مواد ڏانھن هلو

قرطبه

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
قرطبه

Córdoba

Cordova
ميونسپلٽي
الڪبير ندي (گواڊالڪووير) جي حوالي سان شهر جي تاريخي مرڪز تي مرڪوز ٿيل فضائي ڏيک، پس منظر ۾ سيرا مورينا (نومبر 2020)
مسجد قرطبه جو اندريون ڏيک ۽ ستون
سان بارٽولومي جو چيپل
ڪاليجا ڊي لا فلوريس (گلن واري گلي)
القصر جا باغ
قرطبه مسجد، فضائي ڏيک
Banner of قرطبه
Banner
Official seal of قرطبه
Seal
Nickname(s):
La Ciudad Califal, Córdoba la Llana "خلافت جو شهر" • "ڪورڊوبا لا لانا"
قرطبه is located in اسپين
قرطبه
قرطبه
اسپين ۾ جڳھ
قرطبه is located in اندلس
قرطبه
قرطبه
قرطبه (اندلس)
Coordinates: 37°53′24″N 4°46′48″W / 37.89000°N 4.78000°W / 37.89000; -4.78000
ملڪ اسپين
خودمختيار ڪميونٽياندلسيا
صوبوڪورڊوبا
حڪومت
• طرزايونتامنٽو
• باڊيايونتامنٽو ڊي ڪرڊوبا
• ميئرھوزي ماريا بيليڊو[1] (پي پي)
ايراضي
• ڪل1,253 چورس ڪلوميٽر (484 چورس ميل)
آبادي
 (2024)[3]
• ڪل324902
• درجواسپين ۾ 12هون
• ڪثافتauto في چورس ڪلوميٽر
رهاڪو نالاCordoban,[4] (Spanish: cordobés/sa, cordubense, cortubí, patriciense)
مجموعي گھربل پيداوار
 • ميٽرو13.07 بلين يورو (€)
وقتي علائقوUTC+1 (CET)
 • اونهارو (ر.ب.و)UTC+2 (CEST)
پوسٽل ڪوڊ
14001–14014
ويب سائيٽwww.cordoba.es
يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثو
سرڪاري نالوقرطبه جو تاريخي مرڪز
يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثوثقافتي: i، ii، iii، iv.
حوالو313
داخلا1984 (8th سيشن)

قرطبه (Córdoba؛ ڪورڊوبا، ڪورڊووا/ˈkɔrdəvə/ kor-DƏ-və)،[6] اسپين جي اندلسيا ڪميونٽي ريجن جو هڪ شهر ۽ قرطبه صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ آهي. سال 2024ع تائين 3,24,902 جي آبادي سان، اهو اسپين جو 12هون وڏو شهر ۽ اندلوسيا جو ٽيون وڏو شهر آهي.

هي شهر بنيادي طور تي آئبيريائي جزيره نما جي ڏکڻ ۾ الڪبير ندي (Guadalquvir) جي ساڄي ڪناري تي واقع آهي. ڪڏهن رومن ڪالوني، پر ڇهين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ وِزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت ان تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ پوءِ اٺين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ مسلمانن ان تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قرطبه جي امارت ۽ پوءِ قرطبه جي خلافت جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جتان کان اموي خاندان اندلس تي حڪومت ڪندو هو. اموي حڪومت دوران، قرطبه تعليم ۽ سکيا جي مرڪز ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو،[7] [8] ۽ 10هين صدي تائين اهو يورپ جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر بڻجي چڪو هو.[9] [10] خلافت 11هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ هڪ قسم جي سياسي بحران جو تجربو ڪيو جنهن رياست جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. 1236ع ۾ عيسائي فتح کان پوءِ، شهر "ڪورڊووا جي بادشاهت" جي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان قسطاليه جي تاج جو حصو بڻجي ويو.

قرطبه اسلامي مورش فن تعمير جي قابل ذڪر مثالن جو گھر آهي جهڙوڪ مسجد قرطبه، جن کي سال 1984ع ۾ يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي واري ماڳ طور نامزد ڪيو ويو هو ۽ هاڻي هڪ گرجا گھر، "ميزڪيتا-ڪيٽيڊرل" آهي. ان کان پوءِ هن ماڳ کي وڌايو ويو آهي ته جيئن قرطبه جي سڄي تاريخي مرڪز کي گهيرو ڪري سگهجي. شهر جي ويجهو "مدينة الزهرا" پڻ عالمي ورثو آهي جڏهن ته "فيسٽيول ڊي لاس پيٽيوس" جي تهوار کي يونيسڪو غير محسوس ثقافتي ورثو طور تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي.

اسپين ۽ يورپ ۾ قرطبه ۾ اونهاري جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ گرمي پد آهي، جتي جولاءِ ۽ آگسٽ ۾، سراسري وڌ ۾ وڌ گرمي پد 37 °C (99 °F) گريڊ جي لڳ ڀڳ آهي.[11] [12] اونهارو تمام خشڪ هوندو آهي جڏهن ته هلڪي سياري ۾ بار بار برسات پوندي آهي.

نالو

[سنواريو]

نالي قرطبه جي ڪيتري ئي خيالي وضاحتون ڪيو ويو آهن. هڪ نظريو، جيڪو جوز اينٽونيو ڪونڊي پاران 1799ع ۾ تجويز ڪيو ويو، اهو آهي ته اهو نالو فونيقي "قريه طوبه" (سٺو شهر) مان آيو آهي. سي. ايف. سيبولڊ ۽ ايم. اوڪانا جمينيز لکن ٿا ته، "نالو يقيني طور تي سامي اصل جو نه آهي. پر پراڻو آئبيريائي (مقامي) آهي." رومن فتح کان پوءِ، شهر جو نالو لاطيني طور تي ڪورڊوبا رکيو ويو. مسلمانن جي حڪمراني جي دور ۾ شهر کي ۾ قرطبه (عربي: قرطبة) جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو.

تاريخ

[سنواريو]

پڻ ڏسو: قرطبه، اسپين جي ٽائم لائن

شهر جي تاريخ کان اڳ، قديم ۽ رومن بنياد

[سنواريو]
قرطبه جي رومن مندر جو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل هڪ ننڍڙو ماڊل

علائقي ۾ انساني موجودگي جا پهريان نشان لڳ ڀڳ 42,000 کان 35,000 ق.م. تائين جي نيندرٿل جي باقيات آهن.[13] وادي الڪبير ندي (گواڊالڪووير) جي وات جي چوڌاري شهري آباديون 8هين صدي قبل مسيح کان موجود هجڻ جي خبر آهي. آبادي بتدريج ٽامي ۽ چاندي جي ڌاتوءَ جي علم ۾ مهارت حاصل ڪئي. آباديءَ جو پهريون تاريخي ذڪر الڪبير ندي گواڊالڪووير جي پار قرطاجنه وارن جي توسيع سان ملي ٿو. قرطبه کي رومن 206 ق.م ۾ فتح ڪيو.

