مواد ڏانھن هلو

فطري محفوظ علائقا

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
"حياتياتي محفوظ علائقو" ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو. use of the term specific to Brazil لاءِ، حياتياتي محفوظ علائقو (برازيل) ڏسو.
"حياتياتي محفوظ علائقو" ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو. use of the term specific to UNESCO لاءِ، Man and the Biosphere Programme ڏسو.
بي لِڪ (Bee Lick) ڪريڪ، جيفرسن ميموريل ٻيلي ۾، نيشنل آڊوبون سوسائٽي جي هڪ جهنگلي جيوت جي پناهگاهه.

فطري محفوظ علائقو (Natural Reserve )، جنهن کي جهنگلي جيوت جي پناهگاهه، جهنگلي جيوت جو تحفظ، حياتياتي محفوظ علائقو، قدرت يا فطرت جي تحفظ واري علائقي جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، نباتات، جانورن، فنگس، يا جيولوجيڪل يا ٻين خاص دلچسپي جي خاصيتن لاءِ اهميت جو هڪ محفوظ علائقو آهي، جيڪو تحفظ جي مقصدن ۽ مطالعي يا تحقيق لاءِ خاص موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ محفوظ ۽ منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي. انهن کي ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ سرڪاري ادارن، يا خانگي ادارن، جهڙوڪ خيراتي ادارن ۽ تحقيقي ادارن پاران نامزد ڪيو وڃي ٿو. قدرتي ذخيرا مقامي قانونن پاران فراهم ڪيل تحفظ جي سطح جي لحاظ کان مختلف فطرت جي تحفظ لاءِ بين الاقوامي يونين (IUCN) جي زمرن ۾ اچن ٿا. عام طور تي اهو قدرتي يا فطري پارڪ کان وڌيڪ سختي سان محفوظ هوندو آهي. مختلف دائري اختيار قانون سازي ۾ ۽ ذخيرن جي سرڪاري عنوانن ۾ ٻين اصطلاحن، جهڙوڪ "ماحولياتي تحفظ وارو علائقو" يا "خانگي محفوظ علائقو" کي استعمال ڪري سگھن ٿا

تاريخ

[سنواريو]
چارلس واٽرٽن 1821ع ۾ پهريون فطري محفوظ علائقو قائم ڪيو.

جانورن لاءِ محفوظ علائقا قائم ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي سنڀال ڪرڻ جهڙا ثقافتي رواج قديم زماني کان موجود آهن؛ مثال طور، سري لنڪا جي بادشاهه "ديوانامپيا ٽسا" ٽين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ انوراڌاپورا جي قديم بادشاهت واري دور ۾ "ميهنٽالي جهنگلي جيوت جي پناهه گاهه" قائم ڪئي، جيڪا دنيا جي شروعاتي پناهه گاهن مان هڪ آهي.[1] شروعاتي محفوظ علائقن جي بنياد ۾ اڪثر مذهبي عنصر شامل هوندا هئا، جهڙوڪ اولهه آفريڪا جا ”شيطاني جهنگ“ (evil forest)؛ اهي علائقا انسانن لاءِ منع ٿيل هئا ۽ اتي وڃڻ جي صورت ۾ روحاني نقصان يا حملي جو خوف ڏيکاريو ويندو هو. دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي قديم تهذيبن ۾ اهڙن مقدس علائقن جو ذڪر ملي ٿو جتي انسانن جي داخلا، مڇي مارڻ ۽ شڪار ڪرڻ تي پابندي هوندي هئي.[2]

