مواد ڏانھن هلو

لوور ميوزيم

ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو
کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
لوور ميوزيم
Musée du Louvre
لوور ميوزيم ۽ ڪور نيپولين تي پرامڊ
قائم ٿيو10 آگسٽ 1793؛ 233 سال اَڳُ (1793-08-10)
لوڪيشنلوور ميوزيم، 75001، پئرس، فرانس
نوعيتآرٽ ميوزيم ۽ تاريخي ماڳ
گهمڻ ايندڙ90 لک (مالي سال 2025ع)

[1]

  • قومي سطح تي پهريون نمبر
  • عالمي سطح تي پهريون نمبر
ڊائريڪٽرڪرسٽوفئ ليريبالٽ
منتظمماري-لاور ڊي روشيبرون
عوامي روانگي لنگهه
  • پيليس رويال-لوور ميوزيم اسٽيشن
  • لوور-ريوولي اسٽيشن
ويب سائٽOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata

لوور يا لوور ميوزيم (فرانسيسي: Musée du Louvre fr )، پيرس، فرانس ۾ هڪ قومي آرٽ ميوزيم آهي.

لوور، هڪ اڳوڻو شاهي محل، فرانسيسي بادشاهن پاران گڏ ڪيل مشهور تصويرن جي مجموعي لاءِ مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ ليونارڊو دا ونسي جي مونا ليزا جي تصوير به شامل آهي. مالي سال 2025ع ۾ ميوزيم کي 90 لک سياح مليا ۽ ان کي باقاعدي طور تي نه رڳو فرانس ۾ پر دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل آرٽ ميوزيم طور درجه بندي ڪيو ويندو آهي. سال 2012 ۾ 27 سيڪڙو سياح فرانسيسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73 سيڪڙو ٻين ملڪن جا هئا.

اهو شهر جي پهرين ارونڊيسمينٽ (ضلعو) ۾ سين جي ساڄي ڪناري تي واقع آهي ۽ مغربي فن جي ڪجهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ روايتي ڪمن جو گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مونا ليزا، وينس ڊي ميلو ۽ ونگڊ وڪٽري شامل آهن. هي عجائب گھر لوور محل ۾ واقع آهي، جيڪو اصل ۾ 12 صدي جي آخر کان 13 صدي جي وچ ۾  فلپ II جي دور ۾ ٺهيو هو. ميوزيم جي تهه خاني ۾ قرون وسطيٰ جي لوور قلعي جا باقيات نظر اچن ٿا. شهري واڌ جي ڪري، قلعو آخرڪار پنهنجو دفاعي ڪم وڃائي ويٺو ۽ 1546ع ۾ فرانسس پهرين ان کي فرانسيسي بادشاهن جي بنيادي رهائشگاهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو.

موجوده لوور محل ٺاهڻ لاءِ عمارت کي ڪيترائي ڀيرا ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيو ويو ۽ وڌايو ويو. سال 1682ع ۾، لوئس XIV پنهنجي گهر لاءِ ورسيلز محل چونڊيو ۽ لوور کي بنيادي طور تي شاهي مجموعو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ هڪ جڳهه جي طور تي ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن ۾ 1692ع کان قديم يوناني ۽ رومن مجسمن جو مجموعو شامل هو. ۽ سال 1692ع ۾، عمارت " Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres" ۽ اڪيڊمي رائل ڊي پينچر ايٽ ڊي اسڪپلچر جي قبضي ۾ هئي، جنهن سال 1699ع ۾ سيلون جي هڪ سلسلي جو پهريون انعقاد ڪيو. اڪيڊمي 100 سالن تائين لوور ۾ رهي. فرانسيسي انقلاب دوران، قومي اسيمبلي فيصلو ڪيو ته لوور کي قوم جي شاهڪارن جي نمائش لاءِ عجائب گھر طور استعمال ڪيو وڃي. محل ۽ نمائش واري جاءِ کي 19هين صدي ۾ ۽ ٻيهر 20هين صدي ۾ وڌايو ويو.

عجائب گھر 10 آگسٽ 1793ع تي 537 پينٽنگن جي نمائش سان کوليو ويو، جن مان گھڻا ڪم شاهي ۽ ضبط ٿيل چرچ جي ملڪيت جا هئا. عمارت جي بناوت جي مسئلن جي ڪري، عجائب گھر 1796ع کان 1801ع تائين بند رهيو. نيپولين جي دور ۾ يورپ، مصر ۽ شام ۾ فن جي ڦرلٽ کان پوءِ، هن مجموعي کي وڌايو ويو ۽ عجائب گھر جو نالو بدلائي "ميوسي نيپولين" رکيو، پر نيپولين جي دستبرداري کان پوءِ، سندس فوجن پاران ضبط ڪيل ڪيترائي ڪم انهن جي اصل مالڪن ڏانهن واپس ڪيا ويا. لوئس XVIII ۽ چارلس X جي دور ۾ هي مجموعو وڌيڪ وڌايو ويو ۽ ٻي فرانسيسي سلطنت دوران عجائب گھر 20,000 ٽڪرا حاصل ڪيا. ٽئين جمهوريه کان وٺي عطيا ۽ وصيتن ذريعي هولڊنگز مسلسل وڌي رهيون آهن. مجموعو اٺن شعبن: مصري نوادرات؛ مشرقي ويجهو نوادرات؛ يوناني، ايٽروسڪن ۽ رومن نوادرات؛ اسلامي فن؛ مجسمن؛ آرائشي فن؛ مصوري؛ پرنٽ ۽ ڊرائنگ ۾ ورهايل آهي.

لوور ميوزيم ,(Musée du Louvre) لڳ ڀڳ 500,000 شين تي مشتمل آھي ۽ 35,000 کان وڌيڪ اٺ ڪيوريٽوريل شعبن ۾ فن جا ڪم مستقل ڪليڪشن لاءِ وقف ڏيکاري ٿو. لوور ۾ مجسما، آرٽ جون شيون، پينٽنگ، ڊرائنگ ۽ آثار قديمه جون شيون نمائش ڪيون ويون آهن. ڪنهن به وقت، تقريبن 38,000 تاريخ کان اڳ واري دور کان وٺي 21 صدي تائين جون شيون 72,735 m2 (782,910 sq ft) جي ايراضيءَ تي نمائش لاءِ رکيون ويون آهن، ان کي دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو عجائب گھر بڻائي ٿو. سال 2025 ۾ ان کي 90 لک سياح مليا. ان کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل آرٽ ميوزيم ۽ ڪنهن به درجي جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل ميوزيم جي حيثيت ڏني وئي آهي.

