مواد ڏانھن هلو

فرانس ۾ اسلام

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان

"فرانس جا مسلمان" ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو. For هن نالي واري تنظيم, see فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم).
فرانس جا مسلمان
French Muslims
جامع مسجد، پيرس
جامع مسجد، پيرس
ڪل پوئلڳ
انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10[1]
باني
پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ
علائقا نمايان آبادي سميت
آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ
مذھب

گهڻو ڪري سني اسلام
اقليتون: صوفي، شيعه ۽ عبادي اسلام

مقدس ڪتاب
ٻوليون
بنيادي طور تي فرانسيسي ان کان علاوه عربي، ترڪ، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون.

اسلام عيسائيت کان پوءِ فرانس ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (INSEE جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).[1]

فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان سني فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. شيعه ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, مئيوٽ ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.[2]

سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. [3] انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.[4]

هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.[5] جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.[6] شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.[5]

تاريخ

[سنواريو]

ابتدائي تاريخ

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو سيپٽيمانيا ۽ فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد
طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع
پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع
سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو

آئبيريائي جزيري نما ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، اموي خلافت جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، اندلس وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو.

سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.[7] رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.[8][9] [10] فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو.

سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.

سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.[11]

1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ

[سنواريو]

1960ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري الجيريا ۽ اتر آفريڪا ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي.

مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل

[سنواريو]

جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي.

headed by the rector of the Paris Mosque, Dalil Boubakeur – who harshly criticized the controversial Union of Islamic Organisations of France (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on laïcité have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF.

Second generation immigrants

[سنواريو]

The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,[12] the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their homeland, asked for French nationality before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in housing projects, having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.[حوالو گهربل]

Olivier Roy indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, Moroccans, Tunisians, etc.).

The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,[13] is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.[14]

Maghrebis

[سنواريو]

According to Michèle Tribalat, a researcher at INED, people of Maghrebi origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from Algeria, 27.5% from Morocco, and 11.4% from Tunisia). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and Turkey (8.6%).[15] She estimated that there were 3.5 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7 million in 2005).[16] Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the Paris region. Many famous French people like Edith Piaf,[17] Isabelle Adjani, Arnaud Montebourg, Alain Bashung, Dany Boon, and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry.

Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands[اپڊيٽ گھربل آھي]:

Country 1999 2005 % 1999/2005 % French population (60.7 million in 2005)
Algeria1,5771,865+18.3%3.1%
Immigrants574679
Born in France1,0031,186
Morocco1,0051,201+19.5%2.0%
Immigrants523625
Born in France482576
Tunisia417458+9.8%0.8%
Immigrants202222
Born in France215236
Total Maghreb2,9993,524+17.5%5.8%
Immigrants1 2991 5262.5%
Born in France1 7001 9983.3%

In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in Metropolitan France, 12% in Greater Paris and above 20% in French département of Seine-Saint-Denis.[18][19]

% in 2005 Seine-Saint-Denis Val-de-Marne Val-d'Oise Lyon Paris France
Total Maghreb 22.0% 13.2% 13.0% 13.0% 12.1% 6.9%

In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, INSEE, estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of Maghrebi origin.[20][21]

According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.[22]

Religious practices

[سنواريو]

A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.[3]

The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.[4]

The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of laïcité, as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray (salat) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of Ramadan, and 66% abstain from alcohol.[5] Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.[23][24] According to expert Franck Fregosi: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",[5] and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".[5]

Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an Islamic community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status.

Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (Fédération des musulmans de France) with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (Union des organizations islamiques de France) (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim places of worship in France.[25]

Education

[سنواريو]

Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 separation of Church and State, Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in La Réunion (a French island to the east of Madagascar), and the first Muslim collège (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in Aubervilliers (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state).