سال 1236ع قبل مسيح ۾، رومن قونصل، مارڪس ڪلاڊيئس مارسيلس، مارڪس ڪلاڊيئس مارسيلس جو پوٽو، جيڪو ترتيب وار هسپانيا الٽيريئر ۽ هسپانيا سيٽيريئر ٻنهي تي حڪومت ڪندو هو، اڳ ۾ موجود هڪ آبادي سان گڏ هڪ نئين آباديءَ جي بنياد رکي. [14] تاريخ تي تڪرار آهي، اهو 152 ق.م ۾ قائم ٿي سگهي ٿو. سال 143 ۽ 141 ق.م جي وچ ۾، شهر کي ويريٽس گهيرو ڪيو هو. سال 113 ق.م ۾ شهر ۾ هڪ فورم جي عمارت موجود هجڻ جي خبر آهي.[15] مخلوط مقامي ۽ رومن فنڪارانه روايتن سان قرطبه جو مشهور خزانو، ان کي هن وقت شهر ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو هو، ، اهو هاڻي برطانوي عجائب گھر ۾ آهي.[16]

قرطبه سال 46 ۽ 45 ق.م. جي وچ ۾ "ڪولونيا پيٽريشيا" جي نالي سان هڪ ڪالوني بڻجي ويو.[17] ان کي سال 45 ق.م. ۾ جوليس سيزر طرفان ختم ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن جي وفاداري پومپي سان هئي ۽ آگسٽس پاران تجربيڪار سپاهين سان آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو هڪ فورم جي عمارت ۽ ڪيترن ئي مندرن سان "بيٽيڪا" جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو ۽ هسپانيا الٽيريئر ۾ رومن دانشورانه زندگي جو مکيه مرڪز هو.[18] [14] رومن فلسفي سينيڪا دي ينگر، سندس پيءُ، خطيب سينيڪا دي ايلڊر ۽ سندس ڀائٽيو شاعر لوکان رومن قرطبه مان آيا هئا.[19]

رومن دور جي آخر ۾، "ڪوروبا جي هوسيس" يا "بشپ اوسيئس" چوٿين صدي جي شروعات ۾ لاطيني چرچ جي غالب شخصيت هئي.[14] پوء بازنطيني سلطنت (552-572ع) جي صوبي هسپانيا ۾ قرطبه ۾ هڪ اهم جڳهه تي قبضو ڪيو. ويزيگوٿ پاران ان کي ڇهين صدي جي آخر ۾ فتح ڪيو.[20][21]

اموي حڪومت

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو قرطبه جي اموي رياست

سال 711ع يا 712ع ۾ اسلامي لشڪر قرطبه تي قبضو ڪيو. ٻين آئبيرين شهرن جي برعڪس، ڪو به هٿيار ڦٽا نه ڪيا ويا ۽ قبضو طوفاني حملي جي ذريعي ورتو ويو. قرطبه بدلي ۾ سڌي عرب حڪمراني جي ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو. نئين اموي ڪمانڊرن پاڻ کي شهر جي اندر مستحڪم ڪيو ۽ سال 716ع ۾ اهو، اشبيليه جي جاء تي، دمشق جي خلافت جي ماتحت صوبائي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. عربي ۾ ان کي قرطبه (عربي: قرطبة) جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو.[22]

رومن ۽ ويزيگوٿن جي شهرن جو مرڪز ڀتين سان ڍڪيل مدينه (شهر) بڻجي ويو. وقت سان گڏ شهر جي چوڌاري 21 مضافات (رَبَض، جمع: أَرْبَاض) ترقي ڪيا.[23]

سال 747ع ۾، يمني عرب جي اتر عرب جي قيسي قبائل جي خلاف، قرطبه جي چوڌ

In 747, a battle took place in the surroundings of Córdoba, the Battle of Saqunda [es]

, pitting Arab Yemenites against northerner Qays.[24]:8

Following the Abbasid ousting of the Umayyad Caliphate after 750, the surviving Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman crossed to the Iberian Peninsula in 756. He proclaimed himself Emir Abd ar-Rahman I and established his dynasty in Córdoba once the rump wāli Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri was defeated at a battle outside the city in May 756.[25][26] In 785–786 (169 AH) he ordered construction of the Great Mosque of Córdoba, which was completed the next year and underwent later expansions under his successors.[27][28]

Mihrab of the Great Mosque

Historians' estimations of Córdoba's population during the 9th century range from 75,000 to 160,000.[29][30] The ruthless repression of the 818 revolt in the southern suburb of Córdoba led to the destruction of the place.[31] In the 10th and 11th centuries Córdoba was one of the most advanced cities in the world, and a great cultural, political, financial and economic centre.[32][33][34]

Dirham emitted by Abd al-Rahman III, coined in Medina Azahara (10th century)

Córdoba had a prosperous economy, with manufactured goods including leather, metal work, glazed tiles and textiles, and agricultural produce including a range of fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, and materials such as cotton, flax and silk.[35] It was also famous as a centre of learning, home to over 80 libraries and institutions of learning,[32][36] with knowledge of medicine, mathematics, astronomy, botany far exceeding the rest of Europe at the time.[35] Later, the vizier al-Mansur – the de facto ruler of al-Andalus from 976 to 1002 – burned most of the books on philosophy from the library of Caliph al-Hakam II to appease Maliki jurists (ulama); most of the others were sold off or perished in the civil strife not long after.[37][38]

After a period of weak central rule, Abd ar-Rahman III came to power as emir in 912 and campaigned lengthily and systematically to re-establish the authority of Córdoba across Al-Andalus. In 929, after years of military and diplomatic efforts, he felt confident enough to declare himself "caliph", a title challenging the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and the Fatimid caliphs in North Africa. This inaugurated the height of Córdoba's power and influence in the 10th century.[39][40] This century saw the construction of two palatine cities in the surroundings of Córdoba: Madīnat al-Zahrā to the west, built by Abd ar-Rahman III, and another one built later by al-Mansur (Medina Alzahira [es]

) to the east.[41]

Isa al-Razi describes Cordoba as "surrounded by many beautiful estates" and many varied fruit trees. The inner city of Cordoba was surrounded by 11 palaces, 22 almuna and 12 arbad (or suburbs), mainly on the right bank of the Guadalquivir, and in particular to the north and west of the city. Not much later, Ibn Bashkuwal lists a total of 21 suburbs (two to the south, three to the north, seven to the east and nine to the west). To the north, part of the rabad al-Rusafa was located just south of the present Parador of Arruzafa (or Parador of Cordoba), where excavations in the 1990s uncovered the remains of a variety of almuna, Roman villas and irrigation systems (with one aljibe of the early medieval period preserved in the basement of a private suburban house).[42] The economic historian J. Bradford DeLong estimates the city's population at 400,000 around 1000 AD,[10] while estimates from other historians range from 100,000 to 1,000,000 during the same era.[43] Whatever Córdoba's population was, the city's apogee came to an abrupt halt after the 1009 crisis.[44]

On 15 February 1009, with Hisham II as caliph and Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo as hajib (and de facto ruler), a revolution broke out in Córdoba, which led to the proclamation of an alternative caliph.[45] This marked the beginning of a long period of civil war and conflict in Al-Andalus known as the Fitna. Berbers entered and sacked Córdoba in May 1013.[46] Hisham III was routed from Córdoba on 30 November 1031 and an oligarchic republic replaced the caliphate.[47][48]

High and Late Middle Ages

[سنواريو]

Under rule of the Banu Yahwar, Cordobese power did not extend far from the city, as other independent polities emerged in the rest of the former caliphate.[44][49] An estimation of 65,000 inhabitants has been proposed for 11th-century Córdoba.[50]

In 1070, forces from the Abbadid Taifa of Seville entered Córdoba to help in the defence of the city, which had been besieged by al-Mamun of Toledo, ruler of Toledo, yet they took control and expelled the last ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, Abd-Al Malik, forcing him to exile.[51] Al-Mamun did not cease in his efforts to take the city, and making use of a Sevillian renegade who murdered the Abbadid governor, he triumphantly entered the city on 15 February 1075, only to die there barely five months later, apparently poisoned.[52]:40 Córdoba was seized by force in March 1091 by the Almoravids.[53] In 1121, the population revolted against the abuses of the Almoravid governor.[54]

Sworn enemies of the Almoravid dynasty, the "Wolf King" Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Mardanīsh and his stepfather ibn Hamušk allied with Alfonso VIII of Castile and laid siege to Córdoba by 1158–1160, ravaging the surroundings but failing to take the city.[55]

Almohad caliph Abdallah al-Adil appointed Al-Bayyasi [es]

(brother of Zayd Abu Zayd) as governor of Córdoba in 1224, only for the city to later become independent from Caliphal rule.[56] Al-Bayyasi asked Ferdinand III of Castile for help and Córdoba revolted against him.[57] Years later, in 1229, the city submitted to the authority of Ibn Hud,[58] disavowing him in 1233, joining instead the territories under Muhammad Ibn al-Aḥmar,[59] ruler of Arjona and soon-to-be emir of Granada.

