مواد ڏانھن هلو

ڊچ ٻولي

ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو
کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
ڊچ ٻولي
Dutch
ولنديزي ٻولي
Nederlands
اچار nl
ٻولي جو وطن
نسل
  • ولنديزي
  • فليمنگس
  • انڊو
  • آفريڪن
  • ڪيپ جا رنگدار
  • ڪيپ جا ملائي
  • گريڪا
  • اورلام
  • بيسٽرز
ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ
2 ڪروڙ 50 لک (2021ع)[1]
ڪل (L1+L2): ٽي ڪروڙ (2021)[2] [3]
هند۔يورپي
  • جرمن ٻوليون
    • اولهه جرمن ٻوليون
      • ويسر-رائن جرمن ٻوليون
        • هيٺيايون فرانڪوني ٻوليون
          • ڊچ ٻولي
            Dutch
پراڻيون صورتون
فرينڪي ٻوليون
  • پراڻي ڊچ
    • وچين ڊچ ٻولي
      • جديد ڊچ
معياري صورتون
 {{{معيار}}}
لھجو *مرڪزي ڊچ
  • فليمش ڊچ
  • اسٽاڊفريز
  • اولهائين فريسيئن ڊچ
اشارن واري ڊچ (NmG)
سرڪاري حيثيت
سرڪاري ٻولي وغيره
ريگيوليٽر Nederlandse Taalunie (نيدرلينڊز ٽالوني)
(ڊچ ٻولي جي يونين)
ٻولي جا ڪوڊ
ISO 639-1 nl
ISO 639-2 dut (B)
nld (T)
ISO 639-3 nld Dutch/Flemish
گلوٽولوگ mode1257[4]
لنگاسفيئر 52-ACB-a
Dutch-speaking world (included are areas of daughter language Afrikaans)
Distribution of Standard Dutch in Europe
Dark blue where a majority language, light blue for Brussels, Friesland and Low Franconian dialects in France and Germany
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
A young woman speaking Dutch (1:32)

ڊچ ٻولي يا ولنديزي ٻولي (Dutch؛ اختياري نالو: Nederlands، ندرلانتس)، هند-يورپي ٻولي خاندان جي هڪ اولهائين جرمنڪ ٻولي آهي جن کي لڳ ڀڳ ٻه ڪروڙ پنجاھ لک (25 ملين) ماڻهو پهرين ٻولي طور ۽ 50 لک (5 ملين) ٻي ٻولي طور ڳالهائين ٿا ۽ اها ٽئين سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائيندڙ جرمنڪ ٻولي آهي. يورپ ۾ ڊچ ٻولي هالينڊ ۽ فلانڊرز، جيڪا بيلجيم جي آبادي جو 60 سيڪڙو آهن، جي اڪثريت جي مادري ٻولي آهي. سال 1925 تائين، ڊچ ٻولي ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي سرڪاري ٻولين مان هڪ هئي، پوء آفريڪن ٻولي، ڊچ ٻولي جي هڪ الڳ پر جزوي طور تي باهمي طور تي سمجھڻ واري ڌيءَ ٻولي، کي هن جي جاء تي اها درجو ڏنو ويو. آفريڪن ٻولي کي استعمال ٿيل تعريف تي منحصر ڪندي، هڪ ڀيڻ ٻولي سمجهي سگهجي ٿو، جن کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ ڪروڙ 60 لک (16 ملين) ماڻهن، خاص طور تي ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ نميبيا ۾ ڳالهائڻ ٿا ۽ اها ڪيپ جي ڊچ ٻولين مان ترقي ڪئي آهي.

Dutch (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. nl) is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language[5] and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language. In Europe, Dutch is the native language of most of the population of the Netherlands and Flanders (which includes 60% of the population of Belgium).[2][3] Dutch was one of the official languages of South Africa until 1925, when it was replaced by Afrikaans, a separate but partially mutually intelligible daughter language[6] of Dutch.[lower-alpha 1] Afrikaans, depending on the definition used, may be considered a sister language,[7] spoken, to some degree, by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia,[lower-alpha 2] and evolving from Cape Dutch dialects.