Radicalization

[سنواريو]

In November 2015 in the aftermath of the Paris attacks, French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in Lagny-sur-Marne, Lyon, and Gennevilliers.[26] Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.[27]

Due to the deadly attacks in 2015, France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President François Hollande and prime minister Manuel Valls saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".[28]:13–15, 24, 26, 35–36

In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating Salafist ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of hate speech.[29] In 2016, French authorities stated that 15000 of the 20000 individuals on the list of security threats belong to Islamist movements.[30]

In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator Gilles de Kerchove estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.[31]

In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the prison population.[28]:25 This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.[28]:25

In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.[32]

In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating political Islam and communitarian ideas.[33]

In October 2020, President Emmanuel Macron announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign imams, restrictions on homeschooling, and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle Islamic fundamentalism.[34] His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides virginity certificates for traditional, religious marriages. ANCIC stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."[35] On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.[36]

Terrorist attacks in France

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو [[]] ۽ Islamic terrorism in Europe

France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the Lebanese Civil War. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA).

In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.[28]:13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70 Le Monde reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.[37]

In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.[38]

The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister François Hollande and prime minister Manuel Valls saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".[28]:13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70

Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:[39]

  • France's secular domestic policies (Laïcité) which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".[39]
  • France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.[40]
  • France has a large Muslim minority[40]
  • France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.[41]
  • Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, Marianne, the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an anticlerical satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom[مشڪوڪ – ڇانڊڻ لاءِ ڳالهه ڪيو]. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.[41]

In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to Laurent Nuñez, the director of CNRLT, who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".[42]

Law against Islamist extremism

[سنواريو]

Murder of Samuel Paty

Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam

[سنواريو]

In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.[43]

انضمام

[سنواريو]

قبول ٿيل فرانسيسي شهري

[سنواريو]

فرانس ۾ اسلامي انتهاپسندن جي دهشتگرد حملن جي باوجود، ڪجهه مطالعا اهو نتيجو ڪڍيا آهن ته فرانس هڪ اهڙو يورپي ملڪ آهي، جتي مسلمان بهترين طور تي ضم ٿين ٿا ۽ پنهنجي ملڪ لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ عقيدت محسوس ڪن ٿا ۽ اهو ته فرانسيسي مسلمان مختلف عقيدن جي پنهنجن ساٿي شهرين بابت سڀ کان وڌيڪ مثبت رايا رکن ٿا. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر آن انٽيگريشن جو سال 2006ع جو مطالعو هڪ اهڙو ئي مطالعو آهي. يورو-اسلام (جي ايس آر ايل پيرس/سي اين آر ايس فرانس پاران اسپانسر ڪيل مغرب ۾ اسلام ۽ مسلمانن تي هڪ تقابلي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪ) ۽ هارورڊ يونيورسٽي جي مطالعي مطابق، پيرس ۽ آس پاس جي ايل-ڊي-فرانس علائقي ۾، جتي فرانسيسي مسلمان وڌيڪ تعليم يافته ۽ مذهبي هوندا آهن، وڏي اڪثريت تشدد کي رد ڪري ٿي ۽ چوي ٿي ته هنن فرانس سان وفادار آهن. ٻئي طرف، فرانسيسي روزاني لي مونڊ پاران شايع ٿيل هڪ سروي ظاهر ڪيو ته، %89 ڪيٿولڪزم کي مطابقت رکندڙ ۽ %75٪ يهوديت کي مطابقت رکندڙ جي سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ جي مقابلي ۾، صرف 26 سيڪڙو فرانسيسي جواب ڏيندڙن جو يقين هو ته اسلام فرانسيسي سماج سان مطابقت رکي ٿو. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران سال 2014ع جو هڪ سروي مان ظاهر ٿيو ته سڀني يورپين مان فرانسيسي مسلمان اقليتن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند (%72 هڪ پسنديده راءِ رکن ٿا) ڪن ٿا.