دنيا جو پهريون جديد فطري محفوظ علائقو 1821ع ۾ فطرت جي ماهر ۽ سياح چارلس واٽرٽن پاران ويسٽ يارڪ شائر ۾ واقع پنهنجي "والٽن هال" واري جاگير جي چوڌاري قائم ڪيو ويو. هن پنهنجي پارڪ کي غير قانوني شڪارين کان بچائڻ لاءِ ٽن ميلن جي ڊيگهه ۽ 9 فوٽن جي اوچائي واري ديوار ٺاهڻ تي 9000 پائونڊ خرچ ڪيا.[3] هن وڻ پوکڻ ۽ وڻن جي ٿڙن کي کوکلو ڪري چٻن لاءِ آکيرا ٺاهڻ ذريعي پکين جي زندگيءَ کي هٿي وٺائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڊرچنفيلس (Drachenfels)

واٽرٽن اسٽارلنگز، ويسٽرن جيڪڊا (Jackdaw) ۽ سينڊ مارٽن کي رکڻ لاءِ مصنوعي نيسٽ باڪس ايجاد ڪيا ۽ اٽلي کان ننڍڙن الو کي متعارف ڪرائڻ جي ناڪام ڪوشش ڪئي.[4] واٽرٽن مقامي ماڻهن کي پنهنجي رزرو تائين رسائي جي اجازت ڏني ۽ ڊيوڊ ايٽنبرو پاران بيان ڪيو ويو ته "ڪٿي به پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ هو جنهن نه رڳو اهو تسليم ڪيو ته قدرتي دنيا تمام گهڻي اهميت رکي ٿي پر ان کي تحفظ جي ضرورت آهي ڇاڪاڻ ته انسانيت ان تي وڌيڪ ۽ وڌيڪ مطالبا ڪري رهي آهي". [5]

ڊرچنفيلس (Drachenfels) کي جديد جرمني ۾ پهرين رياست پاران نامزد ڪيل نيچر رزرو طور محفوظ ڪيو ويو. سائيٽ کي 1836 ۾ پرشين سلطنت طرفان خريد ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان کي وڌيڪ کوٽائي کان بچايو وڃي.

پهريون وڏو نيچر رزرو آمريڪا جي وايومنگ ۾ ييلو اسٽون نيشنل پارڪ هو. ان کان پوءِ سڊني، آسٽريليا جي ويجهو رائل نيشنل پارڪ ۽ امپيريل روس جو "بارگوزين نيچر رزرو"، زپوويڊنڪس پهريون وفاقي حڪومت پاران فطرت جي سائنسي مطالعي لاءِ مڪمل طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.[6]

دنيا جي چوڌاري

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فنلينڊ جي ڪانٽا-هامي (Kanta-Häme) واري علائقي ۾ هيمينلينا (Hämeenlinna) ۾ واقع اولانڪو (Aulanko) ريزرو جو هڪ ٻيلو[7]

ڪيتريون ئي قومي ۽ بين الاقوامي تنظيمون موجود آهن جيڪي جانورن جي بي-منافعو (non-profit) پناهه گاهن ۽ محفوظ مرڪزن جي نگراني ڪن ٿيون، ته جيئن انهن لاءِ عمل ڪرڻ واسطي هڪ عام نظام مهيا ڪري سگهجي. انهن مان، "آمريڪي پناهه گاهه ايسوسيئيشن" (American Sanctuary Association) غير ملڪي يا ناياب جهنگلي جيوت جي سنڀال لاءِ مختلف مرڪزن جي نگراني ۽ مدد ڪري ٿي.[8] گذريل ڪجهه سالن دوران اهڙين پناهه گاهن جي تعداد ۾ نمايان اضافو ٿيو آهي.

آسٽريليا

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نيوزي لينڊ

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو نيوزيلينڊ جا محفوظ علائقا
نيوزيلينڊ ۾ اوراڪي/مائونٽ ڪڪ نيشنل پارڪ