Ferdinand III entered the city on 29 June 1236, following a siege of several months. According to Arab sources, Córdoba fell on 23 Shawwal 633 (that is, on 30 June 1236, a day later than Christian tradition).[60] Upon the city's conquest the mosque was converted into a Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Santa Maria).[61][62] This was also followed by the return to Santiago de Compostela of the church bells that had been looted by Almanzor and moved to Córdoba by Christian war prisoners in the late 10th century.[63] Ferdinand III granted the city a fuero in 1241;[64] it was based on the Liber Iudiciorum and in the customs of Toledo, yet formulated in an original way.[65] Unlike the case of other kingdoms of the Crown of Castile, the wider Kingdom of Córdoba distinctly lacked realengo (royal demesne) council towns other than the capital city itself.[66] In addition, the military orders had a comparatively lesser presence across the realm.[67] The city was divided into 14 colaciones,[حوالو گهربل] and numerous new church buildings were added.

By the end of the 13th century, the land belonging to the council of Córdoba peaked at about 12,000 km2.[68] It progressively reduced upon creation of new lordships, amounting to about 9,000 km2 by the end of the middle ages.[68]

The city's surrounding countryside was raided during the 1277–78 Marinid expedition in the Guadalquivir valley.[69] In 1282, in the context of the problematic succession of Alfonso X of Castile, an army formed by the latter's supporters as well as Marinid forces laid siege to the city (where prince Sancho was) for 21 days.[70][71][72] The city council had indeed joined a newly created brotherhood in 1282 together with other councils of the Upper Guadalquivir defending Sancho's dynastic rights against Alfonso's regal authoritarianism.[73]

Many decades after during the Third Siege of Gibraltar in 1333, a diversionary Granadian army raided the countryside of Cordoba and encamped on the far side of the Roman Bridge of Cordoba. However the diversionary army had to return to Gibraltar to help their Marinid counterparts so no further action was taken.[74] In 1368, during the Castilian Civil War, the city, loyal to the Trastámara side, was attacked by forces supporting of Peter I, with Granadan backing.[75]

Modern history

[سنواريو]

In the context of the Early Modern Period, the city experienced a golden age between 1530 and 1580, profiting from an economic activity based on the trade of agricultural products and the preparation of clothes originally from Los Pedroches, peaking at a population of about 50,000 by 1571.[76] A period of stagnation and ensuing decline followed.[76]

قرطبه ۾ هڪ سراءِ جي سامهون ماڻهو (1910)

18 صدي ۾ اهو گهٽجي 20,000 آبادي تائين پهچي ويو.[77] آبادي ۽ معيشت صرف 20 صدي جي شروعات ۾ ٻيهر وڌڻ شروع ٿي. 19 صدي جي ٻئي اڌ ۾, 2 جون 1859 تي اشبيليه-قرطبه لائين جي افتتاح ذريعي ريلوي ٽرانسپورٽ جي آمد ڏٺي وئي.[78]

قرطبه 1861 ۾ جيريز ۽ ڪيڊيز ۽ 1866 ۾ منزاناريس سان ڳنڍڻ کان پوءِ ميڊريڊ سان ريلوي ذريعي ڳنڍيل هو. [79] شهر آخرڪار مالگا ۽ بيلميز سان ڳنڍيل هو.[80]

18 جولاءِ 1936 تي صوبي جو فوجي گورنر, ڪرنل شهر ۾ قومپرست بغاوت شروع ڪئي. سول حڪومت تي بمباري ڪئي ۽ سول گورنر روڊريگيز ڊي ليون کي گرفتار ڪيو.[81] انهن ڪاررواين اسپيني گهرو ويڙهه کي باهه ڏني. بغاوت ڪندڙ جنرل ڪوئيپو ڊي لانو جي حڪم تي عمل ڪندي، هن جنگ جي حالت جو اعلان ڪيو. بغاوت ڪندڙن کي سياسي ۽ سماجي نمائندن جي مزاحمت جو منهن ڏسڻو پيو. جيڪي سول حڪومت جي هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۾ گڏ ٿيا هئا [82] ۽ نيشنلسٽ رائفل فائر ۽ توپخاني جي موجودگي انهن جي حوصلي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. جڏهن ان جا محافظ عمارت مان ڀڄڻ شروع ڪيا. روڊريگيز ڊي ليون آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ گرفتار ڪيو ويو.[83]

ايندڙ هفتن ۾ ڪوئيپو ڊي لانو ۽ ميجر برونو ايبانيز هڪ خوني جبر ڪيو. جنهن ۾ 2,000 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي.[84] . جنگ جي وقت ۽ جنگ کان پوءِ فوري طور تي 1936-1951 ۾ ايندڙ فرانڪو جبر جي نتيجي ۾ صوبي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 9,579 قتل ٿيا.[85]

مسجد-گرجا گھر، (قرطبه مسجد) کي 1984 ۾ يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي واري جڳهه قرار ڏنو ويو ۽ 1994 ۾ هن حيثيت کي قرطبه جي سڄي تاريخي مرڪز تائين وڌايو ويو.[86] شهر ۾ ڪيترائي جديد علائقا آهن. جن ۾ زوڪو ضلعو ۽ ريلوي اسٽيشن جي چوڌاري علائقو شامل آهي.

علائقائي حڪومت (جنتا ڊي اينڊالوسيا) ڪجهه وقت کان قرطبه ميٽروپوليٽن ايريا جي تخليق جو مطالعو ڪري رهي آهي. جنهن ۾ راڄڌاني کان علاوه ولافرانڪا ڊي ڪورڊوبا، اوبيجو، لا ڪارلوٽا، ولاهارٽا، ولاويسيوسا، المودوور ڊيل ريو ۽ گواڊالڪزار جا شهر شامل هوندا. اهڙي علائقي جي گڏيل آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 3,51,000 هوندي.

جاگرافي

[سنواريو]
سيرا مورينا جي دامن مان قرطبه جو نظارو
قرطبه صوبي ۾ مقام

قرطبه آئبيرين جزيره نما جي ڏکڻ ۾ واد الڪبير (گوادالڪوير) نديءَ جي ٺهيل گوادالڪوير ڊپريشن ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو شهر کي اوڀر-اتر اوڀر کان اولهه-ڏکڻ اولهه طرف ڪٽي ٿو. وسيع ميونسپلٽي 1,254 چورس ڪلوميٽر جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي جيڪا ان کي اندلس ۾ سڀ کان وڏي ميونسپلٽي ۽ اسپين ۾ چوٿون وڏو بڻائي ٿو.[87][88]

قرطبه شهر درياءَ جي وچ واري وهڪري ۾ واقع آهي. ميونسپلٽي ۾ ٽي وڏيون زميني يونٽ سيرا, جيئن سيرا مورينا جي ڏاکڻي پهچ ۾. وادي مناسب ۽ ڪيمپينا شامل آهن.[89]

وادي ۾ اوچائي ۾ فرق تمام ننڍا (سمنڊ جي سطح کان 100 ۽ 170 ميٽر تائين) آهن. شهر مناسب طور تي سمنڊ جي سطح کان تقريبن 125 ميٽر جي سراسري اوچائي تي واقع آهي.[89] وادي جو نظارو وڌيڪ سيرا سان ڳنڍيل پيڊمونٽ فلوئل ٽيراس ۽ دريا جي وهڪري جو سڀ کان فوري آس پاس ۾ ورهايل آهي.[90]

ميوسين ڪيمپينا جيڪا گواڊالڪووير جي ڏکڻ ڪناري تي واقع آهي, هڪ ٽڪريءَ وارو نظارو پيش ڪري ٿو. آهستي آهستي اوچائي ۾ تقريبن 200 ميٽر تائين وڌي رهي آهي. شهر جي اتر ۾, سيرا ۾ اوچائي نسبتاً اوچتو 500 ميٽر تائين وڌي ٿي. سيرا ۽ ڪيمپينا ٻئي وادي تي نظارا ڏيکارين ٿا.[89]

موسم

[سنواريو]
Green fields in Córdoba after December rains

Córdoba has a hot Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).[91] It has the highest summer average daily temperatures in Spain and Europe (with highs averaging 37 °C (99 °F) in July and August) and days with temperatures over 40 °C (104 °F) are common in the summer months.[92] August's 24-hour average of 28.3 °C (83 °F) is also one of the highest in Europe.[93] On average, Córdoba has 16 days with maximum temperatures over 40 °C (104 °F) and 68 days with maximum temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F).[94] These scorching summers occur due to its location in the Guadalquivir Valley, which is considered to be the region with the hottest summer in Europe and even one of the hottest summers in the world that is not located in a semi-arid or arid region.[95][96]

Winters are mild, yet cooler than other low lying cities in southern Spain due to its interior location, wedged between the Sierra Morena and the Penibaetic System. Precipitation is concentrated in the coldest months; this is due to the dry summer climate pattern featured in large parts of the Iberian Peninsula. Precipitation is generated by storms from the west that occur most frequently from December to February. This Atlantic characteristic then gives way to a hot summer with significant drought more typical of Mediterranean climates. Annual rain surpasses 550 mm (22 in), although it is recognized to vary from year to year.