مذهبيت

[سنواريو]

سال 2020ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فرانسيس ڊي اوپينين پبلڪ جي هڪ سروي موجب، %46 مسلمانن، فرانسيسي عوام جي حصي (%17) کان ٻه ڀيرا وڌيڪ، اهو خيال ڏنو ته انهن جا مذهبي عقيدا فرانسيسي جمهوريه جي قدرن ۽ قانونن کان وڌيڪ اهم آهن. 5 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن مسلمانن ۾ هڪ وڏي اڪثريت (%74) پنهنجي مذهب کي فرانسيسي قانونن ۽ قدرن کان وڌيڪ اهم سمجهيو

LGBT قبوليت

[سنواريو]

سال 2009ع جي گيلپ پول ڏيکاريو ته %35 فرانسيسي مسلمانن جو خيال هو ته هم جنس پرستي اخلاقي طور تي قابل قبول آهي.

بيروزگاري

[سنواريو]

آڪٽوبر 2020ع ۾، مسلمانن ۾ بيروزگاري، آبادي جي %8 جي ڀيٽ ۾ %14، تمام گهڻي هئي.

تعليم

[سنواريو]

سال 2016ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ مونٽين جي هڪ سروي موجب، فرانس ۾ 15 سيڪڙو مسلمانن وٽ ڪا به تعليمي قابليت نه هئي ۽ 25 سيڪڙو وٽ ثانوي تعليم (Baccalauréat) کان گهٽ هئي. 12 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليم هئي، وڌيڪ 20 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ تعليم هئي. اهو اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن ۾ مسلمان شاگرد 10 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ آهن.


the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the Pew Research Center on Integration is one such study.[44] In Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/CNRS France and Harvard University.[45][46] On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily Le Monde, indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).[47][48] A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.[49][50][51] Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.[24]

In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.[52]

Religiosity

[سنواريو]

According to a poll by Institut français d'opinion publique in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.[53]

LGBT acceptance

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو LGBT in Islam

The 2009 Gallup poll showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.[54]

Unemployment

[سنواريو]

In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).[55]

Education

[سنواريو]

According to a poll by Institut Montaigne in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education (Baccalauréat). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.[56] It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French Catholic schools.[57]

امتياز

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو فرانس ۾ اسلاموفوبيا

سال 2010ع ۾، هڪ مطالعي جنهن جو عنوان آهي "ڇا فرانسيسي مسلمان پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ امتيازي سلوڪ جا شڪار آهن؟" اهو معلوم ٿيو ته "نوڪري جي انٽرويو جي اميد ۾ ريزيوم موڪليندڙ مسلمانن کي عيسائين جي ڀيٽ ۾، ساڳين سندن سان "انهن جي درخواستن تي مثبت جواب" سان 2.5 ڀيرا گهٽ موقعو مليو".

ٻيو مثال 2004ع ۾ نابالغن لاءِ سرڪاري اسڪولن ۾ نمائشي مذهبي نشانين تي فرانسيسي پابندي آهي، جنهن نوجوان مسلمان ڇوڪرين کي سرڪاري اسڪولن کان ٻاهر اسڪولن ۾ حجاب نه پائڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.


In 2010, a study entitled Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country? found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".[58]

Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.[59]

Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near Arras. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.[60] Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.[61] Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.[62][63] On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris.[64]

On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in Créteil,[65] a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. Le Parisien claims the suspect, of Armenian origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.[66]

In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.[67] According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.[68][69][70] More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.[71] The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.[72] 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.[67] The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.[67] The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.[67] 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.[67] The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.[67] In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.[71]

In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."[73]

Public opinion

[سنواريو]

A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by Chatham House found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.[74] A survey published in 2019 by the Pew Research Center found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.[75]

Repercussions

[سنواريو]

The 2005 French riots have been controversially[76] interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in Vaulx-en-Velin in 1979, and in Vénissieux in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999.

Furthermore, although Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.[77][78]

In 2014, an analysis by The Washington Post showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.[79] The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.[80] Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.[80][81] In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for Ramadan, an indication of their religious affiliation.[81]

Hijab

[سنواريو]
Mannequins in the city of Béziers advertising the hijab

The wearing of hijab in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services.

In 1994, the French Ministry for Education sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".[82]

Leila Babes in her book The Veil Demystified, believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.[83]

The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of laïcité. In December 2003, President Jacques Chirac said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and Jewish populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe.