In South America, Dutch is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and spoken as a second or third language in the multilingual Caribbean island countries of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. All these countries have recognised Dutch as one of their official languages, and are involved in one way or another in the Dutch Language Union.[8] The Dutch Caribbean municipalities (St. Eustatius, Saba and Bonaire) have Dutch as one of the official languages.[9] In Asia, Dutch was used in the Dutch East Indies (now mostly Indonesia) by a limited educated elite of around 2% of the total population, including over 1 million indigenous Indonesians,[10] until it was banned in 1957, but the ban was lifted afterwards.[11] About a fifth of the Indonesian language can be traced to Dutch, including many loan words.[11] Indonesia's Civil Code has not been officially translated, and the original Dutch language version dating from colonial times remains the authoritative version.[12] Up to half a million native speakers reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined,[lower-alpha 3] and historical linguistic minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France[13] and Germany.[lower-alpha 4]

Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English,[lower-alpha 5] and is colloquially said to be "roughly in between" them.[lower-alpha 6] Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive, and has levelled much of its morphology, including most of its case system.[lower-alpha 7] Features shared with German, however, include the survival of two to three grammatical genders – albeit with few grammatical consequences[lower-alpha 8] – as well as the use of modal particles,[14] final-obstruent devoicing, and (similar) word order.[lower-alpha 9] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic; it incorporates slightly more Romance loans than German, but far fewer than English.[lower-alpha 10]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ سانچو:Ethnologue19
  2. 1 2 European Commission (2006), "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)", Europa, اصل کان Feb 21, 2007 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 3 فيبروري 2007۔ "1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." (page 153).
  3. 1 2 "Dutch", Languages at Leicester, University of Leicester, اصل کان 2 مئي 2014 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 1 جولاءِ 2014۔
  4. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin et al., eds (2016). "Modern Dutch". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mode1257.
  5. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Feiten
  6. ↑ Wouden, Ton van der (2012-06-27) (en ۾). Roots of Afrikaans: Selected writings of Hans den Besten. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 258. ISBN 978-90-272-7382-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=QuDApplN_AoC&pg=PA258.
  7. ↑ Kirsner, Robert S. (2014-02-15) (en ۾). Qualitative-Quantitative Analyses of Dutch and Afrikaans Grammar and Lexicon. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 1. ISBN 978-90-272-7104-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=oaPPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1.
  8. ↑ "Taalunie", taalunie.org (ٻولي ۾ ڊچ), اصل کان 5 جنوري 2024 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 23 اپريل 2024۔
  9. ↑ Netherlands, Statistics (04 اپريل 2019), "Caribbean Netherlands; Spoken languages and main language, characteristics", Statistics Netherlands (ٻولي ۾ en-GB), اصل کان 19 آڪٽوبر 2023 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 24 اپريل 2024۔
  10. ↑ Groeneboer, K (1993) Weg tot het westen. Het Nederlands voor Indie 1600–1950. Publisher: KITLEV, Leiden.
  11. 1 2 Maier 2005.
  12. ↑ Lindsey, Tim; Butt, Simon (2018-09-06) (en ۾). Indonesian Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 307. ISBN 978-0-19-166556-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=sB5pDwAAQBAJ&dq=dutch%20language%20in%20nowadays%20Indonesia&pg=PA307.
  13. ↑ Willemyns, Roland (2002). "Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border". in Jeanine Treffers-Daller, Roland Willemyns. Journal of multilingual and multicultural development. Multilingual Matters. pp. 4. ISBN 1853596272. https://books.google.com/books?id=H7VcdGI20FkC&pg=PA4. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  14. ↑ "A Guide to Dutch – 10 facts about the Dutch language", Languages, BBC, 2014, اصل کان 2 ڊسمبر 2019 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 20 ڊسمبر 2019۔