جڳھ ۽ سياح

[سنواريو]
Aerial view of the Tuileries Gardens on the left, with the Louvre Palace on the right (2018)

The Louvre Museum is located inside the Louvre Palace, in the centre of Paris, adjacent to the Tuileries Gardens. The two nearest Métro stations are Louvre–Rivoli and Palais Royal–Musée du Louvre, the latter having a direct underground access to the Carrousel du Louvre commercial mall.[2]

Before the Grand Louvre overhaul of the late 1980s and 1990s, the Louvre had several street-level entrances, most of which are now permanently closed. Since 1993, the museum's main entrance has been the underground space under the Louvre Pyramid, or Hall Napoléon, which can be accessed from the Pyramid itself, from the underground Carrousel du Louvre, or (for authorised visitors) from the passage Richelieu connecting to the nearby rue de Rivoli. A secondary entrance at the Porte des Lions, near the western end of the Denon Wing, was created in 1999 but is not permanently open.[3]

The museum's entrance conditions have varied over time. Prior to the 1850s, artists and foreign visitors had privileged access. At the time of initial opening in 1793, the French Republican calendar had imposed ten-day "weeks" (فرانسيسي: décades), the first six days of which were reserved for visits by artists and foreigners and the last three for visits by the general public.[4]: 37  In the early 1800s, after the seven-day week had been reinstated, the general public had only four hours of museum access per week, between 2pm and 4pm on Saturdays and Sundays.[5]:8 In 1824, a new regulation allowed public access only on Sundays and holidays; the other days the museum was open only to artists and foreigners, except for closure on Mondays.[4]: 39  That changed in 1855 when the museum became open to the public all days except Mondays.[4]: 40  It was free until 1922, when an entrance fee was introduced except on Sundays.[4]: 42  Since its post-World War II reopening in 1946,[4]:43 the Louvre has been closed on Tuesdays, and habitually open to the public the rest of the week except for some holidays.

The use of cameras and video recorders is permitted inside, but flash photography is forbidden.[6]

Beginning in 2012, Nintendo 3DS portable video game systems were used as the official museum audio guides. The following year, the museum contracted Nintendo to create a 3DS-based audiovisual visitor guide.[7] Entitled Nintendo 3DS Guide: Louvre, it contains over 30 hours of audio and over 1,000 photographs of artwork and the museum itself, including 3D views,[8] and also provides navigation thanks to differential GPS transmitters installed within the museum.[9]

The upgraded 2013 Louvre guide was also announced in a special Nintendo Direct featuring Satoru Iwata and Shigeru Miyamoto demonstrating it at the museum,[10] and 3DS XLs pre-loaded with the guide are available to rent at the museum.[11] The 3DS Louvre guide was scheduled to be retired in September 2025 and will be replaced by a different guide system.[12]

تاريخ

[سنواريو]

ميوزيم بڻائڻ کان اڳ

[سنواريو]
وچئين دور جي لوور جا زير زمين حصا اڃا تائين نظر اچن ٿا.[13]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو لوور محل

لوور محل، جيڪو هاڻ ميوزيم آهي، 12 هين صدي جي آخر ۾، شهر کي اولهه کان حملي کان بچائڻ لاءِ، بادشاهه فلپ II پاران تعمير ڪرايو ويو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته فرانس جي اولهائين علائقو، نارمنڊي اڃا تائين انگلينڊ جي بادشاهت جي قبضي هيٺ هو. وچئين دور جي لوور جا باقيات اڃا تائين تهه خاني ۾ نظر اچن ٿا، پر اها ته هي ان جڳهه تي پهرين عمارت هئي؟ اهو معلوم ناهي ۽ اهو ممڪن آهي ته فلپ هڪ اڳيان کان موجود ٽاور کي تبديل ڪيو هجي.

"لوور" نالي جي شروعات ڪجهه حد تائين تڪراري آهي. مستند گرينڊ لاروس انسائيڪلوپيڊيا جي مطابق. نالو هڪ بگھڙ جي شڪار جي ڊين سان تعلق مان نڪتل آهي (لاطيني ذريعي: lupus، هيٺين سلطنت: lupara). 7 صدي ۾. برگنڊوفارا (جنهن کي ميوڪس ۾ سينٽ فيئر ايبس پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي) چيو ويندو آهي ته هن پنهنجي "پيرس جي علائقي ۾ واقع لوورا نالي ولا" جو هڪ حصو هڪ خانقاه کي ڏنو هو. جيتوڻيڪ اهو شڪ آهي ته هي زمين لوور جي موجوده جڳهه سان بلڪل مطابقت رکي ٿي. بهرحال. لساني طور تي اهو لفظ فرانسيسي فعل لوور (ڪرائي ڏيڻ، ڪرائي تي ڏيڻ) مان ڪڍڻ بهتر ٿيندو. ڊو ڪينج جي وچئين دور جي لاطيني لغت جي مطابق، وچئين دور جي فرانس ۾ لووگيم هڪ قسم جي فيس يا ڪرائي هئي جيڪا ڪنهن شيءِ جي استعمال لاءِ ادا ڪئي ويندي هئي. * لوور محل پنهنجي تعمير کان وٺي ڪيترن ئي مرمتن جي تابع رهيو آهي. 14 صدي ۾. چارلس پنجون عمارت کي ان جي فوجي ڪردار کان رهائش ۾ تبديل ڪيو. 1546 ۾. فرانسس پهرين ان جي تعمير فرانسيسي نشاۃِ ثانيه جي انداز ۾ شروع ڪئي. لوئس XIV پاران 1682 ۾ ورسائي کي پنهنجي رهائش جي طور تي چونڊڻ کان پوءِ. تعميراتي ڪم سست ٿي ويا. پيرس کان شاهي منتقلي جي نتيجي ۾ لوور کي فنڪارن جي رهائش جي طور تي استعمال ڪيو ويو (شاهي سرپرستي هيٺ). مثال طور. بول خاندان جي ڪاريگرن-فنڪارن جي چئن نسلن کي شاهي سرپرستي ڏني وئي. ۽ لوور ۾ رهائش پذير ٿيا. * انهي دوران. لوور جا مجموعا فرانس جي بادشاهن پاران پينٽنگز ۽ ٻين فن پارن جي حاصلات مان شروع ٿيا. فونٽينيبليو جي محل ۾. فرانسس آرٽ گڏ ڪيو. جيڪو بعد ۾ لوور جي آرٽ ڪليڪشن جو حصو بڻيو.

Louvre Palace, which houses the museum, was begun by King Philip II in the late 12th century to protect the city from the attack from the west, as the Kingdom of England still held Normandy at the time. Remnants of the Medieval Louvre are still visible in the crypt. Whether this was the first building on that spot is not known, and it is possible that Philip modified an existing tower.[14]

The origins of the name "Louvre" are somewhat disputed. According to the authoritative Grand Larousse encyclopédique, the name derives from an association with a wolf hunting den (via Latin: lupus, lower Empire: lupara).[14][15] In the 7th century, Burgundofara (also known as Saint Fare), abbess in Meaux, is said to have given part of her "Villa called Luvra situated in the region of Paris" to a monastery,[16] even though it is doubtful that this land corresponded exactly to the present site of the Louvre. However, linguistically it would be sounder to derive the word from the French verb louer (to let, rent), with the Old French noun-building suffix -re appended (like in oeuvre, genre, ogre, bougre etc.), signifying something which is let or rented. According to DuCange's medieval Latin glossary, louvagium in medieval France was a kind of fee or rent paid for the use of something.

The Louvre Palace has been subject to numerous renovations since its construction. In the 14th century, Charles V converted the building from its military role into a residence. In 1546, Francis I started its rebuilding in French Renaissance style.[17] After Louis XIV chose Versailles as his residence in 1682, construction works slowed to a halt. The royal move away from Paris resulted in the Louvre being used as a residence for artists, under Royal patronage.[17][13]: 42 [18] For example, four generations of craftsmen-artists from the Boulle family were granted Royal patronage and resided in the Louvre.[19][20][21]

Meanwhile, the collections of the Louvre originated in the acquisitions of paintings and other artworks by the monarchs of the House of France. At the Palace of Fontainebleau, Francis collected art that would later be part of the Louvre's art collections, including Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa.

The Cabinet du Roi consisted of seven rooms west of the Galerie d'Apollon on the upper floor of the remodelled Petite Galerie. Many of the king's paintings were placed in these rooms in 1673, when it became an art gallery, accessible to certain art lovers as a kind of museum. In 1681, after the court moved to Versailles, 26 of the paintings were transferred there, somewhat diminishing the collection, but it is mentioned in Paris guide books from 1684 on, and was shown to ambassadors from Siam in 1686.[22]

By the mid-18th century there were proposals to create a public gallery in the Louvre. Art critic Étienne La Font de Saint-Yenne in 1747 published a call for a display of the royal collection. On 14 October 1750, Louis XV decided on a display of 96 pieces from the royal collection, mounted in the Galerie royale de peinture of the Luxembourg Palace. A hall was opened by Le Normant de Tournehem and the Marquis de Marigny for public viewing of the "king's paintings" (Tableaux du Roy) on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The Luxembourg gallery included Andrea del Sarto's Charity and works by Raphael; Titian; Veronese; Rembrandt; Poussin or Van Dyck. It closed in 1780 as a result of the royal gift of the Luxembourg palace to the Count of Provence (the future king, Louis XVIII) by the king in 1778.[23] Under Louis XVI, the idea of a royal museum in the Louvre came closer to fruition.[24] The comte d'Angiviller broadened the collection and in 1776 proposed to convert the Grande Galerie of the Louvre – which at that time contained the plans-reliefs or 3D models of key fortified sites in and around France – into the "French Museum". Many design proposals were offered for the Louvre's renovation into a museum, without a final decision being made on them. Hence the museum remained incomplete until the French Revolution.[23]

Revolutionary opening

[سنواريو]

The Louvre finally became a public museum during the French Revolution. In May 1791, the National Constituent Assembly declared that the Louvre would be "a place for bringing together monuments of all the sciences and arts".[23] On 10 August 1792, Louis XVI was imprisoned and the royal collection in the Louvre became national property. Because of fear of vandalism or theft, on 19 August, the National Assembly pronounced the museum's preparation urgent. In October, a committee to "preserve the national memory" began assembling the collection for display.[25]

Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss was commissioned in 1787 and donated in 1824.[26]

The museum opened on 10 August 1793, the first anniversary of the monarchy's demise, as Muséum central des Arts de la République. The public was given free access on three days per week, which was "perceived as a major accomplishment and was generally appreciated".[27] The collection showcased 537 paintings and 184 objects of art. Three-quarters were derived from the royal collections, the remainder from confiscated émigrés and Church property (biens nationaux).[28][13]: 68-69  To expand and organise the collection, the Republic dedicated 100,000 livres per year.[23] In 1794, France's revolutionary armies began bringing pieces from Northern Europe, augmented after the Treaty of Tolentino (1797) by works from the Vatican, such as the Laocoön and Apollo Belvedere, to establish the Louvre as a museum and as a "sign of popular sovereignty".[28][29]

Bertrand Clauzel then chief of staff to Emmanuel de Grouchy, serving in the Army of Italy, negotiated the abdication of the King of Sardinia in December 1798 from his mainland territories. To secure the agreement Clauzel returned with the Woman with Dropsy, a painting by the Dutch master Gerard Dou. Clauzel would donate it to the Louvre, making it the first donation in the museum's history.[30][31][32]

The early days were hectic. Privileged artists continued to live in residence, and the unlabelled paintings hung "frame to frame from floor to ceiling".[28] The museum closed in May 1796 due to structural deficiencies. It reopened on 14 July 1801, arranged chronologically and with new lighting and columns.[28] On 15 August 1797, the Galerie d'Apollon was opened with an exhibition of drawings. Meanwhile, the Louvre's Gallery of Antiquity sculpture (musée des Antiques), with artefacts brought from Florence and the Vatican, had opened in November 1800 in Anne of Austria's former summer apartment, located on the ground floor just below the Galerie d'Apollon.