The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the collège Gabriel-Havez in Creil (north of Paris). In November, the First Conseil d'État ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of freedom of religious expression, in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of laïcité. In December, a first ministerial circular (circulaire Jospin) was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves.

In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the collège Pasteur in Noyon, north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the collège Gabriel-Havez in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a collège in Nantua (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of laïcité in public schools.

In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (circulaire Bayrou) was published, making a distinction between "discreet" symbols to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the lycée Saint Exupéry in Mantes-la-Jolie (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the lycée Saint Exupéry in Mantes-la-Jolie and the lycée Faidherbe in Lille.

In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to laïcité requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish yarmulkes, or large Christian crosses.[84] It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of faith such as small crosses, Stars of David, or Fatima's hands.

Two French journalists working in Iraq, Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "Islamic Army in Iraq" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.[85]

The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the Congrès de Versailles, President Nicolas Sarkozy declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by André Gerin (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.[86] There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."[87]

A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."[87]

On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.[88]

Foot Locker store in Saint Denis with mannequins advertising sports hijab in 2022.

In February 2019, Decathlon, Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a sports hijab in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in Morocco the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While Nike had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."[89]

سياست

[سنواريو]

رسمي ۽ گڏوگڏ غير رسمي مسلم تنظيمون، نئين فرانسيسي شهرين کي ضم ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪن ٿيون. "پارٽي ايگلٽي ۽ جسٽس" جهڙيون ڪيتريون ئي سياسي پارٽيون هاڻي ظاهر ٿيون آهن، انهن جون سڀ کان وڌيڪ سرگرميون گهر جي ڪم ۾ مدد ۽ عربي ۾ ٻولي جا ڪلاس آهن ۽ پنگ پانگ ۽ مسلم بحث گروپ وغيره پڻ عام آهن. بهرحال، اميگريشن جي عمل ۾ مدد ڪرڻ ۾ سرگرم سڀ کان اهم تنظيمون يا ته سيڪيولر آهن يا عيسائي آهن. *

مسلمانن جو سڀ کان اهم قومي ادارو، "فرانس جي مسلمانن جي ڪونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman) آهي. هي ادارو، "فرانس ۾ يهودين جي ڪنسورسيم (Consistoire Juif de France) ۽ "فرانس ۾ پروٽسٽنٽن جي فيڊريشن" (Fédération protestante de France)، ٻئي نپولين جو اختراع، جي ماڊل تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. ڪونسل، CFCM جو مقصد (پنهنجي يهودي ۽ پروٽسٽنٽ هم منصبن وانگر) رياست سان مذهبي مسئلي تي بحث ڪرڻ، ڪجهه سرڪاري ادارن ۾ حصو وٺڻ ۽ فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي مذهبي زندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ آهي. CFCM مقامي چونڊن ذريعي فرانسيسي مسلمانن پاران چونڊي ويندي آهي. اها فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي واحد سرڪاري مثال آهي. *

سال 2003ع ۾ چونڊيل CFCM ۾ چار تنظيمون نمائندگي ڪري رهيون هيون؛ "پيرس جي جامع مسجد" (Grande mosquée de Paris)، فرانس ۾ اسلامي تنظيمن جي يونين" (Union des organizations islamiques de France)، "فرانس جي مسلمانن جي قومي فيڊريشن" (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) ۽ "ترڪ مسلمانن جي رابطا ڪميٽي" (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). سال 2008ع ۾ هڪ نئين ڪائونسل چونڊجي وئي، جن جي فاتح، "فرانس ۾ مسلمانن جي ٻيهر تنظيم سازي" (Rasemblement des musulmans de France) هئي. ووٽن جي وڏي اڪثريت سان، ان کان پوءِ UOIF ۽ CCMTF آهن. اها هڪ تمام وسيع ۽ نوجوان تنظيم آهي ۽ اهم مسئلن تي اتفاق راءِ جي شروعات آهي.

