ڪارنيول

ڪارنيول (Carnival) (ڪجهہ علائقن ۾ شروٽائيڊ طور سڃاتل) هڪ جشن جو سيزن آهي جيڪو عيسائي روزي جي مدت (Lent) کان اڳ اچي ٿو.^[2] ان ۾ عام طور تي شرو سنڊي، شرو منڊي، ۽ مارڊي گراس (Mardi Gras) شامل هوندا آهن.^[3]

ڪارنيول ۾ عام طور تي عوامي جشن، پريڊ، گهٽين ۾ پارٽيون ۽ ٻيون تفريحون شامل هونديون آهن، جن ۾ سرڪس جا عنصر به شامل هوندا آهن. ماڻهو رنگين لباس ۽ ماسڪ (نقاب) پائي پنهنجي روزاني جي سڃاڻپ کي وساري سماجي ٻڌي جو مظاهرو ڪندا آهن.^[4] هن جشن دوران ماڻهو روزي (Lent) شروع ٿيڻ کان اڳ گوشت، شراب ۽ مٺاين جو گهڻو استعمال ڪندا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته روزي جي 40 ڏينهن دوران انهن شين کان پرهيز ڪيو ويندو آهي. ان ڏينهن تي روايتي طور تي پين ڪيڪ (pancakes) ۽ ڊونٽس تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن ته جيئن گهر ۾ موجود کير، مکڻ ۽ آنن جو ذخيرو ختم ڪري سگهجي.^[5] عيسائيت جي مختلف فرقن جهڙوڪ ليوٿرن، اينگليڪن ۽ رومن ڪيٿولڪ ۾ هن دور کي روحاني پاڪائي ۽ توبه جي تياري لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي.^[6] آخري ڏينهن تي گذريل سال جون بچيل کجور جون ٽاريون (Palms) ساڙي انهن جي رک (Ash) تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪا ايندڙ ڏينهن "ايش وينسڊي" (Ash Wednesday) تي مٿي تي لڳائي ويندي آهي.^[7]

اشتقاق (Etymology)

قديم روم ۾ ديوي ايسيس جي اعزاز ۾ ملهايو ويندڙ جشن

لفظ "ڪارنيول" (Carnival) بابت چيو وڃي ٿو ته اهو قديم لاطيني اصطلاح carne levare مان نڪتو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "گوشت هٽائڻ" يا "گوشت کي الوداع چوڻ". هي روزي (Lent) جي شروعات جي علامت آهي جنهن ۾ گوشت کان پرهيز ڪيو ويندو آهي.^[8]

تاريخ

شروعات

ڪارنيول جي پاڙون قديم يورپي تہوارن جهڙوڪ يوناني ڊائونيشين (Dionysian) يا رومي سيٽرنليا (Saturnalia) ۾ ملن ٿيون. انهن ڏڻن ۾ سماجي پابنديون ختم ڪيون وينديون هيون ۽ ماڻهن کي آزاديءَ سان جشن ملهائڻ جو موقعو ملندو هو. بشريات (Anthropology) جي نقطه نظر کان، ڪارنيول هڪ اهڙي رسم آهي جنهن ۾ سماجي ڪردار تبديل ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ معمول جي ضابطن کي ڪجهه وقت لاءِ معطل ڪيو ويندو آهي.^[9]

وچون دور (Middle Ages)

وچين دور ۾، ڪارنيول جو مطلب اهو عرصو هو جيڪو عيسائي سال جي هڪ وڏي جشن جي صورت ۾ ملهائيو ويندو هو. ڇاڪاڻ ته روزو (Lent) کائڻ پيئڻ کان پرهيز جو دور هو، تنهنڪري ڪارنيول روحاني سختين کان اڳ آخري جشن طور ملهايو ويندو هو.^[10] گوشت جو گهڻو استعمال ان دور ۾ عام هوندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته ايندڙ چاليهه ڏينهن تائين ان تي پابندي هوندي هئي.^[10]

حوالا

↑ "Largest carnival". Guinness World Records. 1 January 2004. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
↑ "carnival (n.)". آڪسفورڊ انگلش ڊڪشنري (Online ed.). آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس. The season immediately preceding Lent, devoted in Italy and other Roman Catholic countries to revelry and riotous amusement, Shrovetide; the festivity of this season. High Carnival: the revelry of the Carnival at its height. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
↑ "Shrovetide (n.)". آڪسفورڊ انگلش ڊڪشنري (Online ed.). آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس. The period comprising Quinquagesima Sunday and the two following days, 'Shrove' Monday and Tuesday. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelais and his world. Translated by H. Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Original edition, Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaia kul'tura srednevekov'ia i Renessansa, 1965.
↑ Vanspall, Julie (25 February 2021). "The benefits of discipline ... even giving up chocolate". The B.C. Catholic (in انگريزي). Retrieved 2 March 2025. As a Lenten sacrifice, it can "train" me with a reminder to pray for someone with less, to give the money I would have spent on chocolate to someone in need, and to strive to live in gratitude for Christ's gift of salvation.
↑ Walker, Katie (7 March 2011). "Shrove Tuesday inspires unique church traditions". Daily American. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Many local churches will celebrate Shrove Tuesday tomorrow, a day of feasting commonly known as "pancake day." Shrove Tuesday is typically observed by Episcopal, Lutheran, Methodist and Catholic denominations, but each church celebrates the day in its own, unique way. The Rev. Lenny Anderson of the St. Francis-in-the-Fields Episcopal Church in Somerset said the primary focus of Shrove Tuesday is to prepare for Lent, the period of the liturgical year leading up to Easter.
↑ "Shrove Tuesday" (in انگريزي). The Times-Reporter. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
↑ "Carnaval" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 8 July 2017 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.. Meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.
1 2 Ruff, Julius R. (4 October 2001) (en ۾). Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780521598941. https://archive.org/details/violenceinearlym0000ruff/page/164.

[1] "Largest carnival". Guinness World Records. 1 January 2004. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.

[2] "carnival (n.)". آڪسفورڊ انگلش ڊڪشنري (Online ed.). آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس. The season immediately preceding Lent, devoted in Italy and other Roman Catholic countries to revelry and riotous amusement, Shrovetide; the festivity of this season. High Carnival: the revelry of the Carnival at its height. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[3] "Shrovetide (n.)". آڪسفورڊ انگلش ڊڪشنري (Online ed.). آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس. The period comprising Quinquagesima Sunday and the two following days, 'Shrove' Monday and Tuesday. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[Bakhtin-4] Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelais and his world. Translated by H. Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Original edition, Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaia kul'tura srednevekov'ia i Renessansa, 1965.

[Vanspall2021-5] Vanspall, Julie (25 February 2021). "The benefits of discipline ... even giving up chocolate". The B.C. Catholic (in انگريزي). Retrieved 2 March 2025. As a Lenten sacrifice, it can "train" me with a reminder to pray for someone with less, to give the money I would have spent on chocolate to someone in need, and to strive to live in gratitude for Christ's gift of salvation.

[Walker2011-6] Walker, Katie (7 March 2011). "Shrove Tuesday inspires unique church traditions". Daily American. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Many local churches will celebrate Shrove Tuesday tomorrow, a day of feasting commonly known as "pancake day." Shrove Tuesday is typically observed by Episcopal, Lutheran, Methodist and Catholic denominations, but each church celebrates the day in its own, unique way. The Rev. Lenny Anderson of the St. Francis-in-the-Fields Episcopal Church in Somerset said the primary focus of Shrove Tuesday is to prepare for Lent, the period of the liturgical year leading up to Easter.

[7] "Shrove Tuesday" (in انگريزي). The Times-Reporter. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.

[Online_Etymology_Dictionary-8] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2011.

[meertens.knaw.nl-9] "Carnaval" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 8 July 2017 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.. Meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.

[Ruff2001-10] 1 2 Ruff, Julius R. (4 October 2001) (en ۾). Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780521598941. https://archive.org/details/violenceinearlym0000ruff/page/164.

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