هندڪو

هندڪو
	Hindko; Panjistani
	ہندکو
	; فارسي رسم الخط ۾
ٻولي جو وطن	پاڪستان
خطو	پشاور ڊويزن، ڪوهاٽ ڊويزن، هزارا ڊويزن، خيبرپختونخوا، پوٺوهار علائقو، پنجاب، پاڪستان، آزاد ڪشمير
ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ	56 لک (2023ع)
ٻولي جو خاندان	هند۔يورپي هند-ايراني هند-آريائي اولهائين اترين آريائي پنجابي بوليون لهندا ٻوليون هندڪو; ; ; ; ; ;
لھجو	*پشاوري-هندڪو ڪوهاٽي هندڪو; Awankari, گهيبي، ڇاڇي; ہزارہ ھندڪو; تنولي;
لپي	فارسي رسم الخط
ٻولي جا ڪوڊ
ISO 639-3	Either:; hnd – ڏاکڻي هندڪو; hno – اترين هندڪو
گلوٽولوگ	hind1271

هڪ هندڪو ڳالهائيندڙ

هندڪو (اردو، هندڪو: ہندکو؛ انگريزي: Hindko) لهندا لهجن جو هڪ متنوع گروپ آهي، جيڪا پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا ۽ پنجاب جي پوٺوهار علائقي ۾ وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وينديون. هن کان سواء هي ٻولي اتر هندستان ۽ افغانستان جي هندڪي علائقن ۾ ڳالهائي ۽ سمجهي ويندي آهي.^[3] هن ٻولي جي ڳالهائيندڙن کي "هندڪوان" سڏيو ويندو آهي.^[4] لفظ "هندڪو" جي لفظي معنيٰ آهي؛ "هندستان جا جبل"، هي نالو فارسي علائقن ۾ پوري هماليه جي جي جبلن جي سلسلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. فارسي ۾، لفظ "هند" جو مطلب آهي سنڌو درياهه سان لاڳاپيل علائقا ۽ ڪو جو مطلب جبل آهي، ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] جيڪا اتر هندستاني ننڍي کنڊ ۾ ڳالهائي ويندڙ هند-آريائي ٻولي جي شڪلن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿي، ^[6] ^[8] پاڙيسري پشتو جي برعڪس، جيڪا هڪ ايراني ٻولي اهي، جيڪا هزاريوال/پشتون ماڻهن پاران ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. ^[8] ^[9] هن ٻولي گروپ لاءِ هڪ متبادل مقامي نالو هزاريوالي آهي.^[10] هڪ هندڪو ڳالهائيندڙ کي هندڪو يا هندڪوان طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي.^[11]

لهندا جي ٻين قسمن وانگر، ھندڪو به شورسيني پراڪرت مان نڪتل آھي. ^[12] ^[13] هندڪو ڪجهه حد تائين پنجابي، سرائيڪي سان باهمي طور تي سمجهه ۾ اچي ٿي، ^[14] ۽ پهرين جي ڀيٽ ۾ پوء واري سان وڌيڪ لاڳاپو رکي ٿي. ^[15]

هندڪو کي ترقي ڏيڻ لاء هڪ نئين ٻولي جي تحريڪ پڻ آهي، ^[15] ۽ تازن ڏهاڪن ۾ هندڪو ڳالهائيندڙ دانشورن هندڪو کي هڪ الڳ ٻولي جي طور تي ڏسڻ جي ترغيب ڏيڻ شروع ڪيو آهي. ^[14]هڪ ادبي روايت پشاوري هندڪو، اتر اولهه ۾ پشاور جي شهري قسم، تي ٻڌل آهي^[5] ۽ هڪ ٻي اتر اوڀر ۾ ايبٽ آباد جي هندڪو ٻولي تي ٻڌل آهي. ^[14] پاڪستان جي 2023ع جي مردم شماري جي مطابق، 56 لک ماڻهن پنهنجي پهرين ٻولي کي هندڪو قرار ڏنو، ^[16] جڏهن ته سال 2020ع جي اندازي مطابق ڳالهائيندڙن جو تعداد 70 لک هو.

حوالا

↑ سانچو:E20, citing the 2014 World Factbook.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin et al., eds (2016). "Hindko". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1271.
↑ For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see سانچو:Harvtxt; سانچو:Harvtxt; سانچو:Harvtxt. For the ethnic diversity, see سانچو:Harvtxt
↑ Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482.
1 2 Shackle 1980.
1 2 Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019), "The strange and little-known case of Hindko" (ٻولي ۾ English), Mint, اصل کان 30 June 2022 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 10 October 2019, "The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn’t use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the “language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the Hazara division and was also spoken in Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the “language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community."
↑ Christophe Jaffrelot (2004) (English ۾). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Anthem Press. ISBN 9781843311492. "Hindko could mean 'Indian language' as opposed to Pashto, which belongs to the Iranian group."
1 2 The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan. Christian Study Centre. p. 38. "Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence."
↑ Shackle 1980; Rensch 1992
↑ Rensch 1992.
↑ Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482.
↑ Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14) (en ۾). Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Routledge. pp. 15. ISBN 978-0-429-78579-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=eUEiEAAAQBAJ&dq=en&pg=PA15. Retrieved 2022-08-13. "The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence ."
↑ Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972) (en ۾). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. pp. 218. https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ&q=lahnda+shauraseni. Retrieved 2022-08-05. "The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit."
1 2 3 Rahman 1996.
1 2 Shackle 1979.
↑ "Population by Mother Tongue, Sex and Rural/Urban, Census–2023", pbs.gov.pk, Pakistan Bureau Statistics, اصل کان 20 December 2024 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل۔

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

[1] سانچو:E20, citing the 2014 World Factbook.

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin et al., eds (2016). "Hindko". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1271.

[3] For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see سانچو:Harvtxt; سانچو:Harvtxt; سانچو:Harvtxt. For the ethnic diversity, see سانچو:Harvtxt

[4] Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482.

[FOOTNOTEShackle1980-5] 1 2 Shackle 1980.

[Venkatesh2019-6] 1 2 Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019), "The strange and little-known case of Hindko" (ٻولي ۾ English), Mint, اصل کان 30 June 2022 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 10 October 2019, "The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn’t use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the “language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the Hazara division and was also spoken in Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the “language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community."

[Jaffrelot2004-7] Christophe Jaffrelot (2004) (English ۾). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Anthem Press. ISBN 9781843311492. "Hindko could mean 'Indian language' as opposed to Pashto, which belongs to the Iranian group."

[GeijbelsAddleton-8] 1 2 The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan. Christian Study Centre. p. 38. "Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence."

[9] Shackle 1980; Rensch 1992

[FOOTNOTERensch1992-10] Rensch 1992.

[11] Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482.

[12] Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14) (en ۾). Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Routledge. pp. 15. ISBN 978-0-429-78579-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=eUEiEAAAQBAJ&dq=en&pg=PA15. Retrieved 2022-08-13. "The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence ."

[13] Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972) (en ۾). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. pp. 218. https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ&q=lahnda+shauraseni. Retrieved 2022-08-05. "The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit."

[FOOTNOTERahman1996-14] 1 2 3 Rahman 1996.

[FOOTNOTEShackle1979-15] 1 2 Shackle 1979.

[2023_census2-16] "Population by Mother Tongue, Sex and Rural/Urban, Census–2023", pbs.gov.pk, Pakistan Bureau Statistics, اصل کان 20 December 2024 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل۔

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