نيوزيلينڊ ۾ مختلف قسمن جا محفوظ علائقا (reserves) موجود آهن، جن ۾ نيشنل پارڪ، تحفظ وارا مختلف علائقا (بشمول اهي زمينون جن جي اڃا باضابطه درجا بندي نه ٿي آهي)، ۽ ”رزرو“ جا ست خاص قسم شامل آهن؛ انهن مان هر هڪ مختلف شين جهڙوڪ قدرتي نظارن، تفريح، نباتات ۽ حيوانات، سائنسي اهميت يا تاريخ جي تحفظ کي مختلف درجن جي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. زمين کي اڪثر ڪري ان جي عام درجا بندي هيٺ ذيلي درجن ۾ ورهايو ويندو آهي، جيئن قانون (1977ع جو رزروز ايڪٽ، 1980ع جو نيشنل پارڪس ايڪٽ ۽ 1987ع جو ڪنزرويشن ايڪٽ) ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي. درجا بندين تحت، "محڪمه تحفظ" (Department of Conservation) 80,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (31,000 چورس ميل) کان وڌيڪ علائقي — جيڪو ملڪ جي ڪل ايراضيءَ جو تقريباً 30 سيڪڙو آهي — جو انتظام سنڀالي ٿو، جتي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪنهن نه ڪنهن درجي جو تحفظ فراهم ڪيو وڃي ٿو. هيءَ زمين مجموعي طور تي 14 نيشنل پارڪن، 30 ڪنزرويشن پارڪن ۽ تقريباً 8,900 الڳ الڳ زميني علائقن تي مشتمل آهي.

جيتوڻيڪ گهڻي ڀاڱي عوامي زمين کي قدرتي تحفظ لاءِ سختيءَ سان محفوظ بڻايو ويو آهي، پر ”نيچر رزرو“ (قدرتي محفوظ علائقي) جي اصطلاح جي تعريف ”رزروز ايڪٽ“ ۾ خاص طور تي ان علائقي لاءِ ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪو ناياب نباتات ۽ حيوانات جي تحفظ کي اوليت ڏئي ٿو؛ ايتري قدر جو اتي عوامي رسائي صرف خاص اجازت نامي (پرمٽ) ذريعي ئي ممڪن هوندي آهي. انهن محفوظ علائقن مان ڪجهه ۾ ”ايڪولوجيڪل آئلينڊز“ (ماحولياتي ٻيٽ) شامل آهن، جيڪو جهنگلي جيوت جي تحفظ ۾ هڪ نسبتاً نئون تصور آهي. هن تصور جي شروعات نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ان مقصد لاءِ ڪئي وئي هئي ته جيئن تقريباً ختم ٿيڻ جي ڪناري تي پهتل پکين ۽ ٻين اهڙين نسلن جي آباديءَ کي ٻيهر بحال ڪري سگهجي، جن کي ٻاهران آندل شڪاري جانورن (predators) کان سخت خطرو لاحق هو.

آسٽريليا

[سنواريو]

آسٽريليا ۾، "قدرتي محفوظ علائقو" (Nature Reserve) هڪ اهڙي قسم جي محفوظ علائقي جو نالو آهي جيڪو آسٽريلين ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري، نيو سائوٿ ويلز، تسمانيا ۽ ويسٽرن آسٽريليا جي اختيار وارن علائقن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو. "قدرتي محفوظ علائقي" جي اصطلاح جي تشريح ڪنهن هڪ قومي قانون بدران، انهن رياستن ۽ علائقن ۾ لاڳو قانونن تحت ڪئي وئي آهي. 2016 تائين، آسٽريليا جي نيشنل ريزرو سسٽم ۾ درج ڪيل ڪل 11,044 محفوظ علائقن مان 1,767 علائقن پنهنجي نالن ۾ "قدرتي محفوظ علائقي" جو اصطلاح استعمال ڪيو. [9]

آفريڪا

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South Africa

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Matjulu waterhole near Berg-en-dal in the Kruger National Park
With ≈9000 plant species found in ≈78km², the Cape Floristic Region has a concentration of plants that is greater than anywhere else on earth.
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو South African National Parks ۽ List of protected areas of South Africa

South Africa is well known for its many nature reserves. The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the Groenkloof Nature Reserve that was established in 1892 in the capital city Pretoria in the old South African Republic and current Republic of South Africa.