ٻيون تنظيمون موجود آهن. جهڙوڪ PCM (مسلمانن جي شرڪت ۽ روحانيت). جيڪي سياسي متحرڪيت (نسل پرستي، جنس پرستي وغيره جي خلاف) ۽ روحاني گڏجاڻين کي گڏ ڪن ٿيون. ۽ فرانسيسي سماج ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت تي زور ڏين ٿيون. تنظيمن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ سان. ووٽ ڏيڻ لاءِ رجسٽر ٿيڻ. پنهنجن ٻارن جي اسڪولن سان ڪم ڪرڻ وغيره. انهن وٽ اهڙي طرح واضح سياسي موقف نه آهن. پر فعال شهريت لاءِ زور ڏيو. اهي عملي طور تي کاٻي پاسي واري سياست ۾ مبهم آهن. * حڪومت اڃا تائين هڪ سرڪاري پاليسي تيار نه ڪئي آهي. انضمام کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ. جيئن مٿي ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي. فرانس ۾ اهو طئي ڪرڻ ڏکيو آهي. ڪنهن کي مسلمان سڏيو وڃي ٿو. فرانس ۾ ڪجهه مسلمان پاڻ کي "غير مشق ڪندڙ" طور بيان ڪن ٿا. گهڻا صرف رمضان ۽ ٻين بنيادي قاعدن جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. پر ٻي صورت ۾ سيڪيولر آهن. * 1872 جي هڪ قانون جي ڪري. فرانسيسي جمهوريه مردم شماري ڪرڻ کان منع ڪري ٿو. پنهنجي شهرين جي وچ ۾ فرق ڪندي. انهن جي نسل يا انهن جي عقيدن جي حوالي سان. بهرحال. اهو قانون سروي ۽ پولز سان لاڳاپيل ناهي. جيڪي جيڪڏهن چاهين ته اهي سوال پڇڻ لاءِ آزاد آهن. قانون سرڪاري ادارن لاءِ استثنا جي اجازت پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اعلان جي بنياد تي اندازا: آڪٽوبر 2010 ۾ INED ۽ INSEE جي سروي اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته فرانس ۾ 2.1 ملين "اعلان ٿيل مسلمان" آهن.

as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or ecumenist (such as the protestant-founded Cimade).

The most important national institution is the CFCM (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman) this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims.

There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending.

Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society – by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice.

The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe Ramadan and other basic rules but are otherwise secular.

اعداد و شمار

[سنواريو]

Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as INED or INSEE whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the CNIL and the National Council of Statistical Information (CNIS [fr]

).

Estimations based on declaration

[سنواريو]

Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1 million "declared Muslims".[90]

Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.[1]

Estimations based on people's geographic origin

[سنواريو]

In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.[91] In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.[92]

According to the French Government, which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2 million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to INSEE.[1]

The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did.

The United States Department of State placed it at roughly 10%,[93] while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.[94] The CIA World Factbook places it at 7–9%.[95]

A Pew Forum study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7 million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9 million in 2030).[96]

The French polling company IFOP estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called Great Replacement conspiracy theory, فرانسيسي: grand remplacement). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.[97] According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper La Croix in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families "of Muslim origin" [ايس آئي سي] said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.[98] According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as not religious and 1.3% belonged to other religions.[99]

An Interior ministry source in l'Islam dans la République published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:[100]

Algeria1,550,000
Morocco1,000,000
Tunisia350,000
Turkey315,000
Sub-Saharan Africa250,000
Middle East100,000
remaining Asia (mostly Pakistan and Bangladesh)100,000
Converts40,000
Illegal immigrants or awaiting regularization350,000
Other100,000
Total4,155,000

In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.[5]

Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.[5]

A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims converted to Christianity, but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.[101]

According to Michèle Tribalat [fr]

, a researcher at INED, an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7 million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of Metropolitan France).[102] In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5 million.[103]

فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.[104][105][106]

سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.[107]

تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.[108]

پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته 2050ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.[109]

INED-INSEE جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.[3]

اسلام قبول ڪندڙ

[سنواريو]

