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ماورا النهر يا ٽرانس آگزيانا (Transoxiana؛ لفظي طور تي 'آگزز ندي کان ٻاهر زمين'، جن کي هاڻي آمو دريا سڏيو ويندو آهي)، هيٺين وچ ايشيا ۾ واقع هڪ تاريخي علائقو آهي، جيڪو اڃ جي لڳ ڀڳ اوڀر ازبڪستان، اولهه تاجڪستان، ڏکڻ قازقستان جي ڪجهه علائقن، ترڪمانستان ۽ ڏکڻ ڪرغزستان جي ڪجهه علائقن تي مشتمل هو. اهو نالو پهريون ڀيرو سڪندر اعظم هن علائقي کي چوٿين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ ڏنو، جڏهن هنن جي فوجون هن علائقي کي فتح ڪيو. ممڪن آهي ته سڪندر اعظم جي ڏينهن ۾ هن علائقي جو ساڳيو يوناني نالو هوندو، پر اڳوڻو نالو هاڻي معلوم ناهي. جاگرافيائي طور تي، اهو ڏکڻ ۾ آمو دريا ندي ۽ اتر ۾ سير درياهه جي وچ وارو علائقو آهي.

Transoxiana or Transoxania (lit. 'Land beyond the Oxus', now called the Amu Darya) is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan. The name was first coined by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC when Alexander's troops conquered the region. The region may have had a similar Greek name in the days of Alexander the Great, but the earlier name is no longer known.^[1] Geographically, it is the region between the rivers Amu Darya to its south and the Syr Darya to its north.^[2]

ماورا النهر جو علائقو فارس جي هخامنشي سلطنت جي صوبن مان هڪ هو. صغديه جي نالي سان، ان کي تاريخي فارس جي اندر بيان ڪيو ويو هو. ان کي ايران کان الڳ ڪرڻ لاءِ،خاص طور تي سلطنت جي اتر اوڀر واري صوبي خراسان سان دار ڪرڻ لاء، هڪ اصطلاح جيڪي ساسانين جي دور سان شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ابتدائي عرب مورخ ۽ جاگرافيدان هن علائقي کي، هڪ تمام وڏو علائقو مقرر ڪندي، "خراسان" جي اصطلاح اندر فرض ڪرڻ جو رجحان رکندا هئا. خوارزم، صغديا، خاقانيا ۽ ختل جا علائقا ماورا النهر (Transoxiana) جي ڏاکڻي طرف واقع هئا جڏهن ته خجند، اسرشيانا ۽ فرغانه اترئين حصي ۾ واقع هئا.

The region of Transoxiana was one of the satrapies (provinces) of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia under the name Sogdia. It was defined within the classical world of Persia to distinguish it from Iran proper, especially its northeastern province of Khorasan,^[3] a term originating with the Sasanians,^[4] although early Arab historians and geographers tended to subsume the region within the loosely defined term "Khorasan" designating a much larger territory.^[5]^[6] The territories of Khwarazm, Sogdiana, Chaghaniyan, and Khuttal were located in the southern part of Transoxiana; Chach, Osrushana, and Farghana were located in the northern part.^[7]

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↑ Zhabagin, Maxat; Balanovska, Elena; Sabitov, Zhaxylyk; Kuznetsova, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasiya; Balaganskaya, Olga; Chukhryaeva, Marina; Markina, Nadezhda et al. (2017). "The Connection of the Genetic, Cultural and Geographic Landscapes of Transoxiana" (en ۾). Scientific Reports 7 (1): 3085. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03176-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 28596519. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...7.3085Z. "In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great turned it into a Hellenistic province, naming it Transoxiana ("area beyond the Ox river"; Ox is the ancient name for Amu Darya).".
↑ "Transoxania (historical region, Asia)". Encyclopædia Britannica (in انگريزي). Retrieved 2017-11-10.
↑ Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.4
↑ "Khorāsān". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
↑ C. Edmund Bosworth, (2002), 'CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols' Encyclopaedia Iranica "In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Šāh-nāma of Ferdowsī is regarded as the land allotted to Ferēdūn's son Tūr... At the outset, however, those nearby parts of Central Asia with which the Arabs were familiar were often subsumed into the vast and ill-defined province of Khorasan, embracing all lands to the east of Ray, Jebāl, and Fārs". (online)
↑ C. Edmund Bosworth, (2011), 'MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR' Encyclopaedia Iranica "It was defined by the early Arabic historians and geographers as the lands under Muslim control lying to the north of the middle and upper Oxus or Āmu Daryā, in contrast to Iran proper and its eastern province of Khorasan, sometimes called Mā dun al-nahr (lit. 'what lies this side of the river'), although from the perspective of Arab historians writing in distant Iraq, the term "Khorasan" might extend to all lands beyond the Oxus, including Khwarazm and Transoxiana." (online)
↑ Dickens 2018, pp. 1531–1532.

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Bibliography of the history of Central Asia

سانچو:History of Asia سانچو:Tajikistan topics

[1] Zhabagin, Maxat; Balanovska, Elena; Sabitov, Zhaxylyk; Kuznetsova, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasiya; Balaganskaya, Olga; Chukhryaeva, Marina; Markina, Nadezhda et al. (2017). "The Connection of the Genetic, Cultural and Geographic Landscapes of Transoxiana" (en ۾). Scientific Reports 7 (1): 3085. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03176-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 28596519. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...7.3085Z. "In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great turned it into a Hellenistic province, naming it Transoxiana ("area beyond the Ox river"; Ox is the ancient name for Amu Darya).".

[2] "Transoxania (historical region, Asia)". Encyclopædia Britannica (in انگريزي). Retrieved 2017-11-10.

[3] Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.4

[EncyclopediaBritannica-4] "Khorāsān". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 November 2018.

[5] C. Edmund Bosworth, (2002), 'CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols' Encyclopaedia Iranica "In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Šāh-nāma of Ferdowsī is regarded as the land allotted to Ferēdūn's son Tūr... At the outset, however, those nearby parts of Central Asia with which the Arabs were familiar were often subsumed into the vast and ill-defined province of Khorasan, embracing all lands to the east of Ray, Jebāl, and Fārs". (online)

[6] C. Edmund Bosworth, (2011), 'MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR' Encyclopaedia Iranica "It was defined by the early Arabic historians and geographers as the lands under Muslim control lying to the north of the middle and upper Oxus or Āmu Daryā, in contrast to Iran proper and its eastern province of Khorasan, sometimes called Mā dun al-nahr (lit. 'what lies this side of the river'), although from the perspective of Arab historians writing in distant Iraq, the term "Khorasan" might extend to all lands beyond the Oxus, including Khwarazm and Transoxiana." (online)

[FOOTNOTEDickens20181531–1532-7] Dickens 2018, pp. 1531–1532.

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