Napoleonic era

[سنواريو]

On 19 November 1802, Napoleon appointed Vivant Denon, a scholar and polymath who had participated in the Egyptian campaign of 1798–1801, as the museum's first director, in preference to alternative contenders such as antiquarian Ennio Quirino Visconti, painter Jacques-Louis David, sculptor Antonio Canova and architects Léon Dufourny or Pierre Fontaine.[33] On Denon's suggestion in July 1803, the museum itself was renamed Musée Napoléon.[34]:79

The collection grew through successful military campaigns.[13]: 52  Acquisitions were made of Spanish, Austrian, Dutch, and Italian works, either as the result of war looting or formalised by treaties such as the Treaty of Tolentino.[35] At the end of Napoleon's First Italian Campaign in 1797, the Treaty of Campo Formio was signed with Count Philipp von Cobenzl of the Austrian Monarchy. This treaty marked the completion of Napoleon's conquest of Italy and the end of the first phase of the French Revolutionary Wars. It compelled Italian cities to contribute pieces of art and heritage to Napoleon's "parades of spoils" through Paris before being put into the Louvre Museum.[36] The Horses of Saint Mark, which had adorned the basilica of San Marco in Venice after the sack of Constantinople in 1204, were brought to Paris where they were placed atop Napoleon's Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in 1797.[36] Under the Treaty of Tolentino, the two statues of the Nile and Tiber were taken to Paris from the Vatican in 1797, and were both kept in the Louvre until 1815. (The Nile was later returned to Rome,[37] whereas the Tiber has remained in the Louvre to this day.) The despoilment of Italian churches and palaces outraged the Italians and their artistic and cultural sensibilities.[38]

After the French defeat at Waterloo, the looted works' former owners sought their return. The Louvre's administrator, Denon, was loath to comply in absence of a treaty of restitution. In response, foreign states sent emissaries to London to seek help, and many pieces were returned, though far from all.[35][13]: 69 [39] In 1815 Louis XVIII finally concluded agreements with the Austrian government[40][41] for the keeping of works such as Veronese's Wedding at Cana which was exchanged for a large Le Brun or the repurchase of the Albani collection.

From 1815 to 1852

[سنواريو]
The Venus de Milo was added to the Louvre's collection during the reign of Louis XVIII.

For most of the 19th century, from Napoleon's time to the Second Empire, the Louvre and other national museums were managed under the monarch's civil list and thus depended much on the ruler's personal involvement. Whereas the most iconic collection remained that of paintings in the Grande Galerie, a number of other initiatives mushroomed in the vast building, named as if they were separate museums even though they were generally managed under the same administrative umbrella. Correspondingly, the museum complex was often referred to in the plural ("les musées du Louvre") rather than singular.[42]

During the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830), Louis XVIII and Charles X added to the collections. The Greek and Roman sculpture gallery on the ground floor of the southwestern side of the Cour Carrée was completed on designs by Percier and Fontaine. In 1819 an exhibition of manufactured products was opened in the first floor of the Cour Carrée's southern wing and would stay there until the mid-1820s.[34]: 87  Charles X in 1826 created the Musée Égyptien and in 1827 included it in his broader Musée Charles X, a new section of the museum complex located in a suite of lavishly decorated rooms on the first floor of the South Wing of the Cour Carrée. The Egyptian collection, initially curated by Jean-François Champollion, formed the basis for what is now the Louvre's Department of Egyptian Antiquities. It was formed from the purchased collections of Edmé-Antoine Durand, Henry Salt and the second collection of Bernardino Drovetti (the first one having been purchased by Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia to form the core of the present Museo Egizio in Turin). The Restoration period also saw the opening in 1824 of the Galerie d'Angoulême, a section of largely French sculptures on the ground floor of the Northwestern side of the Cour Carrée, many of whose artifacts came from the Palace of Versailles and from Alexandre Lenoir's Musée des Monuments Français following its closure in 1816. Meanwhile, the French Navy created an exhibition of ship models in the Louvre in December 1827, initially named musée dauphin in honour of Dauphin Louis Antoine,[43] building on an 18th-century initiative of Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau. This collection, renamed musée naval in 1833 and later to develop into the Musée national de la Marine, was initially located on the first floor of the Cour Carrée's North Wing, and in 1838 moved up one level to the 2nd-floor attic, where it remained for more than a century.[44]

Ceiling decorations designed by Félix Duban in the Salon Carré (left) and Salle des Sept-Cheminées (right), late 1840s
The display in the Salon Carré, painted by Giuseppe Castiglione in 1861 following its repurposing of the late 1840s Veronese's Wedding at Cana is visible on the left, and his Supper in the House of Simon (now at the Palace of Versailles) is on the right.

Following the July Revolution, King Louis Philippe focused his interest on the repurposing of the Palace of Versailles into a Museum of French History conceived as a project of national reconciliation, and the Louvre was kept in comparative neglect. Louis-Philippe did, however, sponsor the creation of the musée assyrien to host the monumental Assyrian sculpture works brought to Paris by Paul-Émile Botta, in the ground-floor gallery north of the eastern entrance of the Cour Carrée. The Assyrian Museum opened on 1 May 1847.[45] Separately, Louis-Philippe had his Spanish gallery displayed in the Louvre from 7 January 1838, in five rooms on the first floor of the Cour Carrée's East (Colonnade) Wing,[46] but the collection remained his personal property. As a consequence, the works were removed after Louis-Philippe was deposed in 1848, and were eventually auctioned away in 1853.

The short-lived Second Republic had more ambitions for the Louvre. It initiated repair work, the completion of the Galerie d'Apollon and of the salle des sept-cheminées, and the overhaul of the Salon Carré (former site of the iconic yearly Salon) and of the Grande Galerie.[13]: 52  In 1848, the Naval Museum in the Cour Carrée's attic was brought under the common Louvre Museum management,[44] a change which was again reversed in 1920. In 1850 under the leadership of curator Adrien de Longpérier, the musée mexicain opened within the Louvre as the first European museum dedicated to pre-Columbian art.[47]

Second Empire

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Napoleon III's Louvre expansion

The rule of Napoleon III was transformational for the Louvre, both the building and the museum. In 1852, he created the Musée des Souverains in the Colonnade Wing, an ideological project aimed at buttressing his personal legitimacy. In 1861, he bought 11,835 artworks including 641 paintings, Greek gold and other antiquities of the Campana collection. For its display, he created another new section within the Louvre named Musée Napoléon III, occupying a number of rooms in various parts of the building. Between 1852 and 1870, the museum added 20,000 new artefacts to its collections.[48]

The main change of that period was to the building itself. In the 1850s architects Louis Visconti and Hector Lefuel created massive new spaces around what is now called the Cour Napoléon, some of which (in the South Wing, now Aile Denon) went to the museum.[13]: 52-54  In the 1860s, Lefuel also led the creation of the pavillon des Sessions with a new Salle des Etats closer to Napoleon III's residence in the Tuileries Palace, with the effect of shortening the Grande Galerie by about a third of its previous length. A smaller but significant Second Empire project was the decoration of the salle des Empereurs below the Salon carré.[حوالو گهربل]

From 1870 to 1981

[سنواريو]
Memorial plaques honouring the Louvre's defenders in May 1871

The Louvre narrowly escaped serious damage during the suppression of the Paris Commune. On 23 May 1871, as the French Army advanced into Paris, a force of Communards led by Jules Bergeret [fr]

set fire to the adjoining Tuileries Palace. The fire burned for forty-eight hours, entirely destroying the interior of the Tuileries and spreading to the north west wing of the museum next to it. The emperor's Louvre library (Bibliothèque du Louvre) and some of the adjoining halls, in what is now the Richelieu Wing, were separately destroyed. But the museum was saved by the efforts of Paris firemen and museum employees led by curator Henry Barbet de Jouy.[49]

Following the end of the monarchy, several spaces in the Louvre's South Wing went to the museum. The Salle du Manège was transferred to the museum in 1879, and in 1928 became its main entrance lobby.[50] The large Salle des Etats that had been created by Lefuel between the Grande Galerie and Pavillon Denon was redecorated in 1886 by Edmond Guillaume [fr]

, Lefuel's successor as architect of the Louvre, and opened as a spacious exhibition room.[51][52] Edomond Guillaume also decorated the first-floor room at the northwest corner of the Cour Carrée, on the ceiling of which he placed in 1890 a monumental painting by Carolus-Duran, The Triumph of Marie de' Medici originally created in 1879 for the Luxembourg Palace.[52]

The Louvre's monumental Escalier Daru, topped by the Winged Victory of Samothrace, took its current appearance in the early 1930s.

Meanwhile, during the Third Republic (1870–1940) the Louvre acquired new artefacts mainly via donations, gifts, and sharing arrangements on excavations abroad. The 583-item Collection La Caze, donated in 1869 by Louis La Caze, included works by Chardin; Fragonard, Rembrandt and Watteau.[13]: 70-71  In 1883, the Winged Victory of Samothrace, which had been found in the Aegean Sea in 1863, was prominently displayed as the focal point of the Escalier Daru.[13]: 70-71  Major artefacts excavated at Susa in Iran, including the massive Apadana capital and glazed brick decoration from the Palace of Darius there, accrued to the Oriental (Near Eastern) Antiquities Department in the 1880s. The Société des amis du Louvre was established in 1897 and donated prominent works, such as the Pietà of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon. The expansion of the museum and its collections slowed after World War I, however, despite some prominent acquisitions such as Georges de La Tour's Saint Thomas and Baron Edmond de Rothschild's 1935 donation of 4,000 prints, 3,000 drawings, and 500 illustrated books.

From the late 19th century, the Louvre gradually veered away from its mid-century ambition of universality to become a more focused museum of French, Western and Near Eastern art, covering a space ranging from Iran to the Atlantic. The collections of the Louvre's musée mexicain were transferred to the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro in 1887. As the Musée de Marine was increasingly constrained to display its core naval-themed collections in the limited space it had in the second-floor attic of the northern half of the Cour Carrée, many of its significant holdings of non-Western artefacts were transferred in 1905 to the Trocadéro ethnography museum, the National Antiquities Museum in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and the Chinese Museum in the Palace of Fontainebleau.[53] The Musée de Marine itself was relocated to the Palais de Chaillot in 1943. The Louvre's extensive collections of Asian art were moved to the Guimet Museum in 1945. Nevertheless, the Louvre's first gallery of Islamic art opened in 1893.[54]

Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt is seen with a plaster model of the Venus de Milo,[55] while visiting the Louvre with the curator Alfred Merlin on 7 October 1940.
Seating designed by Pierre Paulin in the late 1960s, Grande Galerie
Marc Saltet [fr] 's 1972 museography for the Salon Carré, with "dos-à-dos" seat designed in 1967 by Pierre Paulin

In the late 1920s, Louvre Director Henri Verne devised a master plan for the rationalisation of the museum's exhibitions, which was partly implemented in the following decade. In 1932–1934, Louvre architects Camille Lefèvre [fr]

and Albert Ferran redesigned the Escalier Daru to its current appearance. The Cour du Sphinx in the South Wing was covered by a glass roof in 1934. Decorative arts exhibits were expanded in the first floor of the North Wing of the Cour Carrée, including some of France's first period room displays. In the late 1930s, The La Caze donation was moved to a remodelled Salle La Caze above the salle des Caryatides, with reduced height to create more rooms on the second floor and a sober interior design by Albert Ferran.[حوالو گهربل]

During World War II, the Louvre conducted an elaborate plan of evacuation of its art collection. When Germany occupied the Sudetenland, many important artworks such as the Mona Lisa were temporarily moved to the Château de Chambord. When war was formally declared a year later, most of the museum's paintings were sent there as well. Select sculptures such as Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo were sent to the Château de Valençay.[56] On 27 August 1939, after two days of packing, truck convoys began to leave Paris. By 28 December, the museum was cleared of most works, except those that were too heavy and "unimportant paintings [that] were left in the basement".[57] In early 1945, after the liberation of France, art began returning to the Louvre.[58]

New arrangements after the war revealed the further evolution of taste away from the lavish decorative practices of the late 19th century. In 1947, Edmond Guillaume's ceiling ornaments were removed from the Salle des Etats,[52] where the Mona Lisa was first displayed in 1966.[59] Around 1950, Louvre architect Jean-Jacques Haffner [fr]

streamlined the interior decoration of the Grande Galerie.[52] In 1953, a new ceiling by Georges Braque was inaugurated in the Salle Henri II, next to the Salle La Caze.[60] In the late 1960s, seats designed by Pierre Paulin were installed in the Grande Galerie.[61] In 1972, the Salon Carré's museography was remade with lighting from a hung tubular case, designed by Louvre architect Marc Saltet [fr]

with assistance from designers André Monpoix [fr]

, Joseph-André Motte and Paulin.[62]

In 1961, the Finance Ministry accepted to leave the Pavillon de Flore at the southwestern end of the Louvre building, as Verne had recommended in his 1920s plan. New exhibition spaces of sculptures (ground floor) and paintings (first floor) opened there later in the 1960s, on a design by government architect Olivier Lahalle.[63]

Grand Louvre

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Grand Louvre

In 1981, French President François Mitterrand proposed, as one of his Grands Projets, the Grand Louvre plan to relocate the Finance Ministry, until then housed in the North Wing of the Louvre, and thus devote almost the entire Louvre building (except its northwestern tip, which houses the separate Musée des Arts Décoratifs) to the museum which would be correspondingly restructured. In 1984 I. M. Pei, the architect personally selected by Mitterrand, proposed a master plan including an underground entrance space accessed through a glass pyramid in the Louvre's central Cour Napoléon.[13]: 66 

The open spaces surrounding the pyramid were inaugurated on 15 October 1988, and its underground lobby was opened on 30 March 1989. New galleries of early modern French paintings on the 2nd floor of the Cour Carrée, for which the planning had started before the Grand Louvre, also opened in 1989. Further rooms in the same sequence, designed by Italo Rota, opened on 15 December 1992.[حوالو گهربل]

On 18 November 1993, Mitterrand inaugurated the next major phase of the Grand Louvre plan: the renovated North (Richelieu) Wing in the former Finance Ministry site, the museum's largest single expansion in its entire history, designed by Pei, his French associate Michel Macary, and Jean-Michel Wilmotte. Further underground spaces known as the Carrousel du Louvre, centred on the Inverted Pyramid and designed by Pei and Macary, had opened in October 1993. Other refurbished galleries, of Italian sculptures and Egyptian antiquities, opened in 1994. The third and last main phase of the plan unfolded mainly in 1997, with new renovated rooms in the Sully and Denon wings. A new entrance at the porte des Lions opened in 1998, leading on the first floor to new rooms of Spanish paintings.[حوالو گهربل]

As of 2002, the Louvre's visitor count had doubled from its pre-Grand-Louvre levels.[64]

21st century

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President Jacques Chirac, who had succeeded Mitterrand in 1995, insisted on the return of non-Western art to the Louvre, upon a recommendation from his friend the art collector and dealer Jacques Kerchache [fr]

. On his initiative, a selection of highlights from the collections of what would become the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac was installed on the ground floor of the Pavillon des Sessions and opened in 2000, six years ahead of the Musée du Quai Branly itself.

The main other initiative in the aftermath of the Grand Louvre project was Chirac's decision to create a new department of Islamic Art, by executive order of 1 August 2003, and to move the corresponding collections from their prior underground location in the Richelieu Wing to a more prominent site in the Denon Wing. That new section opened on 22 September 2012, together with collections from the Roman-era Eastern Mediterranean, with financial support from the Al Waleed bin Talal Foundation and on a design by Mario Bellini and Rudy Ricciotti.[65][66][67]

In 2007, German painter Anselm Kiefer was invited to create a work for the North stairs of the Perrault Colonnade, Athanor. This decision announces the museum's reengagement with contemporary art under the direction of Henri Loyrette, fifty years after the institution's last order to a contemporary artists, George Braque.[68]

In 2010, American painter Cy Twombly completed a new ceiling for the Salle des Bronzes (the former Salle La Caze), a counterpoint to that of Braque installed in 1953 in the adjacent Salle Henri II. The room's floor and walls were redesigned in 2021 by Louvre architect Michel Goutal to revert the changes made by his predecessor Albert Ferran in the late 1930s, triggering protests from the Cy Twombly Foundation on grounds that the then-deceased painter's work had been created to fit with the room's prior decoration.[69]

That same year, the Louvre commissioned French artist François Morellet to create a work for the Lefuel stairs, on the first floor. For L'esprit d'escalier Morellet redesigned the stairscase's windows, echoing their original structures but distorting them to create a disturbing optical effect.[70]

On 6 June 2014, the Decorative Arts section on the first floor of the Cour Carrée's northern wing opened after comprehensive refurbishment.[71]

In January 2020, under the direction of Jean-Luc Martinez, the museum inaugurated a new contemporary art commission, L'Onde du Midi by Venezuelan kinetic artist Elias Crespin. The sculpture hovers under the Escalier du Midi, the staircase on the South of the Perrault Colonnade.[72]

The Louvre, like many other museums and galleries, felt the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage. The museum closed after the end of the day on 29 February 2020,[73] and it did not reopen until 6 July.[74] The museum operated with limited capacity until 29 October, when it was ordered closed again due to an increase in COVID cases in France,[75] and reopened on 19 May 2021.[76] As a result, the museum recorded only 2.7 million visitors in 2020, down from 9.6 million in 2019 and a record 10.2 million in 2018.[77]

In preparation for the 2024 Olympics, the Louvre staged an exhibit about the Games' history that links their ancient beginnings to the modern era.[78]

Attendance rose to 8.9 million in 2023, 14 percent above 2022, but still short of the record of 10.2 million in 2018.[79]

In January 2025, French President Emmanuel Macron announced plans for a renovation and expansion of the Louvre, including a room solely for the Mona Lisa. The planned renovation and expansion was a result of the increasing number of visitors each year to the Louvre.[80] The renovation is set to begin in September 2026.[81]

On 16 June 2025, the museum's employees went on strike in protest against chronic issues such as overcrowding, understaffing and "untenable" working conditions.[82][83]

On 19 October 2025, the Louvre was subjected to a robbery through a forced window in the Galerie d'Apollon. The museum reported that jewellery had been stolen, and the perpetrators fled by motorbike.[84] They used a construction platform left by the building to enter a window and leave with their score.[85] The museum was closed for the day.[86] French interior minister Laurent Nuñez said the robbery involved intruders entering the museum via a basket lift using a platform mounted on a lorry and then cut into the window using what appeared to be angle grinders.[87] Nine major pieces of jewellery from the crowns of France were taken in a few minutes.[88] Eight pieces were stolen, including an emerald necklace that belonged to Empress Marie-Louise and three jewels that belonged to queens Marie-Amelie and Hortense.[89] The ninth item, the Crown of Empress Eugénie, was recovered the same day in a street close to the Louvre but in a damaged condition.[90]

On 25 October, two of the suspected thieves were arrested, one was trying to fly to Algeria from Charles de Gaulle Airport.[91]On 29 October, the prosecutor in charge said that they had "partially admitted" to their involvement in the heist. She added that the jewels were yet to be recovered.[92]On the same day, five additional suspects were arrested, but only one of them was allegedly part of the four-man heist team.[93]

On 30 October, police arrested five more suspects, but there was still no sign of the stolen jewels.[94]

In late November, a water line burst, and damaged between 300 and 400 books and journals, mostly from the 19th and early 20th centuries.[81]

سيڪشن

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مجموعو

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تڪرار

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گيلري

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پڻ ڏسو

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حوالا

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  1. ↑ Franceinfo.fr, 5 January 2026
  2. ↑ "How to get here". Louvre Museum. اصل نسخو مان 21 September 2008 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 28 September 2008 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  3. ↑ Menon, Lakshmi (22 July 2019). "Which Louvre Entrance Suits You Best | All About The 4 Louvre Entrances". Headout Blog (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 6 July 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Pierre Rosenberg (2007). Dictionnaire amoureux du Louvre. Paris: Plon.
  5. ↑ Philippe Malgouyres (1999). Le Musée Napoléon. Réunion des Musées Nationaux.
  6. ↑ "Museum rules". Le Louvre (انگريزي ۾). 7 December 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  7. ↑ Phillips, Tom (27 November 2013). "Nintendo's 3DS Louvre guide released on eShop". Eurogamer (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 7 September 2015 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 30 June 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  8. ↑ "The Louvre Guide for Nintendo 3DS". Nintendo. اصل نسخو مان 20 February 2016 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  9. ↑ Netburn, Deborah (16 April 2012). "How the Louvre and Nintendo are reinventing the museum audio tour". Los Angeles Times. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 30 June 2023 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 30 June 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  10. ↑ Iwata, Satoru; Miyamoto, Shigeru (27 November 2013). Nintendo Direct – Nintendo 3DS Guide: Louvre (Video presentation) (جاپاني and انگريزي ۾). Louvre, Paris: Nintendo. 9 July 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل – YouTube وسيلي.
  11. ↑ Warr, Philippa (2 December 2013). "Nintendo 3DS Louvre guide escapes region locking". Wired. اصل نسخو مان 25 April 2016 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  12. ↑ Hagues, Alana (2 May 2025). "Louvre Says Au Revoir To Nintendo 3DS Audio Guides". Nintendo Life (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). 2 May 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Claude Mignot (1999). The Pocket Louvre: A Visitor's Guide to 500 Works. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-7892-0578-5. OCLC 40762767.
  14. 1 2 Edwards, pp. 193–94
  15. ↑ In Larousse Nouveau Dictionnaire étymologique et historique, Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1971, p. 430: ***loup 1080, Roland (leu, forme conservée dans à la queue leu leu, Saint Leu, etc.); du lat. lupus; loup est refait sur le fém. louve, où le *v* a empêché le passage du *ou* à *eu* (cf. Louvre, du lat. pop. lupara)*** the etymology of the word louvre is from lupara, feminine (pop. Latin) form of lupus.
  16. ↑ In Lebeuf (Abbé), Fernand Bournon, Histoire de la ville et de tout le diocèse de Paris par l'abbé Lebeuf, Vol. 2, Paris: Féchoz et Letouzey, 1883, p. 296: "Louvre".
  17. 1 2 Edwards, p. 198
  18. ↑ Nore, p. 274
  19. ↑ "Jean Philippe Boulle, Son of André-Charles Boulle". V&A. 21 July 2019.
  20. ↑ "Death of André-Charles Boulle". Mercure de France. March 1732.
  21. ↑ "Masters of marquetry in the 17th century: Boulle". Khanacademy. اصل نسخو مان 8 March 2020 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 30 November 2017 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  22. ↑ Robert W. Berger (1999). Public Access to Art in Paris: A Documentary History from the Middle Ages to 1800. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ص. 83–86.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Nora, p. 278
  24. ↑ Carbonell, p. 56
  25. ↑ Oliver, pp. 21–22
  26. ↑ Monaghan, Sean M.; Rodgers, Michael (2000). "French Sculpture 1800–1825, Canova". 19th Century Paris Project. School of Art and Design, San Jose State University. اصل نسخو مان 20 April 2008 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 24 April 2008 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  27. ↑ Oliver, p. 35
  28. 1 2 3 4 Alderson,  pp. 24, 25
  29. ↑ McClellan, p. 7
  30. ↑ Dou, Gerard; Pays-Bas (1663), La Femme hydropique, 4 September 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل
  31. ↑ Botta, Carlo (1844). Storie d'Italia dall'anno 1789 all'anno 1814, Volume Terzo [Stories of Italy from 1789 to 1814, Volume Three] (اطالوي ۾). Milan: Giovani Silvestri. ص. 298–299.
  32. ↑ Louvre collection, catalogue - Dou, Gerard; Pays-Bas (1663), La Femme hydropique, 22 November 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل
  33. ↑ Vivien Richard (Summer 2021), "Quand Bonaparte nomme Denon", Grande Galerie – le Journal du Louvre, 55: 74
  34. 1 2 Geneviève Bresc (1989). Mémoires du Louvre. Paris: Gallimard.
  35. 1 2 Alderson, p. 25
  36. 1 2 Plant, p. 36
  37. ↑ Swetnam-Burland, Molly (2009). "Egypt Embodied: The Vatican Nile". American Journal of Archaeology 113 (3): 440. doi:10.3764/aja.113.3.439. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_2009-07_113_3/page/440.
  38. ↑ Popkin, p. 88
  39. ↑ For example, Mantegna's Calvary, Veronese's The Wedding at Cana|The Marriage of Cana, and Rogier van der Weyden's Annunciation were not returned.
  40. ↑ "Paolo Veronese". The Gentleman's Magazine. شمارو December 1867. A. Dodd and A. Smith. 1867. ص. 741.
  41. ↑ Johns, Christopher M. S. (1998). Antonio Canova and the Politics of Patronage in Revolutionary and Napoleonic Europe. University of California Press. ص. 190. ISBN 978-0520212015.
  42. ↑ Marcy, Pierre (1867). Guide populaire dans les Musées du Louvre. Paris: Librairie du Petit Journal. 14 June 2024 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  43. ↑ Geneviève Lacambre (2008). "Les collections chinoises et japonaises du musée de la Marine avant 1878 : un cas marginal pour l'ethnographie ?". Le rôle des voyages dans la constitution des collections ethnographiques, historiques et scientifiques. Actes du 130e Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques, « Voyages et voyageurs », La Rochelle, 2005. Paris: Editions du CTHS. ص. 94–109.
  44. 1 2 Géraldine Barron (April 2021), "Le musée de Marine du Louvre : un musée des techniques ?", Artefact, 5 (5): 143–162, doi:10.4000/artefact.695
  45. ↑ "The opening of the Assyrian museum at the Louvre". Grands sites archéologiques: Khorsabad.
  46. ↑ Jeannine Baticle; Cristina Marinas (1981), La galerie espagnole de Louis-Philippe au Louvre: 1838–1848, Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux
  47. ↑ "Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 56 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org (انگريزي ۾). 14 June 2024 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  48. ↑ "What is the Louvre? | Hobble Creek". hobblecreek.us. 9 December 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  49. ↑ René Heron de Villefosse (1959). Histoire de Paris. Bernard Grasset.
  50. ↑ Frédéric Lewino; Anne-Sophie Jahn (16 May 2015). "Visite interdite du Louvre #4 : la magnifique rampe en fer à cheval de la cour des Écuries". Le Point.