سال 2013ع ۾، دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي 60 لک آهي جنهن مان 1,00,000 فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال 1986ع ۾ 50,000 جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد 2,00,000 تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.[110]

سال 2025ع ۾، سماجيات جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.[111]

مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا

[سنواريو]

سال 2006ع ۾ جرمني، فرانس، برطانيه ۽ اسپين ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%46 منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ 44 سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا حماس جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن ايران جي ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.[44]

فرانسيسي مسلمان

[سنواريو]

رانديگر

[سنواريو]
زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان
فرينڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)
  • نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو)
  • حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. *
  • ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. *
  • وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر *
  • اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. *
  • هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر *
  • نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر.
  • محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر.
  • سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر.
  • پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو.
  • عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر.
  • سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر.
  • فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو.
  • مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر.
  • موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر.
  • رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.[112]
  • زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر
  • عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر
  • بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر
  • بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر
  • جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر
  • سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو.
  • اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور

فنڪار

[سنواريو]
  • نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو.
  • ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير
  • اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار
  • سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ
  • رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال
  • جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس
  • خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر
  • سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره
  • Tahar Rahim, multiple César Award-winning actor, Oscars, BAFTA and Golden Globe nominee
  • Omar Sy, award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the César Award for Best Actor in 2012
  • Roschdy Zem, award-winning actor and director

Singers

[سنواريو]
Hip hop artist Kery James

Politicians

[سنواريو]
  • Fadela Amara, social worker and feminist activist, former government minister
  • Kader Arif, politician, former government minister and current member of the European Parliament
  • Azouz Begag, Légion d'Honneur recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister
  • Rachida Dati, lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture
  • Mounir Mahjoubi, technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018).
  • Rama Yade, politician, former government minister.

Academics and writers

[سنواريو]

Business people

[سنواريو]

Religious figures

[سنواريو]

Television

[سنواريو]