The country has many national parks but the best-known is the Kruger National Park, which was announced in 1898, and is the largest, at nearly 2,000,000 ha (20,000 km2). The Kruger Park and Table Mountain National Park are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions, along with the Addo Elephant National Park.

South Africa also has 10 World Heritage Sites, including four natural sites and one mixed site. And it has provincial game reserves including Shamwari, Londolozi, Sanbona and Lalibela. The country currently has 20 national parks covering 3,700,000 ha (37,000 km2), about 3% of the total area of South Africa.

The Prince Edward Islands, which are South African territories in the Southern Ocean, have been declared a special nature reserve. It is a highly protected area from which all human activity is excluded, except for conservation and scientific research.

ايشيا

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اتر آمريڪا

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ڏکڻ آمريڪا

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برازيل

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برازيل ۾، قدرتي محفوظ علائقن (Nature Reserve) جي درجا بندي "نيشنل سسٽم آف نيچر ڪنزرويشن يونٽس" پاران "ايڪولوجيڪل اسٽيشنز" (پرتگالي: estações ecológicas) يا "بايولاجيڪل ريزرو" (پرتگالي: reservas biológicas) طور ڪئي وڃي ٿي.[10] انهن جا بنيادي مقصد مقامي نباتات، حيوانات ۽ ٻين قدرتي خاصيتن کي محفوظ بڻائڻ آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني مداخلت شامل نه هوندي آهي. اتي گهمڻ جي اجازت صرف خاص اجازت سان ۽ صرف تعليمي يا سائنسي مقصدن لاءِ ڏني ويندي آهي.[11]ٻنهي قسمن جي محفوظ علائقن ۾ ماحولياتي نظام (ecosystems) ۾ تبديليءَ جي اجازت ان لاءِ ڏني ويندي آهي ته جيئن قدرتي توازن، حياتياتي تنوع ۽ قدرتي ماحولياتي عملن کي بحال ۽ محفوظ رکي سگهجي. ايڪولوجيڪل اسٽيشنز ۾ سائنسي تحقيق جي مقصد لاءِ سختي سان مقرر ڪيل حدن اندر ماحول کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي به اجازت هوندي آهي (مثال طور، علائقي جي ٽن سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ حصي يا 1,500 هيڪٽرن تي اثر نه پوي، انهن مان جيڪو به گهٽ هجي). برازيل ۾ جهنگلي جيوت جو محفوظ علائقو (wildlife reserve) پڻ محفوظ هوندو آهي ۽ اتي شڪار جي اجازت نه هوندي آهي، پر تحقيق مان حاصل ٿيندڙ شين ۽ ضمني شين (by-products) کي وڪرو ڪري سگهجي ٿو.[11]

برازيل ۾ جهنگلي جيوت جي پناهه گاهن (wildlife refuges) جو مقصد قدرتي نباتات ۽ حيوانات جي حفاظت ڪرڻ آهي، جتي مقامي نباتات ۽ اتي رهندڙ يا لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ جانورن جي نسلن يا برادرين جي بقا ۽ نسل وڌائڻ لاءِ سازگار حالتون يقيني بڻايون وينديون آهن. اهي پناهه گاهه خانگي ملڪيت واري زمين تي به مشتمل ٿي سگهن ٿا، بشرطيڪ ان يونٽ جا مقصد زمين جي مالڪن پاران زمين ۽ قدرتي عوامي دورا ان يونٽ جي انتظامي منصوبي تحت مقرر ڪيل شرطن ۽ پابندين جي تابع هوندا، ۽ اهي مکيه انتظامي ۽ سائنسي تحقيقي اداري جي اجازت ۽ ضابطن جي تابع هوندا.[12]

Canada

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The Niagara Escarpment and the St. Lawrence River in Ontario are among the 18 nature reserves recognized by UNESCO in Canada.