  51. ↑ Olivia Tolede (9 February 2010). "Guillaume, Edmond (24 juin 1826, Valenciennes – 20 juillet 1894, Paris)". INHA Institut national d'histoire de l'art.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Geneviève Bresc-Bautier (2008). The Louvre, a Tale of a Palace. Paris: Louvre éditions. اصل نسخو مان 6 March 2023 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 1 May 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل. آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 6 March 2023 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
  53. ↑ Max Charles Emmanuel Champion de Nansouty (1906). Actualites scientifiques, Volume 3. ص. 282.
  54. ↑ "An Introduction to Islamic Art – The Cour Visconti". Le Louvre (انگريزي ۾). 17 January 2024 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  55. ↑ Life (4 November 1940), p. 39.
  56. ↑ Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris. Alfred A Knopf, New York: 2010. p. 34.
  57. ↑ Matila Simon, "The battle of the Louvre;: The struggle to save French art in World War II". Hawthorn Books, 1971. p. 23.
  58. ↑ Simon, p. 177
  59. ↑ Vincent Delieuvin. "Les accrochages de la Joconde de 1797 à nos jour" (PDF). Louvre. اصل نسخو (PDF) مان 1 May 2021 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 1 May 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  60. ↑ Devorah Lauter (27 March 2010). "Hitting the Louvre ceiling". Los Angeles Times.
  61. ↑ Rita Salerno (30 May 2019). "Pierre Paulin, the man who made design an art". Elle Decor.
  62. ↑ Michel Conil Lacoste (9 February 1972). "Le "salon Carré", prestigieux vestibule à la Grande Galerie". Le Monde.
  63. ↑ Pierre Mazars (18 November 1964). "1964 : Le Louvre sera le plus beau musée du monde". Le Figaro.
  64. ↑ "Online Extra: Q&A with the Louvre's Henri Loyrette". Business Week Online. 17 June 2002. اصل نسخو مان 10 December 2013 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 26 April 2015 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  65. ↑ Gareth Harris (13 September 2012), Islamic art, covered Financial Times.
  66. ↑ Carol Vogel (19 September 2012), The Louvre's New Islamic Galleries Bring Riches to Light The New York Times.
  67. ↑ Denis Bocquet (20 February 2013). "Structural Innovation and the Stakes of Heritage: The Bellini-Ricciotti Louvre Dpt of Islamic Arts". Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/2781939.
  68. ↑ Serafin, Amy (21 October 2007). "The Louvre Now Accepts the Living". The New York Times (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). ISSN 0362-4331. 16 January 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  69. ↑ Doreen Carvajal (5 March 2021). "Palace Intrigue at the Louvre, as a Paint Job Leads to a Lawsuit". New York Times. اصل نسخو مان 28 December 2021 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  70. ↑ ""L'esprit d'escalier", François Morellet | Cnap". www.cnap.fr. 16 January 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  71. ↑ Didier Rykner (8 June 2014). "La réouverture des salles d'objets d'art du Louvre, de Louis XIV à Louis XVI". La Tribune de l'Art.
  72. ↑ "Elias Crespin, l'art de la ligne au Louvre". LEFIGARO (فرانسيسي ۾). 20 January 2020. 16 January 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  73. ↑ Yan, Holly. "Paris' famed Louvre Museum is closed as France deals with at least 100 cases of novel coronavirus", CNN, 1 March 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2025.
  74. ↑ "Louvre reopens after four-month closing due to coronavirus", Associated Press, via CBS News, 6 July 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2025.
  75. ↑ Hickman, Matt. "Struggling cultural institutions lock down (again) as COVID-19 surges across Europe", The Architect's Newspaper, 30 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2025.
  76. ↑ Makoni, Abbianca (19 May 2021). "Bienvenu! Louvre museum reopens after six month shutdown". Evening Standard (انگريزي ۾). 7 December 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  77. ↑ "Louvre museum visitors dropped more than 70% in virus-wracked 2020". France 24 (انگريزي ۾). 8 January 2021. 13 January 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  78. ↑ LaBarge, Emily (26 April 2024). "At the Louvre, the Olympics Are More French Than You Might Think". The New York Times.
  79. ↑ "En 2023, le Louvre a retrouvé une fréquentation pré-Covid avec près de 9 millions de visiteurs". 3 January 2024.
  80. ↑ Francis, Ellen (28 January 2025). "Mona Lisa to get a room of her own in Louvre museum renovation". The Washington Post. اصل نسخو مان 29 January 2025 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 29 January 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  81. 1 2 Masih, Niha (8 December 2025). "First a heist, now a leak. Water damages antique books at the Louvre". The Washington Post (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). ISSN 0190-8286. 8 December 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  82. ↑ "The world's most-visited museum shuts down, sounding the alarm on overtourism". AP News. 16 June 2025. 16 June 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  83. ↑ "The Louvre in Paris closes unexpectedly as staff protest conditions - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 16 June 2025. 17 June 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  84. ↑ "Musée du Louvre closed due to robbery". Attractions Daily (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). 19 October 2025. 19 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  85. ↑ "Spectaculaire cambriolage au Louvre, des bijoux "inestimables" dérobés". Boursorama (فرانسيسي ۾). 19 October 2025. 19 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  86. ↑ "Everything we know about the Louvre jewellery heist". www.bbc.com (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). 19 October 2025. 19 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  87. ↑ "'Priceless' jewellery stolen from Louvre museum in Paris - as authorities reveal details of daring raid". Sky News (انگريزي ۾). 19 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  88. ↑ Bajos, Sandrine; J.-M. D. (19 October 2025). "Musée du Louvre cambriolé : quels sont les bijoux exposés dans la galerie d'Apollon visée par les voleurs ?". leparisien.fr (فرانسيسي ۾). 19 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  89. ↑ Schechner, Sam (19 October 2025). "Brazen Heist at Louvre Museum Snatches Priceless Royal Jewels". The Wall Street Journal (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 19 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  90. ↑ Biétry-Rivierre, Eric (19 October 2025). "1354 diamants, 56 émeraudes : la couronne de l'impératrice Eugénie, un trésor acquis par l'État en 1988" [1354 diamonds, 56 emeralds: the crown of Empress Eugenie, a treasure acquired by the State in 1988] (فرانسيسي ۾). Le Figaro. 21 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  91. ↑ "Two arrested over theft of jewels at Louvre museum in Paris". BBC News. 26 October 2025. اصل نسخو مان 26 October 2025 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 26 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  92. ↑ Parodi, Alessandro (29 October 2025). "Louvre heist suspects 'partially admit' involvement, stolen jewels still missing". Reuters. 30 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  93. ↑ Armstrong, Kathryn (30 October 2025). "Five new suspects arrested over Louvre jewellery theft". BBC. اصل نسخو مان 30 October 2025 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 30 October 2025 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  94. ↑ Parodi, Alessandro (30 October 2025). "French police hunting stolen Louvre jewels arrest more suspects". Reuters.

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