پڻ ڏسو

[سنواريو]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. 1 2 3 4 "Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants | Insee". www.insee.fr. 2023-04-11. 2023-07-02 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  2. ↑ "Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean". 21 April 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 "France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence". newdailycompass.com (انگريزي ۾). 2024-09-15 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  4. 1 2 "France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence".
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heneghan, Tom (17 January 2008). "French Muslims becoming more observant". Reuters. 30 October 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  6. ↑ L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés, Ifop, HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001
  7. ↑ Bruce, Scott G. (2016). Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe. Cornell University Press. ص. 22–23. ISBN 9780801452994.
  8. ↑ Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. University of Texas Press. ص. 102.
  9. ↑ Belich, James (2022). The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe. Princeton University Press. ص. 22. ISBN 9780691222875.
  10. ↑ Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.
  11. ↑ Henri Lapeyre. Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.. EHESS, 1959
  12. ↑ "Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial". اصل نسخو مان 2012-01-16 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2012-11-14 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  13. ↑ "Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe". mythdetector.ge (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2017-10-23. 2022-05-22 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  14. ↑ "in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in Jennifer Roback Morse, Acton Institute, 2006-01-25 آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2009-06-25 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in Mark Steyn, America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It, Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, ISBN 0-89526-078-6, p. 47;
  15. ↑ Michèle Tribalat, L'islam en France, p. 28
  16. ↑ Michèle Tribalat, "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2011-09-14 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011
  17. ↑ Carolyn Burke. No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, p.5 آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2016-01-13 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
  18. ↑ Michèle Tribalat, Revue Commentaire, juin 2009, n°127
  19. ↑ Michèle Tribalat, Les yeux grands fermés, Denoël, 2010
  20. ↑ Être né en France d'un parent immigré آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2011-07-03 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Insee Première, n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee
  21. ↑ Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008 آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2011-10-26 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Insee, October 2011
  22. ↑ Robert Castel, La discrimination négative, Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007
  23. ↑ Brown, Rachel (2016). "How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.". Religious Studies and Theology 35 (2): 185–205. doi:10.1558/rsth.32558.
  24. 1 2 Brown, Rachel (2019). "Muslim Integration and French Society". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford Research Encyclopedia. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7.
  25. ↑ L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica
  26. ↑ "Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown". The Independent. 2 Dec 2015. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 23 December 2015 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 7 January 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  27. ↑ "French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks". International Business Times. 25 Nov 2015. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 27 January 2016 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 7 January 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Vidino; ۽ ٻيا (2018). DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches (PDF). Milano: ISPI. ISBN 9788867058198. محفوظ ڪيل (PDF) مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-08-24 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2018-09-07 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  29. ↑ "France's Disappearing Mosques". The Atlantic. 1 August 2016. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2 August 2016 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 3 September 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  30. ↑ "Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?". Le Monde.fr (فرانسيسي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-08-23 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2018-08-24 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  31. ↑ "El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"". ELMUNDO (هسپانوي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-09-06 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2018-09-09 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  32. ↑ "Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet". www.ledauphine.com (فرانسيسي ۾). 5 February 2019. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2019-02-17 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-02-17 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  33. ↑ "Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers". Le Figaro.fr (فرانسيسي ۾). 2019-11-15. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2019-11-25 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-11-25 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  34. ↑ "Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities". Reuters. 2 October 2020. اصل نسخو مان October 3, 2020 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  35. ↑ "France plans punishment for virginity tests". BBC. 5 October 2020. 5 October 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  36. ↑ "French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism". France 24 (انگريزي ۾). 16 February 2021. 17 February 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  37. ↑ "Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois". Le Monde (فرانسيسي ۾). 26 July 2016. 27 July 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل. De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes
  38. ↑ Gatehouse, Jonathon (12 December 2018). "By the numbers: France's battle against terror". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. اصل نسخو مان 4 April 2019 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 23 April 2019 تي حاصل ڪيل. 22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.
  39. 1 2 Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (14 December 2017). "Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf" (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). AIVD. ص. 5. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 1 December 2018 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 1 December 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  40. 1 2 "Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat". Expressen (سويڊش ۾). 3 November 2020. 4 November 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  41. 1 2 Bindner, Laurence (2018). "Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France". Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies: 4–8. doi:10.19165/2018.2.01. https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/.
  42. ↑ "Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017". RTL.fr (فرانسيسي ۾). 3 January 2021. 10 January 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  43. ↑ "Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France". 20 Minutes (فرانسيسي ۾). 6 May 2024. 2024-05-08 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  44. 1 2 Allen, Jodie T. (August 17, 2006). "The French-Muslim Connection". اصل نسخو مان 2010-06-15 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  45. ↑ "Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America". اصل نسخو مان 2015-01-09 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2015-01-09 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  46. ↑ "Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris". 7 January 2015. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2015-01-09 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2015-01-09 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  47. ↑ Le Monde (in French): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2014-04-17 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. 24 Jan 2013
  48. ↑ European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2013-01-31 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. 27 Jan 2013
  49. ↑ "France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup". اصل نسخو مان 2015-10-26 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2015-10-30 تي حاصل ڪيل. JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.
  50. ↑ "EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews". 12 May 2014. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2015-01-09 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2015-01-09 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  51. ↑ Niall McCarthy, Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably [Infographic] آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2018-07-18 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. Forbes Jan 8, 2015