In July 2022, there were 19 days with highs over 40 °C (104 °F) and 30 days with highs over 35 °C (95 °F), with the average high of 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) for that month, which is the highest ever recorded in the country and in Europe among all cities with a population over 100,000.[97][98] On 27 April 2023, Córdoba broke the record for the highest maximum temperature recorded in peninsular Spain and Europe in a month of April, which registered 38.8 °C (101.8 °F).[99] The registered maximum temperature at the Córdoba Airport, located at 6 ڪلوميٽر (4 mi) from the city, was 46.9 °C (116.4 °F) on 13 July 2017 and 14 August 2021.[100] The lowest registered temperature was −8.2 °C (17.2 °F), on 28 January 2005.[101]

موسمي رڪارڊ : Córdoba Airport (1991–2020), extremes (1949–present)
مھينو جنور: فبرو: مارچ اپريل مئي جون جولاء آگسٽ سيپ: آڪٽو: نومبر ڊسمبر سال
وڌ ۾ وڌ رڪارڊ°C (°F) 23.5
(74.3)		 27.8
(82)		 33.0
(91.4)		 38.8
(101.8)		 41.2
(106.2)		 45.0
(113)		 46.9
(116.4)		 46.9
(116.4)		 45.4
(113.7)		 37.6
(99.7)		 29.7
(85.5)		 23.8
(74.8)		 46.9
(116.4)
اوچي پد جي
سراسري°C (°F)		 15.2
(59.4)		 17.4
(63.3)		 21.1
(70)		 23.6
(74.5)		 28.1
(82.6)		 33.4
(92.1)		 37.1
(98.8)		 37.0
(98.6)		 31.8
(89.2)		 25.8
(78.4)		 19.1
(66.4)		 15.8
(60.4)		 25.45
(77.81)
روزاني سراسري°C (°F) 9.4
(48.9)		 11.1
(52)		 14.2
(57.6)		 16.6
(61.9)		 20.5
(68.9)		 25.1
(77.2)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.3
(82.9)		 24.4
(75.9)		 19.4
(66.9)		 13.5
(56.3)		 10.5
(50.9)		 18.43
(65.18)
گھٽ پد جي
سراسري°C (°F)		 3.7
(38.7)		 4.7
(40.5)		 7.3
(45.1)		 9.7
(49.5)		 12.9
(55.2)		 16.8
(62.2)		 19.1
(66.4)		 19.6
(67.3)		 17.0
(62.6)		 13.1
(55.6)		 7.9
(46.2)		 5.1
(41.2)		 11.41
(52.54)
گھٽ ۾ گھٽ
رڪارڊ°C (°F)		 −8.2
(17.2)		 −5.0
(23)		 −4.2
(24.4)		 0.2
(32.4)		 2.4
(36.3)		 7.0
(44.6)		 11.0
(51.8)		 11.0
(51.8)		 6.0
(42.8)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 −7.8
(18)		 −8.2
(17.2)
سراسري پرسپييئيشن mm (انچ) 57.6
(2.268)		 52.7
(2.075)		 62.5
(2.461)		 54.3
(2.138)		 42.4
(1.669)		 11.0
(0.433)		 0.5
(0.02)		 6.7
(0.264)		 36.6
(1.441)		 78.7
(3.098)		 79.2
(3.118)		 90.7
(3.571)		 572.9
(22.556)
سراسري مينھن 
(≥ 1 mm)
 6.9 5.9 6.2 6.4 4.9 1.2 0.2 0.6 3.0 6.5 6.5 6.8 55.1
نسبتي گھم جي سراسري

(%)

 76 70 64 59 51 43 38 39 50 63 73 78 58.7
اس جي ماھوار
وقت جي سراسري		 174 187 217 246 298 336 372 344 255 220 180 161 2,990
اس جو وقت annual_mode = avg 57 61 58 62 67 76 83 82 68 63 59 54 65.8
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia (AEMET OpenData)[102]

آباديات

[سنواريو]

سانچو:Historical Populations

سال 2024ع تائين، شهر جي پرڏيهي (پرڏيهي پيدا ٿيل) آبادي 19,432 هئي، جيڪا ڪل آبادي جي 6.0 سيڪڙي جي برابر آهي.

پيدائش جي ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پرڏيهي آبادي (2024ع)[3]
قوميت آبادي
 ڪولمبيا 1,925
 مراڪش 1,708
 ايڪواڊور 1,522
 وينزويلا 1,187
 نڪاراگوا 867
 هنڊوراس 825
 رومانيا 777
 پيراگوئي 765
 فرانس 737
 جرمني 677
 چين 617
 ارجنٽائن 495
 پيرو 440
 بوليويا 418
 ڪيوبا 410

لينڊ مارڪ

[سنواريو]
View of the historic centre of Córdoba from the Guadalquivir River

The historic centre of Córdoba has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.[lower-alpha 1][86]

Roman

[سنواريو]
Roman Mausoleum in the Paseo de la Victoria

The Roman Bridge, over the Guadalquivir River, links the area of Campo de la Verdad with Barrio de la Catedral. It was the only bridge of the city for twenty centuries, until the construction of the San Rafael Bridge in the mid-20th century. It was initially built in the early 1st century BC during the reign of emperor Augustus but significantly rebuilt in the 8th century under Umayyad rule. It has a length of about 250 m and has 16 arches.[103]

Other Roman remains include the Roman Temple, the Theatre, Mausoleum, the Colonial Forum, the Forum Adiectum, an amphitheater and the remains of the Palace of Emperor Maximian in the archaeological site of Cercadilla.[104]

Islamic

[سنواريو]

Great Mosque of Córdoba

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
Interior of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

From 784- 786 AD, Abd al-Rahman I built the Great Mosque of Córdoba, one of the most famous monuments of Western Islamic (Moorish) architecture[105][106][107] and for centuries the third largest mosque in the world.[108] It integrated aspects of Islamic architecture with some indigenous elements of Roman and Visigothic architecture.[62] Later Umayyad rulers expanded the mosque, adding a minaret and extending the prayer hall. A major 10th-century expansion resulted in the elaborate mihrab and other ornate embellishments seen today.[62] After the Christian conquest of the city the mosque was converted to a cathedral. It underwent significant modifications in the 16th century but much of the original structure remains.[62] The building was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1984.[86]

Minaret of San Juan

[سنواريو]

Built in 930 AD, the mosque that this minaret adorned has been replaced by a church and the minaret re-purposed as a tower. It retains characteristics of Islamic architecture in the region, including a double horseshoe-arch windows.[106][109]

Mills of the Guadalquivir

[سنواريو]
The Tower of Calahorra to one side of the Roman Bridge

Along the banks of the Guadalquivir are the Mills of the Guadalquivir, an array of watermills from different periods that used the power of the water current to grind flour. They include the Albolafia, Alegría watermill, Carbonell, Casillas, Enmedio, Lope García, Martos, Pápalo, San Antonio, San Lorenzo and San Rafael mills.[110]سانچو:Additional citation needed

Calahorra Tower

[سنواريو]

