia (Third ed.). New York, N.Y.: Signet. 1993. ISBN 0-451-17566-2.

↑ "God Save the King" is the national anthem by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Typically only the first verse is usually sung, although the second verse is also often sung as well at state and public events.^[2] The words King, he, him, his, used at present, are replaced by Queen, she, her when the monarch is female.

حوالي جي چڪ: "lower-alpha" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <ref> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <references group="lower-alpha"/> نہ مليو

[World_Factbook-1] "Bermuda", The World Factbook, North America, July 2018, اصل کان 9 January 2021 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 4 February 2019۔ سانچو:CIA World Factbook

[2] "National Anthem", The Royal Family, اصل کان 20 May 2024 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 10 April 2024۔

[Bermuda_2016_Census-4] "Bermuda 2016 Census", Bermuda Department of Statistics, December 2016, اصل کان 15 July 2020 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 22 March 2020۔

[5] Gaieski, Jill B.; Owings, Amanda C.; Vilar, Miguel G.; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gaieski, David F.; Gittelman, Rachel M.; Lindo, John; Gau, Lydia et al. (2011). "Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146 (3): 392–405. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21588. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 21994016. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.21588. Retrieved 7 April 2024. "the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and southeast Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.".

[6] xed by A. C. Hollis Hallett. Updated by: C. F. E. Hollis Hallett (2005). 19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda. Bermuda: Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. Page x, Guide to the Use of this Index: Coloured and White. ISBN 0-921992-23-8. https://nmb.bm/member-portal/product/19th-century-church-registers-of-bermuda-pdf. "Today, the term 'Coloured' as a racial distinction referring to the Black population is no longer used, but in the period covered by this index it was the usual term and has been retained......We suspect that the clergy generally made a decision whether they would describe a person as 'White', and the 'Coloured' designation was used for everyone not described as 'White'. Users of this index should not confine themselves to 'White' or 'Coloured' registers (where they are separated) but should look at both. They should also not take too seriously the indication 'Col.' or 'Wh.' that appears often under Comments; these were occasionally written into the margins of the register by the clergyman or parish clerk."

[3] "God Save the King" is the national anthem by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Typically only the first verse is usually sung, although the second verse is also often sung as well at state and public events.^[2] The words King, he, him, his, used at present, are replaced by Queen, she, her when the monarch is female.

[1]

[lower-alpha 1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[2]