As a federal government, Canada recognizes 55 National Wildlife Areas, containing species of ecological significance. This area is protected by legislation known as the Canada Wildlife Act, which is overseen by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. About half of the habitat is marine habitat, and the remainder is terrestrial habitat.

Nature Conservancy Canada, Ducks Unlimited, and Escarpment Biosphere Conservancy, among others, protect nature reserves in Canada as well. As part of Canada's Ecological Gifts Program, these charities protect wilderness on privately owned lands.

Egypt

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There are 30 nature reserves in Egypt which cover 12% of Egyptian land. Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no. 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve. Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to help protect the natural resources and the culture and history of those areas. The largest nature reserve in Egypt is Gebel Elba (35,600 چور�ڪلو� ميٽرs (13,700 sq mi)) in the southeast, on the Red Sea coast.

Eritrea

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On 16 March 1959, the British established the Yob Wildlife Reserve in northern Eritrea specifically to protect significant populations of Nubian ibex in the area.[حوالو گهربل]

يورپ

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A bridged stone river in Bistrishko Branishte, an early Bulgarian nature reserve established in 1934

Denmark

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Denmark has three national parks and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers 40 km2 (9,900 ايڪڙ) and is part of Thy National Park.

Sweden

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In Sweden, there are 30 national parks. The first of them was established in 1909.[13] There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden. They comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Environmental Code.[14]

Estonia

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The Tarvasjõgi river at Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve in Estonia

In Estonia, there are five national parks, more than 100 nature reserves, and around 130 landscape protection areas. The largest nature reserve in Estonia is Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve, which covers 342 km2 (85,000 ايڪڙ).

France

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As of 2017, France counts 10 national parks, around 50 regional nature parks, and 8 marine parks.

Germany

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In 1995 Germany had 5,314 nature reserves (جرمن: Naturschutzgebiete) covering 6,845 km2 (2,643 sq mi), the largest total areas being in Bavaria with 1,416 km2 (547 sq mi) and Lower Saxony with 1,275 km2 (492 sq mi).

Hungary

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Nature reserve near Budapest, next to Lake Naplás

In Hungary, there are 10 national parks, more than 15 nature reserves and more than 250 protected areas. Hortobágy National Park is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe and the oldest national park in Hungary. It is situated on the eastern part of Hungary, on the plain of the Alföld. It was established in 1972. There are alkaline grasslands interrupted by marshes. They have a sizable importance because there are the fishponds. One of the most spectacular sights of the park is the autumn migration of cranes. Some famous Hungarian animal species live in Hortobágy National Park, such as the grey cattle, racka long-wool sheep living only in Hungary, Hungarian horses and buffalo. Hortobágy National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1 December 1999.

Kosovo

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Protected areas of Kosovo

In Kosovo, there are 2 national parks, 11 nature reserves, 99 natural monuments and 3 protected landscapes.[15] The national parks are Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park and Sharr Mountains National Park.

Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park, one of two national parks in Kosovo

Poland

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Nature reserves in Poland
Path on Szczeliniec Wielki, a famous nature reserve in the Stołowe Mountains in SW Poland

As of 2011, Poland has 1469 nature reserves.[16]

Portugal

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Protected areas of Portugal

Nature reserves are one of the 11 types of protected areas in Portugal. As of 2012, Portugal had a total of 46 protected areas, which represented 6,807.89 km2 (2,628.54 sq mi) of land and 463.94 km2 (179.13 sq mi) of marine surfaces. Among the protected areas, nine are classified as nature reserve (پورچوگيزي: reserva natural).[17][18]

Romania

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Protected areas of Romania

About 5.18% of the area of Romania has a protected status (12,360 km2 (4,770 sq mi)), including the Danube Delta, which makes up half of this area (2.43% of Romania's total area).

Spain

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There are 15 National Parks, and around 90 Natural Parks in Spain. Spain is the country with the most sites listed in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

Ukraine

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There are 4 biosphere reserves (two of them are dated 1927 and 1874) and 17 nature reserves in Ukraine, covering 160,000 ha (400,000 ايڪڙ). Ukraine administers 40 national parks, 2632 habitat management areas, 3025 nature monuments, and 1430 other preservations.

United Kingdom

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There are some differences between the regulations for England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, which are separately managed.

At the end of March 2004, there were 215 national nature reserves in England with a total area of 879 km2 (339 sq mi). The reserves are scattered through England, from Lindisfarne in Northumberland to The Lizard in Cornwall. Nearly every rural county has at least one. Many national nature reserves contain nationally important populations of rare flowers, ferns and mosses, butterflies and other insects, and nesting and wintering birds. Examples include unique alpine plants at Upper Teesdale and the field of snake's head fritillaries at North Meadow, Cricklade, Wiltshire.

There are now over 1,050 local nature reserves in England. They range from windswept coastal headlands, ancient woodlands and flower-rich meadows to former inner-city railways, long-abandoned landfill sites and industrial areas now re-colonized by wildlife. In total, they cover almost 40,000 ha (99,000 ايڪڙ)—a natural resource which makes an important contribution to England's biodiversity. A good example is Rye Harbour Nature Reserve in East Sussex, where a network of footpaths enables visitors to explore shingle, saltmarsh, saline lagoon, reedbed, and grazing marsh habitats.

Through the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) was established in 1992 as a government body, responsible to the Scottish Government Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament. At 31 March 2008, there were 65 Scottish national nature reserves with a total area of approximately 1,330 km2 (510 sq mi). Section 21 of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 gives local authorities the exclusive statutory power to establish a local nature reserve in consultation with the SNH.[19]

Iran

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Dena, a biosphere reserve in Iran
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Biosphere reserves of Iran

The biosphere reserves of Iran have a total land area of 1.64 million km2. The "reserves" support more than 8,000 recorded species of plants (almost 2,421 are endemic), 502 species of birds, 164 species of mammals, 209 species of reptiles, and 375 species of butterflies.[20]

India

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Biosphere reserves of India

India's 18 biospheres extend over a total of 85,940 km2 (33,180 sq mi) and protect larger areas than typical national parks in other countries. The first national reserve of India was established in 1986.

Israel

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Nature reserves of Israel

Israel's national parks are declared historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated and maintained by the National Nature and Parks Authority. As of 2019, Israel maintains more than 490 nature reserves that protect 2,500 species of indigenous wild plants, 20 species of fish, 530 species of birds and 70 species of mammals. In total, they cover 6,400 km2 (2,500 sq mi) of nature reserves, approximately 28% of the country's land area. In 1984, the two areas with the highest number of nature reserves were the South (15.2%) and Samaria (the Shomron, 13.5%).[21]

Japan

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Under the Nature Conservation Law, places can be designated as 'wilderness areas', 'nature conservation areas' and 'prefectural nature conservation areas'. In 1995, when the Japanese Government published its information in English, there were 5 wilderness areas, 10 nature conservation areas and 516 prefectural nature conservation areas.[22]

Jordan

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Nature reserves in Jordan

There are seven nature reserves in Jordan. In 1966 the organization that would later start Jordan's nature reserves, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, was founded. RSCN's first efforts involved bringing back severely endangered species. In 1973, RSCN was given the right to issue hunting licenses, giving RSCN an upper hand in preventing extinction. The first step was the founding of Jordan's first nature reserve, Shaumari Wildlife Reserve, in 1975. The primary purpose was to create means to breed endangered species, specifically: the Arabian oryx, gazelles, ostriches, and Persian onagers in their natural environment.

Kyrgyzstan

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By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves (Kyrgyz: корук, koruk) in Kyrgyzstan covering 600,000 هيڪٽر (6,000 km2) or about three percent of the total area of the country.

Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala

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In 2025, these three countries developed a tri-national nature reserve, the Corredor Biocultural Gran Selva Maya, which is the second largest nature reserve in the Americas.[23]

Nicaragua

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Peñas Blancas, part of the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve is the second largest rainforest in the Western Hemisphere, after the Amazonian Rainforest in Brazil. Located northeast of the city of Jinotega in Northeastern Nicaragua.

In Nicaragua, the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) is in charge of environmental protection and of the study, planning, and management of Nicaragua's natural resources. Nearly one-fifth of the territory is designated as protected areas like national parks, nature reserves (including the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve), and biological reserves. Nicaragua has 78 protected areas that cover 22,422 km2 (8,657 sq mi), about 17.3% of the nation's landmass. Private nature reserves exist with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor. For example, O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation, Or El Ostional Private Wildlife Reserve, was established within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor by retired FDNY firefighter Kevin Michael Shea, who purchased 46 ايڪڙ (0.19 km2) of land for the purpose of restoring the ecological system of a dry tropical forest, ravaged during the Nicaraguan Revolution. The park provides a private nature reserve, wildlife corridor and verified carbon credits.[24]

Russia

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اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Zapovednik
South Ural Nature Reserve in Russia

There are around 100 nature reserves (Russian: заповедник, romanized: zapovednik) in Russia, covering some 330,000 km2 (130,000 sq mi), or about 1.4% of the country's total area. A few of them predate the October Revolution of 1917, but most have been created during the Soviet Union era. There are also natural protected areas where only certain species are protected, or only certain activities are prohibited; those are known as zakaznik (Russian: заказник).

Unofficial sanctuaries can also occur as a result of human accidents; the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone has in practice become a wildlife refuge since very few people live in the area. Wildlife has flourished in the zone since the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986.[25]

Sri Lanka

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The area around Mihintale, Sri Lanka, was a sanctuary for wildlife,[26] probably the first of its generation in the ancient world. According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy trees within the area.

United States

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Cascade Head, Oregon, United States, is a UNESCO biosphere reserve.

In the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, managed by the Secretary of the Interior, is responsible for managing many of the federal nature reserves including the National Wildlife Refuge System. The National Wildlife Refuge System includes areas administered for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, as well as wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.[27]

The first North American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife sanctuary at Lake Merritt, was established by Samuel Merritt and enacted in California state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.[28] The first federally owned refuge in the United States is Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge and was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 as part of his Square Deal campaign to improve the country. At the time, setting aside land for wildlife was not a constitutional right of the president. In 2006, a bi-partisan group of US House of Representatives members established the Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus to further support the needs of the National Wildlife Refuge System in Congress.

There are also state-level administered State Nature Reserves found throughout the country, as well as smaller reserves operated by local governments, private trusts, or even funded through public donations. Private nature reserves also exist, with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor, such as the 1,800 ايڪڙ (730 ha) Wilbur Hot Springs and the Unexpected Nature Reserve set up by Hope Sawyer Buyukmihci.