  52. ↑ "Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'" (انگريزي ۾). 2018-04-19. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-04-19 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2018-04-21 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  53. ↑ "Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?". IFOP (فرانسيسي ۾). September 2020. 2020-09-06 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  54. ↑ Butt, Riazat (7 April 2021). "Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll". The Guardian. London.
  55. ↑ Bryant, Elizabeth (24 October 2020). "As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values". DW.COM (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). 30 October 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  56. ↑ "Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)". Institut Montaigne (فرانسيسي ۾). 2021-01-03 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  57. ↑ "For French Muslims, a Catholic education". The New York Times. 25 September 2008.
  58. ↑ "Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias". Otago Daily Times. 26 March 2010. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 8 June 2011 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2010-04-09 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  59. ↑ Dell’Isola, Davide (2022). "Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy". Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 52: 118–133. doi:10.1017/ipo.2021.22.
  60. ↑ French Muslim war graves defaced, BBC, 6 April 2008
  61. ↑ EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2009-06-07 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. CNN – 24 May 2002
  62. ↑ "Vandals target Paris mosque". The Guardian. 22 February 2005.
  63. ↑ "Desecration of a mosque in France". Ennahar Online English. El Athir For the Press. 13 December 2009. اصل نسخو مان 15 December 2009 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 16 December 2009 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  64. ↑ Stone, Jon (14 January 2015). "Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings". independent.co.uk. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 21 January 2015 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 22 January 2015 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  65. ↑ "8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor". Agence France. 3 July 2017. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-04-28 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2018-04-28 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  66. ↑ Tom Batchelor. Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2017-08-22 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.. Independent. 29 June 2017.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Guessous, Hamza (2019-11-07). "Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination". Morocco World News (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2019-11-11 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-11-11 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  68. ↑ "Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters". The New York Times (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2019-11-10. ISSN 0362-4331. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2019-11-11 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-11-11 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  69. ↑ "Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France". Voice of America (انگريزي ۾). 10 November 2019. اصل نسخو مان 2019-11-11 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-11-11 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  70. ↑ "[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination". EUobserver (انگريزي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2019-11-11 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-11-11 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  71. 1 2 "Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab". alaraby (انگريزي ۾). 8 November 2019. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2019-11-11 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-11-11 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  72. ↑ Kasraoui, Safaa (2019-11-10). "Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia". Morocco World News (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2019-11-11 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-11-11 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  73. ↑ "Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes".
  74. ↑ "What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?". Chatham House (انگريزي ۾). محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-03-10 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2018-09-28 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  75. ↑ "European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups". Pew Research Center. 14 October 2019. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 22 October 2019 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 3 November 2019 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  76. ↑ "The Nature of the French Riots". Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council. November 2005. اصل نسخو مان 20 July 2011 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 19 June 2011 تي حاصل ڪيل. The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims.
  77. ↑ Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants., nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19
  78. ↑ Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2012-09-28 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., liberation.fr, 2006-10-24
  79. ↑ Moore, Molly. "In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims". The Washington Post (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). ISSN 0190-8286. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2017-09-02 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2017-09-05 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  80. 1 2 "Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?". Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-09-23 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2018-09-23 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  81. 1 2 "60% of French prisoners are Muslims?". Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-12-02 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2018-09-23 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  82. ↑ "Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools". newsroom.iza.org. اصل نسخو مان 2019-12-27 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-12-27 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  83. ↑ "'This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News". محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2007-01-27 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2008-08-28 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  84. ↑ "France". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. اصل نسخو مان 2011-02-06 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2011-12-14 تي حاصل ڪيل. See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"
  85. ↑ "UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot". محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2016-08-24 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-12-31 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  86. ↑ "Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé". Le Monde.fr. 2009-07-02. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2009-07-03 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2009-07-02 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  87. 1 2 Erlanger, Steven (2009-08-31). "Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics". The New York Times. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-09-21 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2017-02-24 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  88. ↑ "French panel: Ban veils in public facilities". NBC News. 2010-01-26.
  89. ↑ Peltier, Elian; Breeden, Aurelien (2019-02-28). "A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again". The New York Times (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). ISSN 0362-4331. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2019-11-11 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2019-11-11 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  90. ↑ Michael Cosgrove, How does France count its Muslim population? آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2017-10-10 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Le Figaro, April 2011.
  91. ↑ Waughray, Vernon (1960). "The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France" (en ۾). Race 2 (1): 60–70. doi:10.1177/030639686000200105. ISSN 0033-7277. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105.
  92. ↑ Farmer, Brian R. (2011). Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-5953-7. By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.
  93. ↑ Background Note: France آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2019-05-25 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2019-10-17 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., U.S. Department of State, September 2008; Noble, