ميلئنيزيا

ميلئنيزيا
Melanesia
ميلئنيزيا; Melanesia
	; ميلئنيزيا جو جاگرافيائي نقشو
کند	اوشينيا
ملڪ	فجي ; پالائو ; پاپوا نيو گني ; انڊونيشيا ; فيڊريٽيڊ اسٽيٽس آف مائڪرونيشيا; سولومن آئلينڊز ; وانوآتو
ذيلي ۽ منحصر علائقا	ٻاهريان: (1); ڪيليڊونيا (فرانس جو ٻاهريان علائقو); اندريان: (6); اندرين انتظامي علائقا (7) آرو ٻيٽ (انڊونيشيا) ; مرڪزي پاپوا صوبو (انڊونيشيا) ; مٿيون پاپوا صوبو (انڊونيشيا) ; پاپوا صوبو (انڊونيشيا) ; ڏاکڻي پاپوا صوبو (انڊونيشيا) ; ڏکڻ اولهه پاپوا صوبو (انڊونيشيا) ; اولهه پاپوا صوبو (انڊونيشيا);
وڏا شهر	سووا; پورٽ مورسبي; پاليڪر; ڱيرلمود;
آبادي جو نالو	ميلئنيزيائي
نسلي گروھه	پاپوا
ٻوليون	1000 کان وڌيڪ ميلئنيزيائي ٻوليون
پکيڙ	1000 چورس ڪلوميٽر
آبادي	1,43,73,536
ٽائيم زون	UTC+10
آبھوا	پئسفڪ
آبادي (2016)
• ڪل	سانچو:IncreaseNeutral 14,373,536

ميلئنيزيا (Melanesia) ڏکڻ اولهه پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۾ اوشينيا جو هڪ ذيلي علائقو آهي. اهو اولهه ۾ نيو گني ٻيٽ کان اوڀر ۾ فجي جي ٻيٽن تائين پکڙيل آهي ۽ ان ۾ ارافورا سمنڊ شامل آهي. ميلئنيزيا اولهه ۾ ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا سان، اوڀر ۾ پولينيزيا سان، اتر ۾ مائڪرونيزيا سان ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ آسٽريليا سان سرحدون رکي ٿو.^[1]

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هن علائقي ۾ چار آزاد ملڪ شامل آهن. فجي، وانواتو، سليمان ٻيٽ ۽ پاپوا نيو گني. ان ۾ نيو گني ٻيٽ جو انڊونيشيائي حصو ۽ نيو ڪيليڊونيا ۽ ٽورس اسٽريٽ ٻيٽن جي فرانسيسي سمنڊ پار مجموعو پڻ شامل آهن. تقريبن سڄو علائقو ڏکڻ اڌ گول ۾ آهي، صرف ڪجھ ننڍا ٻيٽ جيڪا سياسي طور تي اوشينيا جو حصو نه سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، خاص طور تي اولهائين نيو گني جا اتر اولهه ٻيٽ اتر اڌ گول ۾ آهن.

نالو ميلئنيزيا (فرانسيسي: Mélanésie) پهريون ڀيرو 1832ع ۾ فرانسيسي نيويگيٽر جولس ڊومونٽ ڊي ارول پاران استعمال ڪيو ويو: هن ميلئنيزيا ۽ مائڪرونيزيا جي اصطلاحن کي اڳ ۾ موجود پولينيزيا سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ته جيئن پئسفڪ ٺاهڻ وارن ٽن مکيه نسلي ۽ جاگرافيائي علائقن جي طور تي ڏسي سگهجي.

ميلئنيزيا جي ٻيٽن تي رهندڙ مقامي ماڻهن کي، جيڪا مختلف جينياتي گروهن ۽ نسلن، مختلف ثقافتي طريقن (ڏندڪٿائن، موسيقي، فن وغيره) ۽ مختلف غير لاڳاپيل ٻولي خاندانن جو هڪ متضاد سيٽ آهي، ميلئنيزيائي سڏيو ويندو آهي. تنهن هوندي به، اها گڏجي هڪ وسيع علائقو ٺاهيندا آهن جنهن جي تبادلي جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي.

نالو

نالو ميلئنيزيا (يوناني: μέλας، ميلاس، لفظي معنيٰ، ڪارو ۽ قديم يوناني: νῆσος، نيسوس، لفظي معنيٰ ٻيٽ)، جي اشتقاق جا معنيٰ، رهاڪن جي ڪاري چمڙي جي حوالي سان، "ڪاري ماڻهن جا ٻيٽ" آهي.

يورپين ۾ ميلئنيزيا جو هڪ الڳ علائقو هجڻ جو تصور وقت سان گڏ بتدريج ترقي ڪيو، جڏهن انهن جي مهمون پئسفڪ جي نقشي ۽ ڳولا ڪئي. ابتدائي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن پئسفڪ ٻيٽ وارن جي گروهن ۾ جسماني فرق کي نوٽ ڪيو. 1756ع ۾، چارلس ڊي بروسس نظريو ڏنو ته پئسفڪ ۾ هڪ "پراڻي ڪاري نسل" هئي، جيڪا هاڻي پولينيشيا سڏجندڙ ماڻهن، جنهن کي هن هلڪي چمڙي جي حيثيت سان ممتاز ڪيو، طرفان فتح ڪئي وئي هئي يا شڪست ڏني وئي هئي. اڻويهين صديءَ جي پهرين اڌ ۾، جين-بيپٽسٽ بوري ڊي سينٽ-ونسينٽ ۽ جولس ڊومونٽ ڊي ارويل ميلئنيزيا کي هڪ الڳ نسلي گروهه طور بيان ڪيو.

بهرحال، وقت سان گڏ، يورپين ميلانيشين کي هڪ نسلي جي بدران الڳ ثقافتي گروهه جي طور تي وڌيڪ ڏٺو. عالمن ۽ ٻين مبصرين ميلئنيزيا جي حدن تي اختلاف ڪيو، تنهن ڪري انهن جون وضاحتون ڪجهه حد تائين مبهم هيون. اڻويهين صديءَ ۾، رابرٽ هينري ڪوڊرنگٽن، هڪ برطانوي مشنري، علائقي ۾ پنهنجي ڊگهي عرصي جي رهائش جي بنياد تي "ميلينيشين" تي مونوگراف جو هڪ سلسلو تيار ڪيو.

تاريخ

جاگرافي

A distinction is often made between the island of New Guinea and what is known as Island Melanesia, which consists of "the chain of archipelagos, islands, atolls, and reefs forming the outer bounds of the sheltered oval-shaped coral sea".^[2]^:5 This includes the Louisiade Archipelago (a part of Papua New Guinea), the Bismarck Archipelago (a part of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands), and the Santa Cruz Islands (a part of the country called Solomon Islands). The country of Vanuatu is composed of the New Hebrides island chain (and in the past 'New Hebrides' has also been the name of the political unit located on the islands). New Caledonia is composed of one large island and several smaller chains, including the Loyalty Islands. The nation of Fiji is composed of two main islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, and smaller islands, including the Lau Islands.

From the geological point of view, the island of New Guinea is part of the Australian continent.^[3] New Caledonia is geologically part of Zealandia, and so is Norfolk Island.

The names of islands in Melanesia can be confusing; they have both indigenous and European names. National boundaries sometimes cut across archipelagos. The names of the political units in the region have changed over time, and sometimes have included geographical terms. For example, the island of Makira was once known as San Cristobal, the name given to it by Spanish explorers. It is in the country Solomon Islands, which is a nation-state and not a contiguous archipelago. The border of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands separates the island of Bougainville from the nearby islands of Choiseul, although Bougainville is geographically part of the chain of islands that includes Choiseul and much of the Solomons.

In addition to the islands mentioned above, there are many smaller islands and atolls in Melanesia. These include:

Aru Islands, Maluku, Indonesia
Biak Islands, Papua, Indonesia
D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea
Kolepom and Komolom Island, South Papua, Indonesia
Norfolk Island, Australia (geographically only)
Raja Ampat Islands, Southwest Papua, Indonesia
Rotuma, Fiji
Torres Strait Islands, politically divided between Australia and Papua New Guinea
Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea
Woodlark Island, Papua New Guinea
Yapen Islands, Papua, Indonesia

Norfolk Island, listed above, has archaeological evidence of East Polynesian rather than Melanesian settlement. Rotuma in Fiji has strong affinities culturally and ethnologically to Polynesia.

آباديات

The countries and territories in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations. The information shown follows sources in cross-referenced articles; where sources differ, provisos have been clearly indicated. These territories and regions are subject to various additional categorisations, depending on the source and purpose of each description.

Arms	Flag	Name of region, followed by countries^[4]	Area (km²)	Population (2016)^[5]	Population density (per km²)	Capital	ISO 3166-1
		Fiji	18,270	898,760	49.2	Suva	FJ
		New Caledonia (France)	19,060	272,677	14.3	Nouméa	NC
	سانچو:Country data Maluku	Aru Islands Regency, Maluku (Indonesia)	6,426	108,834	17	Dobo	ID (ID-MA)
	سانچو:Country data Central Papua	Central Papua (Indonesia)	61,073	1,431,000	23	Wanggar, Nabire Regency	ID (ID-PT)
	سانچو:Country data Highland Papua	Highland Papua (Indonesia)	51,213	1,430,500	28	Walesi, Jayawijaya Regency	ID (ID-PE)
	سانچو:Country data Papua	Papua (Indonesia)^[6]^[7]	82,681	1,035,000	13	Jayapura	ID (ID-PA)
	سانچو:Country data South Papua	South Papua (Indonesia)	117,849	522,200	4.4	Salor, Merauke Regency	ID (ID-PS)
	سانچو:Country data Southwest Papua	Southwest Papua (Indonesia)	39,123	621,904	16	Sorong	ID (ID-PD)
	سانچو:Country data West Papua	West Papua (Indonesia)^[8]^{[lower-alpha 1]}	60,275	561,403	9	Manokwari	ID (ID-PB)
		Papua New Guinea^[9]	462,840	8,084,991	17.5	Port Moresby	PG
		Solomon Islands	28,450	599,419	21.1	Honiara	SB
		Vanuatu	12,200	270,402	22.2	Port Vila	VU
Melanesia (total)			1,000,231	14,373,536	14.4

ٻوليون

سياسي جاگرافي

معيشت

ثقافت

پڻ ڏسو

	باب Geography
	باب Oceania
	باب جاگرافي
	باب اوشينيا

حوالا

↑ Keesing, Roger M.; Kahn, Miriam (21 April 2023), "Melanesian culture", Encyclopædia Britannica, اصل کان 20 December 2023 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 23 April 2023, "[...] Pacific Islands known as Melanesia. From northwest to southeast, the islands form an arc that begins with New Guinea (the western half of which is called Papua and is part of Indonesia and the eastern half of which comprises the independent country of Papua New Guinea) and continues through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), New Caledonia, Fiji, and numerous smaller islands."
↑ Moore, Clive (2003). New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
↑ Pramono, Siswo (28 October 2016). "With Indonesia, MSG benefits from Asian Century". The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/10/28/with-indonesia-msg-benefits-from-asian-century.html.
↑ Regions and constituents as per UN categorisations/map except notes 2–3, 6. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below (notes 3, 5–7, 9) may be in one or both of Oceania and Asia or North America.
↑ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision", ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, حاصل ڪيل 10 September 2017۔
↑ According to the Act of Papua Autonomy (Undang-Undang Otonomi Khusus bagi Provinsi Papua) section 2 verse 2, the province itself has its own flag and arms, similar to other provinces. However, the flag and arms are not representations of sovereignty over the Republic of Indonesia.
↑ "UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2001 TENTANG OTONOMI KHUSUS BAGI PROVINSI PAPUA", 12 July 2017, اصل کان 12 July 2017 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 16 March 2019۔
↑ "Papuan province changes name from West Irian Jaya to West Papua", Radio New Zealand International, 7 February 2007, اصل کان 17 December 2013 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 27 December 2008۔
↑ Papua New Guinea is often considered part of Australasia and Melanesia. It is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago of Southeast Asia.

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

UNSD Methodology – Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)
Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome
Independent Histories of Human Y Chromosomes from Melanesia and Australia
Bird checklists for Melanesian islands
Anglican historical texts related to Melanesia
Ancient humans, dubbed 'Denisovans', interbred with us BBC News online (2010-12-22) report (with video) on study that shows that Denisovans interbred with the ancestors of the present-day people of the Melanesian region north and north-east of Australia. Melanesian DNA comprises between 4% and 6% Denisovan DNA.
Long strand of DNA from Neanderthals found in people from Melanesia Science (journal) (2018-10-18) RESEARCH ARTICLE Adaptive archaic introgression of copy number variants and the discovery of previously unknown human genes.
Melanesia - photographs, recordings, and digital objects drawn primarily from the Tuzin Archive for Melanesian Anthropology at the UC San Diego Library.

9°S 161°E / 9°S 161°E / -9; 161

↑ West Papua was split from Papua province in 2003 but still retain autonomous status.

حوالي جي چڪ: "lower-alpha" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <ref> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <references group="lower-alpha"/> نہ مليو

[1] Keesing, Roger M.; Kahn, Miriam (21 April 2023), "Melanesian culture", Encyclopædia Britannica, اصل کان 20 December 2023 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 23 April 2023, "[...] Pacific Islands known as Melanesia. From northwest to southeast, the islands form an arc that begins with New Guinea (the western half of which is called Papua and is part of Indonesia and the eastern half of which comprises the independent country of Papua New Guinea) and continues through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), New Caledonia, Fiji, and numerous smaller islands."

[Moore,_New_Guinea-2] Moore, Clive (2003). New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

[The_Jakarta_Post_2016-3] Pramono, Siswo (28 October 2016). "With Indonesia, MSG benefits from Asian Century". The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/10/28/with-indonesia-msg-benefits-from-asian-century.html.

[region-4] Regions and constituents as per UN categorisations/map except notes 2–3, 6. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below (notes 3, 5–7, 9) may be in one or both of Oceania and Asia or North America.

[UN_WPP-5] "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision", ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, حاصل ڪيل 10 September 2017۔

[note000-6] According to the Act of Papua Autonomy (Undang-Undang Otonomi Khusus bagi Provinsi Papua) section 2 verse 2, the province itself has its own flag and arms, similar to other provinces. However, the flag and arms are not representations of sovereignty over the Republic of Indonesia.

[papauto-7] "UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2001 TENTANG OTONOMI KHUSUS BAGI PROVINSI PAPUA", 12 July 2017, اصل کان 12 July 2017 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 16 March 2019۔

[rnzi07-8] "Papuan province changes name from West Irian Jaya to West Papua", Radio New Zealand International, 7 February 2007, اصل کان 17 December 2013 تي آرڪائيو ٿيل, حاصل ڪيل 27 December 2008۔

[pngaus-10] Papua New Guinea is often considered part of Australasia and Melanesia. It is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago of Southeast Asia.

[9] West Papua was split from Papua province in 2003 but still retain autonomous status.

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[lower-alpha 1]

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