پڻ ڏسو

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حوالا

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  1. ↑ The National Atlas of Sri Lanka (2nd ڇاپو). Department of Survey. 2007. ص. 86. ISBN 978-955-9059-04-2.
  2. ↑ "Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS)". محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 28 October 2011 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 October 2011 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  3. ↑ "Walton Hall history". اصل نسخو مان 20 آگسٽ 2010 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 17 ڊسمبر 2012 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  4. ↑ "Charles Waterton (1782–1865)". اصل نسخو مان 17 December 2013 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 29 June 2014 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  5. ↑ Wakefield Express (23 February 2013). "Sir David Attenborough will open city centre's new museum". اصل نسخو مان 26 February 2013 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 24 August 2014 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  6. ↑ Weiner, Douglas R. (1988). Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia. University of Pittsburgh Press. ص. 29. ISBN 978-0-8229-5733-1.
  7. ↑ Directions to Aulanko آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 29 August 2021 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. - Nationalparks.fi
  8. ↑ "Accreditation". Yellowstone Wildlife Sanctuary (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 8 December 2019 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2020-02-26 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  9. ↑ "Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type (2014)". CAPAD 2014. Australian Government – Department of the Environment. 2014. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 7 May 2015 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 September 2015 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  10. ↑ Ecological Station, Instituto Socioambiental, اصل نسخو مان 23 October 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل, 30 April 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل
  11. 1 2 Categorias (پورٽگليز ۾), ICMBio, محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 13 July 2016 تي محفوظ ڪيل, 16 July 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل
  12. ↑ "Brazil 2000. Federal Law Nº 9.985 of 07/18/2000. Regulates article 225 of the Federal Constitution and institutes the National System of Units of Conservation and other provisions" (PDF). اصل نسخو (PDF) مان 30 March 2013 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 15 March 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  13. ↑ "Sveriges nationalparker" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 10 May 2021 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Retrieved 16 July 2021
  14. ↑ "Sveriges nationalparker" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 4 June 2016 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Retrieved 14 May 2016
  15. ↑ Veselaj, Zeqir; Mustafa, Behxhet (2015-12-28). "Overview of Nature Protection Progress in Kosovo". Landscape Online 45: 1–10. doi:10.3097/LO.201545. ISSN 1865-1542. https://landscape-online.org/index.php/lo/article/view/LO.201545.
  16. ↑ Dariusz Bochenek, ed. "Ochrona środowiska 2012". Ochrona Środowiska (Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny): 277. ISSN 0867-3217. http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/se_ochrona_srodowiska_2012.pdf. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  17. ↑ List of Protected areas in Mainland Portugal, Portuguese Forest and Nature Conservation Institute: "Áreas Protegidas". INCF. اصل نسخو مان 4 November 2016 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  18. ↑ "Áreas protegidas e Rede Natura ocupavam quase um quarto de Portugal continental em 2010". PÚBLICO. 12 January 2012. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 4 November 2016 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 1 November 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  19. ↑ "Scottish National Heritage (SNH)". اصل نسخو مان 18 March 2010 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 27 October 2011 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  20. ↑ "Islamic Republic of Iran". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. June 2015. اصل نسخو مان May 7, 2021 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2020-12-19 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  21. ↑ Hareuveni, Imanuel (1985). קום התהלך בארץ: מדריך שמורות טבע בישראל [Nature Reserves in Israel] (عبراني ۾) (2nd ڇاپو). Israel: Israel Ministry of Defense. ص. 482. ISBN 965-05-0193-2. חוק גנים לאומיים ושמורות טבע תשכ"ג – 1963. 'שמורת טבע' – שטח שבו נשמרים חי, צומח, קרקע, מערות או מים, שיש בהם ענין של מדע או של חנוך, מפני שינויים בלתי רצויים במראם, בהרכבם הביאולוגי או במהלך התפתחותם, וששר הפנים, לפי הצעת שר החקלאות או לאחר התיעצות אתו, הכריז עליו ברשומות שהוא שמורת טבע.
  22. ↑ "Nature Conservation in Japan". Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan. 31 March 1995. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 30 January 2013 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 24 September 2012 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  23. ↑ "México, Guatemala y Belice crean el Corredor Biocultural de la Gran Selva Maya, el más grande del mundo". Aristegui Noticias (هسپانوي ۾). 2025-08-23 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  24. ↑ "O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation". محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 18 December 2014 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 17 October 2014 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  25. ↑ Mulvey, Stephen (20 April 2006). "Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation". BBC News. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 5 November 2017 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 13 December 2017 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  26. ↑ LankaLibrary (11 June 2006). "Mihintale – The first sanctuary in the world". LankaLibrary Forum. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 7 June 2011 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 10 August 2011 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  27. ↑ "Glossary". www.fws.gov. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, Division of Refuge Planning, Mountain-Prairie Region. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 11 April 2017 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 10 April 2017 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  28. ↑ "Lake Merritt – Wildlife Sanctuary". City of Oakland. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 26 April 2012 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 22 December 2011 تي حاصل ڪيل.

ٻاهرين ڳنڍڻا

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سانچو:Natural resources

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