The Calahorra is a fortified tower standing at the southern end of the city's Roman Bridge. Its original construction is attributed to the Almohad period.[111][112] It now houses the Al-Andalus Living Museum (Museo Vivo de Al-Andalus), a museum on the cultural achievements of Al-Andalus.[113][114]

Caliphal Baths

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Caliphal Baths

Near the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos, on the site of the former Islamic-era Alcázar, are the Caliphal Baths, a partly reconstructed hammam (baths) complex created in the 10th century and subsequently expanded. The archeological site has been open as a museum since 2006.[115][116]

Medina Azahara

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Madinat al-Zahra

On the outskirts of the city lies the archaeological site of Madinat al-Zahra, the 10th-century palace-city. It is another major example of Islamic architecture in Spain and has been undergoing excavation and reconstruction since 1911.[117]

Jewish Quarter

[سنواريو]
Calleja de las Flores, with the Great Cathedral in the background
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Judería de Córdoba

Near the cathedral is the old Jewish quarter, which consists of many irregular streets that preserve some of the city's medieval aspect.[109] It contains a museum, the Sepharad House,[118][119] and the Synagogue, built in 1315.[120]

Christian

[سنواريو]
Puerta del Puente

سانچو:More citations needed section

Surrounding the large Old town are the Roman walls: gates include the Puerta de Almodóvar, the Puerta de Sevilla and Puerta del Puente, which are the only three gates remaining from the original thirteen. Towers and fortresses include the Malmuerta Tower, Torre de Belén and the Puerta del Rincón's Tower.[121]

In the south of the Old town and east of the great cathedral, in the Plaza del Potro, is the Posada del Potro, a row of inns mentioned in literary works including Don Quixote and La Feria de los Discretos, and which remained active until 1972. Both the plaza and the inn get their name from the fountain in the centre of the plaza, which represents a foal (potro). Not far from this plaza is the Arco del Portillo (a 14th-century arch). In the extreme southwest of the Old Town is the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos, a former royal property and the seat of the Inquisition; adjacent to it are the Royal Stables, where Andalusian horses are bred. Palace buildings in the Old Town include the Palacio de Viana (14th century) and the Palacio de la Merced among others. Other sights include the Cuesta del Bailío (a staircase connecting the upper and lower part of the city).

Fernandine churches

[سنواريو]

The city is home to 12 Christian churches that were built (many as transformations of mosques) by Ferdinand III of Castile after the reconquest of the city in the 13th century. They were to act both as churches and as the administrative centres in the neighborhoods into which the city was divided in medieval times. Some of those that remain are:

Iglesia de Santa Marina de Aguas Santas, built in the 13th century

Other religious structures

[سنواريو]
Main façade of the Iglesia de San Hipólito

Sculptures and memorials

[سنواريو]

Scattered throughout the city are ten statues of the Archangel Raphael, protector and custodian of the city. These are called the Triumphs of Saint Raphael, and are located in landmarks such as the Roman Bridge, the Puerta del Puente and the Plaza del Potro.

In the western part of the Historic Centre are the statue of Seneca (near the Puerta de Almodóvar, a gate from the time of Islamic rule, (the Statue of Averroes (next to the Puerta de la Luna), and Maimonides (in the plaza de Tiberiades). Further south, near the Puerta de Sevilla, are the sculpture to the poet Ibn Zaydún and the sculpture of the writer and poet Ibn Hazm and, inside the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos, the monument to the Catholic Monarchs and Christopher Columbus.

There are also several sculptures in plazas of the Old Town. In the central Plaza de las Tendillas is the equestrian statue of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, in the Plaza de Capuchinos is the Cristo de los Faroles, in Plaza de la Trinidad is the statue of Luis de Góngora, in the Plaza del Cardenal Salazar is the bust of Ahmad ibn Muhammad abu Yafar al-Gafiqi, in the Plaza de Capuchinas is the statue to the bishop Osio, in Plaza del Conde de Priego is the monument to Manolete and the Campo Santo de los Mártires is a statue to Al-Hakam II and the monument to the lovers.

In the Jardines de la Agricultura is the monument to the painter Julio Romero de Torres, a bust by sculptor Mateo Inurria, a bust of the poet Julio Aumente and the sculpture dedicated to the gardener Aniceto García Roldán, who was killed in the park. Further south, in the Gardens of the Duke of Rivas, is a statue of writer and poet Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas by sculptor Mariano Benlliure.

In the Guadalquivir river, near the San Rafael Bridge is the Island of the sculptures, an artificial island with a dozen stone sculptures executed during the International Sculpture Symposium. Up the river, near the Miraflores bridge, is the "Hombre Río", a sculpture of a swimmer looking to the sky and whose orientation varies depending on the current.

Bridges

[سنواريو]
  • San Rafael Bridge, consisting of eight arches of 25 m span and a length of 217 m. The width is between parapets, divided into 12 m of cobblestone for four circulations and two tiled concrete sidewalks. It was inaugurated on 29 April 1953 joining the Avenue Corregidor with Plaza de Andalucía. In January 2004 the plaques reading "His Excellency the Head of State and Generalissimo of all the Armies, Francisco Franco Bahamonde, opened this bridge of the Guadalquivir on 29 April 1953", which were on both sides of each of the entrances of the bridge, were removed.
  • Andalusia Bridge, a suspension bridge.
  • Puente de Miraflores, known as "the rusty bridge". This bridge links the Street San Fernando and Ronda de Isasa with the Miraflores peninsula. It was designed by Herrero, Suárez and Casado and inaugurated on 2 May 2003. At first, in 1989, a proposal by architect-engineer Santiago Calatrava was considered[123] that would look like the Lusitania Bridge of Mérida, but this was eventually discarded because its height would obscure the view of the Great Mosque.
  • Autovía del Sur Bridge.
  • Abbas Ibn Firnas Bridge, inaugurated in January 2011. It is part of the variant west of Córdoba.
  • Puente del Arenal, connecting Avenue Campo de la Verdad with the Recinto Ferial (fairground) of Córdoba.

Gardens, parks and natural environments

[سنواريو]

سانچو:More citations needed section

  • Jardines de la Victoria. Within the gardens there are two newly renovated facilities, the old Caseta del Círculo de la Amistad, today Caseta Victoria, and the Kiosko de la música, as well as a small Modernist fountain from the early 20th century. The northern section, called Jardines of Duque de Rivas, features a pergola of neoclassical style, designed by the architect Carlos Sáenz de Santamaría; it is used as an exhibition hall and a café bar.
  • Jardines de la Agricultura, located between the Jardines de la Victoria and the Paseo de Córdoba: it includes numerous trails that radially converge to a round square which has a fountain or pond. This is known as the duck pond, and, in the centre, has an island with a small building in which these animals live. Scattered throughout the garden are numerous sculptures such as the sculpture in memory of Julio Romero de Torres, the sculpture to the composer Julio Aumente and the bust of Mateo Inurria. In the north is a rose garden in form of a labyrinth.
  • Parque de Miraflores, located on the south bank of the river Guadalquivir. It was designed by the architect Juan Cuenca Montilla as a series of terraces. Among other points of interest as the Salam and Miraflores Bridge and a sculpture by Agustín Ibarrola.
  • Parque Cruz Conde, located southwest of the city, is an open park and barrier-free park in English gardens style.[124]
  • Paseo de Córdoba. Located on the underground train tracks, it is a long tour of several km in length with more than 434,000 m2. The tour has numerous fountains, including six formed by a portico of falling water which form a waterfall to a pond with four levels. Integrated into the tour is a pond of water from the Roman era, and the building of the old train station of RENFE, now converted into offices of Canal Sur.
  • Jardines Juan Carlos I, in the Ciudad Jardín neighborhood. It is a fortress which occupies an area of about 12,500 square metres.
  • Jardines del Conde de Vallellano, located on both sides of the avenue of the same name. It includes a large L-shaped pond with a capacity of 3,000 m3 (105,944.00 cu ft) and archaeological remains embedded in the gardens, among which is a Roman cistern from the second half of the 1st century BC.
  • Parque de la Asomadilla, with a surface of 27 hectares, is the second largest park in Andalusia.[125] The park recreates a Mediterranean forest vegetation, such as hawthorn, pomegranate, hackberry, oak, olive, tamarisk, cypress, elms, pines, oaks and carob trees among others.
  • Balcón del Guadalquivir.
  • Jardines de Colón.
  • Sotos de la Albolafia. Declared Natural monument by the Andalusian Autonomous Government, it is located in a stretch of the Guadalquivir river from the Roman Bridge and the San Rafael Bridge, with an area of 21.36 hectares.[126] Host a large variety of birds and is an important point of migration for many birds.
  • Parque periurbano Los Villares.

عجائب گھر

[سنواريو]
جوليو روميرو ڊي ٽوريس پاران "مگدالينا" (پورٽريٽ)

قرطبه جو آثار قديمه ۽ نسليات جو عجائب گھر هڪ صوبائي عجائب گھر آهي، جيڪو گوادالڪوير نديءَ جي ويجهو واقع آهي.[127] عجائب گھر سرڪاري طور تي 1867ع ۾ کوليو ويو هو ۽ 1920ع تائين فائن آرٽس جي عجائب گھر سان گڏ جڳهه شيئر ڪئي. 1960ع ۾، عجائب گھر کي "پيز ڊي ڪاسٽيلو" جي نشاۃِ ثانيه محل ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اهو اڄ تائين موجود آهي. آثار قديمه ۽ نسليات جي عجائب گھر ۾ اٺ هال آهن. جن ۾ وچين کان وٺي ڪانسي جي دور جي آخر تائين ۽ رومن ٿقافت، ويزيگوٿ فن ۽ اسلامي ثقافت تائين جا نمونا موجود آهن.[128]

جوليو روميرو ڊي ٽوريس عجائب گھر گوادالڪوير جي ڀرسان واقع آهي ۽ اهو نومبر 1931ع تي کوليو ويو هو، [129] ڪيترن ئي مرمتن سان گذري چڪيو آهي ۽ هڪ عجائب گھر ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو آهي، ڪيترن ئي ٻين تاريخي ادارن، جهڙوڪ آرڪيالاجيڪل ميوزيم (1868-1917ع) ۽ ميوزيم آف فائن آرٽس جو گھر پڻ رهيو آهي. ڪيترن ئي ڪمن ۾ جوليو روميرو ڊي ٽوريس پاران پاڻ ٺاهيل پينٽنگز ۽ نقش شامل آهن.[130]

قرطبه جو فائن آرٽس ميوزيم، [131] جيڪو جوليو روميرو ڊي ٽوريس ميوزيم جي ڀرسان واقع آهي ۽ جنهن سان اهو هڪ صحن شيئر ڪري ٿو، جي عمارت اصل ۾ پراڻي خيراتي اسپتال لاءِ هئي، پر ان کان پوءِ عمارت ڪيترن ئي مرمت ۽ تجديد هيٺ آئي آهي ۽ نشاة ثانيه جي طرز جي عمارت بڻجي وئي آهي.[132][133] فائن آرٽس جي عجائب گھر ۾ "باروڪ دور" جا ڪيترائي ڪم، قرون وسطيٰ جي نشاة ثانيه آرٽ، 18 هين، 19 هين ۽ 20 هين صدي جو ڪم، ڊرائنگ، انداز آرٽ ۽ ٻيا منفرد ڪم شامل آهن.[134]

ڊائيوسين ميوزيم قرطبه جي ايپسڪوپل محل ۾ واقع آهي، جيڪو اڳوڻي اموي الڪزار (القصر، محل) تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. ان جي اندر گڏ ڪيل مجموعو ڪيتريون ئي پينٽنگون، مجسما ۽ فرنيچر رکي ٿو.[135] ڪورڊوبا اندر هڪ ٻيو عجائب گھر خلافت جا عوامي حمام (Caliphal Baths) آهن.


سياست ۽ حڪومت

[سنواريو]
Local administration

بمطابق

2019


José María Bellido Roche (PP) is the mayor of Córdoba.

The City Council of Córdoba is divided into different areas: the Presidency; Human Resources, Management, Tax and Public Administration; City Planning, Infrastructure, and Environment; Social; and Development.[136] The Council holds regular plenary sessions once a month, but can hold extraordinary plenary session to discuss issues and problems affecting the city.[137]

The Governing Board, chaired by the mayor, consists of four IU councillors, three of PSOE, and three non-elected members.[138][139] The municipal council consists of 29 members: 11 of PP, 7 of PSOE, 4 of IU, 4 of Ganemos Córdoba, 2 of Ciudadanos and 1 of Unión Cordobesa.

List of mayors since the democratic elections of 1979
LegislatureNameParty
1979–1983Julio AnguitaPCE
1983–1987Julio Anguita (until 1 February 1986)PCE
Herminio TrigoIU
1987–1991Herminio TrigoIU
1991–1995Herminio TrigoIU
Manuel Pérez PérezIU
1995–1999Rafael MerinoPP
1999–2003Rosa AguilarIU
2003–2007Rosa AguilarIU
2007–2011Rosa Aguilar (until 23 April 2009)IU
Andrés OcañaIU
2011–2015José Antonio NietoPP
2015–2019Isabel AmbrosioPSOE
2019–José María BellidoPP
Administrative divisions

As of July 2008, the city is divided into 10 administrative districts, coordinated by the Municipal district boards, which in turn are subdivided into neighbourhoods:

District District Location
Centro Poniente-Sur
Levante Sur
Noroeste Sureste
Norte-Sierra Periurbano Este-Campiña
Poniente-Norte Periurbano Oeste-Sierra
Periurbano Este-Campiña and Periurbano Oeste-Sierra not shown on the map

قابل ذڪر ماڻهو

[سنواريو]
  • ابو القاسم زهراوي - مسلمان سرجن ۽ طبيب
  • ابن رشد - مسلمان فلسفي
  • احمد بن محمد بن موسيٰ الرازي - مورخ
  • القرطبي - مالڪي اسڪول جو فقيه
  • بلانڪا ڊيل ري فلامنڪو رقاص ۽ ڪوريوگرافر
  • فرننڊو تيجيرو - اداڪار
  • فوسفوريٽو - فلئمينڪو فنڪار
  • گبي ڊيلگاڊو لوپيز - موسيقار
  • هسدائي ابن شاپروت - يهودي سياستدان، طبيب ۽ عالم
  • هسائي ياناسي[140] - فنڪار
  • ابن السفار - مسلمان فلڪيات دان
  • ابن السمح - فلڪيات دان ۽ رياضي دان
  • ابن حزم - اسلامي مفڪر ۽ فقيه
  • ابن مده - مسلم ماهر لسانيات
  • عبد الله القيسي - اسلامي فقيه
  • انڊيا مارٽنز - فلامينڪو ۽ پاپ ڳائڻي
  • جواڪن ڪورٽس - فلئمينڪو فنڪار
  • جوآن دي مينا - وچين دور جو شاعر
  • جوآن سرانو - فلئمينڪو فنڪار
  • جوليو روميرو ڊي ٽورس - مصور
  • لوڪان - رومن شاعر
  • لوئس ڊي گونگورا - ريناسنس دور جو شاعر
  • ابن ميمون - يهودي فلسفي ۽ ربي
  • منوليٽ - ميٽاڊور
  • مارٽن آف سور - پرتگالي قيدي
  • منذر بن سعيد البلوطي - اسلامي فقيه
  • پيڪو پينا - فلئمينڪو فنڪار
  • روڪيو گالويز - اسپيني فٽبالر
  • سينيڪا اسٽوڪ - فلسفي
  • ويسينٽ اميگو - فليمينڪو فنڪار

رانديون

[سنواريو]

ٽرانسپورٽ

[سنواريو]

گيلري

[سنواريو]

جڙيل ۽ ڀينرن شهر

[سنواريو]

قرطبه سان جڙيل آهي:[142]

 تيونس قيروان، تيونس (1968)

پڻ ڏسو

[سنواريو]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ "El mapa de las nuevas alcaldías 2019–2023". El Mundo. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 15 June 2019 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 June 2019 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  2. ↑ "Extensión superficial, altitud y población de hecho de las provincias, capitales y municipios de más de 20.000 habitantes. Península, Islas Baleares y Canarias". Anuario 1996. 1996. http://www.ine.es/inebaseweb/pdfDispacher.do;jsessionid=CFB3D1D685F6DC619350CEA3234B44A3.inebaseweb03?td=145938. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  3. 1 2 "Annual population census 2021-2024". INE.
  4. ↑ "Cordoban". Merriam-Webster. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 21 June 2020 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 18 June 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  5. ↑ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 15 February 2023 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  6. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica، Córdoba (conventional Cordova) آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 28 April 2015 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
  7. ↑ Barton, Simon (30 June 2009). A History of Spain. Macmillan International Higher Education. ص. 44–5. ISBN 978-1-137-01347-7. اصل نسخو مان 26 July 2020 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  8. ↑ Francis Preston Venable (1894). A Short History of Chemistry. Heath. ص. 21.
  9. ↑ Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (10 April 2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231041532.
  10. 1 2 , October 1993, 27 October 2017 {{citation}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (مدد); Missing or empty |title= (مدد) حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Population" defined multiple times with different content.
  11. ↑ . 11 April 2015 {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (مدد); Missing or empty |url= (مدد)
  12. ↑ . 7 July 2025. 31 July 2025 {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (مدد); Missing or empty |url= (مدد)
  13. ↑ "Neanderthals Died Out Earlier Than Thought". Live Science. 4 February 2013. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2 July 2013 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 9 June 2013 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  14. 1 2 3 Keay, Simon J. (29 March 2012). "Corduba". ۾ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (مرتب). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ص. 374. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 3 December 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  15. ↑ Vaquerizo, D.; Murillo, J. (2016). "The suburbs of Cordoba, Spain". Estoa 5 (9): 37–60, esp. p. 40. doi:10.18537/est.v005.n009.04. https://publicaciones.ucuenca.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/estoa/article/view/1021/889. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  16. ↑ "Cordoba Treasure". The British Museum. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 20 August 2017 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  17. ↑ Pollini, John (20 November 2012). From Republic to Empire: Rhetoric, Religion, and Power in the Visual Culture of Ancient Rome. University of Oklahoma Press. ص. 531. ISBN 978-0-8061-8816-4. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 3 December 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  18. ↑ Isaksen, Leif (21 March 2008). "The application of network analysis to ancient transport geography: A case study of Roman Baetica" (en ۾). Digital Medievalist 4. doi:10.16995/dm.20. ISSN 1715-0736.
  19. ↑ Keay, Simon J. (29 March 2012). Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (مرتب). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ص. 91–92. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 3 December 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  20. ↑ Roth, Norman (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. BRILL. ص. 7. ISBN 90-04-09971-9. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 3 December 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  21. ↑ Doak, Robin S. (2009). Empire of the Islamic World. Infobase Publishing. ص. 70. ISBN 978-1-4381-0317-4. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 3 December 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  22. ↑ Collins, Roger (17 February 1995). The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710 – 797. Wiley. ص. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-631-19405-7. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 3 December 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  23. ↑ Bennison 2016, p. 281.
  24. ↑ Guichard, Pierre (2013). "Córdoba, de la conquista musulmana a la conquista cristiana". Awraq (Casa Árabe) (7): 5–24. ISSN 0214-834X. http://www.awraq.es/blob.aspx?idx=5&nId=87&hash=c0f21a00feda9892ddff3275ea63027c. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  25. ↑ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1983) [1975]. A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press. ص. 100–101. ISBN 978-0-8014-9264-8.
  26. ↑ Guichard 2013, pp. 9–10.
  27. ↑ Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (1992). "The Great Mosque of Córdoba". ۾ Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (مرتب). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ص. 11–26. ISBN 0870996371. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 31 May 2022 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 July 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  28. ↑ Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. ص. 40 and after. ISBN 3822896322.
  29. ↑ Ian Morris (2014). The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations. Princeton University Press. ص. 150. ISBN 9780691160863.
  30. ↑ John Block Friedman, Kristen Mossler Figg, مرتب (2017). "Spain and Portugal: Trade and Commerce". Routledge Revivals: Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages (2000). Taylor & Francis. ص. 569. ISBN 9781351661324.
  31. ↑ Guichard 2013, pp. 12–13.
  32. 1 2 سانچو:Cite NIE
  33. ↑ "Spain from the 6th to 12th Century History". اصل نسخو مان 18 October 2007 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  34. ↑ Amir Hussain, "Muslims, Pluralism, and Interfaith Dialogue", in Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism, Omid Safi (ed.), p. 257 (Oneworld Publications, 2003).
  35. 1 2 "Córdoba: Historical Overview". اصل نسخو مان 30 October 2013 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 14 April 2014 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  36. ↑ "Muslim Spain (711–1492)". BBC. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 27 February 2017 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 29 January 2017 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  37. ↑ Gilliot, Claude (2018). "Libraries". ۾ Meri, Josef (مرتب). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Islamic Civilization (2006): An Encyclopedia – Volume II (انگريزي ۾). Routledge. ص. 451. ISBN 978-1-351-66813-2. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 August 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  38. ↑ Safran, Janina M. (3 July 2014). "The politics of book burning in al-Andalus". Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 6 (2): 148–168. doi:10.1080/17546559.2014.925134. ISSN 1754-6559. https://doi.org/10.1080/17546559.2014.925134. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  39. ↑ Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN 9781317870418.
  40. ↑ Catlos, Brian A. (2018). Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465055876. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 22 September 2023 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 August 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  41. ↑ Guichard 2013, p. 17.
  42. ↑ Scales 1997, p. 177.
  43. ↑ Guichard 2013, pp. 17–18.
  44. 1 2 Guichard 2013, p. 18.
  45. ↑ Peinado Santaella 2012, p. 110.
  46. ↑ Peinado Santaella, Rafael G. (2012). "El período andalusí (ss. VIII-XV)". ۾ Peña Díaz, Manuel (مرتب). Breve historia de Andalucía. Centro de Estudios Andaluces. ص. 110. ISBN 978-84-939926-1-3. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 16 November 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  47. ↑ Peinado Santaella 2012, p. 111.
  48. ↑ "10th C. Al-Andalus: Al-Mansur." آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 8 October 2016 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. and Daniel Eisenberg, "Homosexuality" in Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia, ed. Michael Gerli (Routledge, 2003), 398. آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 28 March 2016 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. and J. B. Bury, The Cambridge Medieval History vol 3 – Germany and the Western Empire (CreateSpace Independent Publishing, 2011), 378–379.
  49. ↑ Meri, Josef W. (31 October 2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. ص. 176. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 1 December 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  50. ↑ Guichard 2013, pp. 19–20.
  51. ↑ Frochoso Sánchez, Rafael (2014). "Las monedas de los Banū Ŷahwar de Córdoba – 422 – 462 h. / 1031-1070d.C.". OMNI, Numismatic Journal. ISSN 2104-8363. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4764209.pdf. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  52. ↑ Porres Martín-Cleto, Julio (1999). "La Dinastía de los Banu Di L-Nun de Toledo". Tulaytula (Toledo: Asociación de Amigos del Toledo Islámico) III (4): 37–48. https://descargasarchivo.toledo.es/high.raw?id=0000022088&name=00000001.original.pdf&attachment=Tulaytula+%3A+revista+de+la+Asociaci%C3%B3n+de+Amigos+del+Toledo+Isl%C3%A1mico.+1999%2C+n.%C2%BA+4..pdf. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  53. ↑ Coeña del Real, María Jesús (2011). "Los inicios de la hegemonía castellano-leonesa y la invasión almorávide". Innovación y experiencias educativas (41): 5. ISSN 1988-6047. https://archivos.csif.es/archivos/andalucia/ensenanza/revistas/csicsif/revista/pdf/Numero_41/MARIA_JESUS_COENA_DEL_REAL_02.pdf. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  54. ↑ Mitre, Emilio (2008) [1979]. La España medieval: sociedades, estados, culturas. Tres Cantos: Ediciones Istmo. ص. 190. ISBN 978-84-7090-094-5. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 16 November 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  55. ↑ Cruz Aguilar, Emilio de la (1994). "El Reino Taifa de Segura". Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (153): 388. ISSN 0561-3590. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1200629.pdf. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  56. ↑ Molina López 1986, p. 41.
  57. ↑ Molina López, Emilio (1986). "Por una cronología histórica sobre el Šarq Al-Andalus (s. XIII)". Sharq Al-Andalus (Alicante: Universidad de Alicante. Área de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos) (3): 41. doi:10.14198/ShAnd.1986.3.05. ISSN 0213-3482. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/18048/1/Sharq%20Al-Andalus_03_05.pdf. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  58. ↑ Molina López 1986, p. 43.
  59. ↑ Molina López 1986, p. 45.
  60. ↑ García Sanjuán, Alejandro (2016). "La conquista cristiana de Andalucía y el destino de la población musulmana (621-62 H/1224-64). La aportación de las fuentes árabes". ۾ González Jiménez, Manuel; Sánchez Saus, Rafael (مرتب). Arcos y el nacimiento de la frontera andaluza (1264–1330). Seville: Universidad de Sevilla; Universidad de Cádiz. ص. 43.
  61. ↑ Ecker, Heather (2003). "The Great Mosque of Córdoba in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries". Muqarnas 20: 113–141. doi:10.1163/22118993-90000041. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523329. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  62. 1 2 3 4 Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009). "Córdoba". The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
  63. ↑ González Jiménez, Manuel (2014). "Fernando III y la repoblación de Andalucía". La Península Ibérica en tiempos de Las Navas de Tolosa (PDF). Madrid. ص. 224. ISBN 978-84-941363-8-2. محفوظ ڪيل (PDF) مان اصل نسخي کان 26 November 2020 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 14 August 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (ڳنڍڻو)
  64. ↑ Mellado Rodríguez, Joaquín (2000). "El fuero de Córdoba: edición crítica y traducción". Arbor (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) CLXVI (654): 192. doi:10.3989/arbor.2000.i654.1011. ISSN 0210-1963. http://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/view/1011. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  65. ↑ González Jiménez, Manuel (2001). "Fernando III El Santo, legislador". Boletín de la Real Academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae Baeticae (29): 115–116. ISSN 0214-4395. https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/82928/art_8.pdf?sequence=1. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  66. ↑ Cabrera, Emilio (1995). "Notas sobre la conquista y la organización territorial del reino de Córdoba en el siglo XIII" (PDF). Medievo Hispano. Estudios in memoriam del prof. Derek W. Lomax. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales. ص. 91. محفوظ ڪيل (PDF) مان اصل نسخي کان 9 November 2023 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 25 October 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  67. ↑ Cabrera 1995, pp. 92–93.
  68. 1 2 Berrocal Barea, Martín Moreno & Montero Rascón 1992, p. 24.
  69. ↑ Alcántara Valle 2015, pp. 31–32.
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  103. ↑ McFetrich, David (2022). An Encyclopaedia of World Bridges (انگريزي ۾). Pen and Sword Transport. ص. 205. ISBN 978-1-5267-9449-9.
  104. ↑ "Palacio de Maximiano Hercúleo". Nomads Travel Guide (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 17 June 2020. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 31 January 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 31 January 2024 تي حاصل ڪيل.
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  106. 1 2 Michell, George (2011) [1978]. Architecture of the Islamic world its history and social meaning; with a complete survey of key monuments. London: Thames & Hudson. ص. 212. ISBN 9780500278475.
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  108. ↑ Scales 1997, p. 175.
  109. 1 2 Petersen, Andrew (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. ص. 55. ISBN 978-1-134-61366-3.
  110. ↑ Reina, Carmen (11 November 2014). "Los eternos jornaleros del Guadalquivir". El Diario (هسپانوي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 3 July 2019 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 23 March 2019 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  111. ↑ Bennison 2016, p. 326.
  112. ↑ Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. ص. 137. ISBN 3822896322.
  113. ↑ "Torre de la Calahorra | Córdoba, Spain Attractions". Lonely Planet. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 15 February 2022 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 February 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  114. ↑ "Calahorra Tower – Córdoba" (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 10 July 2020. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 15 February 2022 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 February 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  115. ↑ "Complex map – Baths of Caliphate Castle | Virtual Tour". banosdelalcazarcalifal.cordoba.es. 15 February 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  116. ↑ "Arab Baths of the Caliphal Alcázar of Córdoba – "Caliphal Baths"". 10 July 2020. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 26 September 2023 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 February 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  117. ↑ Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ص. 63. ISBN 9780190624552. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 February 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  118. ↑ "House of Sefarad, House of Memory – Córdoba" (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 10 July 2020. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 15 February 2022 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 February 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  119. ↑ "The House of Sepharad". www.turismodecordoba.org (هسپانوي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 15 February 2022 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 February 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  120. ↑ Gharipour, Mohammad (2019). Synagogues in the Islamic World: Architecture, Design and Identity. Edinburgh University Press. ص. 127. ISBN 978-1-4744-6843-5. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 February 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  121. ↑ "Historic Centre of Cordoba". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2026-03-31 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  122. ↑ "Discovery of a Roman Circus in Cordoba". Artencordoba.co.uk. اصل نسخو مان 30 August 2012 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 7 January 2011 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  123. ↑ "Projects of Santiago Calatrava". Soloarquitectura.com. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 6 January 2011 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 7 January 2011 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  124. ↑ "Parque Cruz Conde" (هسپانوي ۾). اصل نسخو مان 15 January 2009 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  125. ↑ Niza, Juan M. (1 November 2005). "El parque de La Asomadilla se inicia con la apertura de pozos". Diario Córdoba (هسپانوي ۾). اصل نسخو مان 6 January 2010 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  126. ↑ Los Sotos de la Albolafia آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 15 June 2011 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Inventario de Humedales de Andalucía.
  127. ↑ TURESPAÑA (23 April 2007). "Museums in Spain: Cordoba Archaeological Museum in Córdoba, Spain | spain.info USA". Spain.info. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 3 March 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 25 February 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  128. ↑ "Archaeological and Ethnological Museum of Córdoba". ArtenCórdoba Guided Tours. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 3 February 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 25 February 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  129. ↑ "Mapa del Museo – Museo de Julio Romero de Torres | Visita Virtual". www.museojulioromero.cordoba.es (هسپانوي ۾). اصل نسخو مان 3 March 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 February 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  130. ↑ "Museum of Julio Romero de Torres, Córdoba". ArtenCórdoba Guided Tours. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 3 February 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 February 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  131. ↑ Abdulhameed, Ahmed M (2013). Discover Spain. Lulu Press. ISBN 9781447876564.
  132. ↑ "Fine Arts Museum". english.turismodecordoba.org. اصل نسخو مان 3 March 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 February 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  133. ↑ "Cordoba: Museum of Fine Arts, Cordoba". tripadvisor.com. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 25 September 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 February 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  134. ↑ "Museum of Fine Arts of Córdoba". ArtenCórdoba Guided Tours. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 22 February 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 February 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  135. ↑ "Diocesan Museum (Episcopal Palace)". english.turismodecordoba.org. اصل نسخو مان 3 March 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 February 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
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  140. ↑ Miranda, Luis (21 May 2019). "Muere Hisae Yanase, la artista japonesa que ancló su sonrisa en Córdoba". sevilla (هسپانوي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 27 May 2019 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 13 January 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  141. ↑ artencordoba.com (10 July 2020), Mudejar Chapel of San Bartolomé, محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 16 April 2020 تي محفوظ ڪيل, 29 January 2022 تي حاصل ڪيل
  142. ↑ "Las 12 hermanas de Córdoba". diariocordoba.com (هسپانوي ۾). Diario Córdoba. 10 February 2020. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 21 October 2020 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 14 February 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

[سنواريو]

قرطبه سفري راهنما منجانب وڪي سفر Wikivoyage سانچو:Córdoba (city, Spain)

  1. ↑ The Mosque-Cathedral was listed as a World Heritage Site first in 1984 and this designation was extended to the rest of the historic centre in 1994.
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