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
    Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
    Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
    Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116.
  2. ↑ It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages of South Africa; see Webb 2003, pp. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
    It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman & Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, pp. 69, 71.
    An estimated 40 percent of South Africans have at least a basic level of communication in Afrikaans; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean & McCormick 1996, p. 333. Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 364, Domínguez & López 1995, p. 399, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.
    While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez & López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans to some degree, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008, p. 1.
    Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 302, Egil Breivik & Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232. For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
    It is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around; see Gooskens 2007, p. 454.
  3. ↑ 410,000 in the United States, 159,000 in Canada, 47,000 in Australia; see Simpson 2009, p. 307. Between 200,000 and 400,000 in US alone; see McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto 2005, p. 536.
  4. ↑ In France, a historical dialect called French Flemish is spoken. There are about 80,000 Dutch speakers in France; see Simpson 2009, p. 307. In French Flanders, only a remnant of 20,000 Flemish-speakers remain; see Berdichevsky 2004, p. 90. French Flemish is spoken in the north-west of France by an estimated population of 20,000 daily speakers and 40,000 occasional speakers; see European Commission 2010.
    A dialect continuum exists between Dutch and German through the Kleverlandish and Limburgish dialects.
    In 1941, 400,000 Indonesians spoke Dutch, and Dutch exerted a major influence on Indonesian; see Sneddon 2003, p. 161. In 1941, about 0.5% of the inland population had a reasonable knowledge of Dutch; see Maier 2005, p. 12. At the beginning of World War II, about one million Asians had an active command of Dutch, while an additional half million had a passive knowledge; see Jones 2008, p. xxxi. Many older Indonesians speak Dutch as a second language; see Thomson 2003, p. 80. Some of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia speak Dutch amongst each other; see Tan 2008, pp. 62–64, Erdentuğ & Colombijn 2002, p. 104. Dutch is spoken by "smaller groups of speakers" in Indonesia; see Bussmann 2002, p. 83. Some younger Indonesians learn Dutch as a foreign language because their parents and grandparents may speak it and because in some circles, Dutch is regarded as the language of the elite; see Vos 2001, p. 91. At present, only educated people of the oldest generation, in addition to specialists who require knowledge of the language, can speak Dutch fluently; see Ammon et al. 2006, p. 2017. Around 6.4% of present-day Indonesian vocabulary can be traced back to Dutch words, see Tadmor 2009, p. 698.
  5. ↑ Dutch and English are the closest relatives of German; see Abraham 2006, p. 124. Dutch is the closest relative of German; see Czepluch & Abraham 2004, p. 13. Dutch and English are closely related; see Ingram 1989, p. 494, Todd 2004, p. 37, Kager 1989, p. 105, Hogg 2002, p. 134, De Bot, Lowie & Verspoor 2005, pp. 130, 166, Weissenborn & Höhle 2001, p. 209, Crisma & Longobarde 2009, p. 250. Dutch and English are very closely related languages; see Fitzpatrick 2007, p. 188. Dutch is, after Frisian, the closest relative of English; see Mallory & Adams 2006, p. 23, Classe 2000, p. 390, Hogg 2002, p. 3, Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007, p. 22. English is most closely related to Dutch; see Lightfoot 1999, p. 22, and more so than to German; see Sonnenschein 2008, p. 100, Kennedy Wyld 2009, p. 190.
  6. ↑ Dutch is traditionally described as morphologically between English and German, but syntactically closer to German; see Clyne 2003, p. 133. Dutch has been positioned to be between English and German; see Putnam 2011, p. 108, Bussmann 2002, p. 83, Müller 1995, p. 121, Onysko & Michel 2010, p. 210. Typologically, Dutch takes a position between German and English, a similar word order to that of German, grammatical gender, and a largely Germanic vocabulary with many cognates to German words. It is morphologically close to English, and the case system and subjunctive have largely fallen out of use; see Swan & Smith 2001, p. 6.
  7. ↑ Dutch shares with English its simplified morphology and the abandonment of the grammatical case system; see Booij 1999, p. 1, Simpson 2009, p. 309. In contrast to German, case markings have become vestigial in English and Dutch; see Hogg 2002, p. 134, Abraham 2006, p. 118, Bussmann 2002, p. 83, Swan & Smith 2001, p. 6. The umlaut in Dutch and English matured to a much lesser extent than in German; see Simpson 2009, p. 307, Lass 1994, p. 70, Deprez 1997, p. 251.
  8. ↑ Dutch has effectively two genders; see Booij 1999, p. 1, Simpson 2009, p. 309, De Vogelaer 2009, p. 71. Grammatical gender has little grammatical consequences in Dutch; see Bussmann 2002, p. 84
  9. ↑ Simpson 2009, p. 307, Booij 1999, p. 1 Dutch and German do not have a strict SVO order as in English; see Hogg 2002, pp. 87, 134. In contrast to English, which has SVO as the underlying word order, for Dutch and German this is SV1OV2 or (in subordinate clauses) SOV; see Ingram 1989, p. 495, Jordens & Lalleman 1988, pp. 149, 150, 177. Dutch has almost the same word order as German; see Swan & Smith 2001, p. 6.
  10. ↑ Dutch vocabulary has more Germanic words than English and more Romance words than German; see Simpson 2009, p. 309, Swan & Smith 2001, p. 17. Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic; see Swan & Smith 2001, p. 6. Dutch has the most similar vocabulary to English; see Mallory & Adams 2006, p. 1.
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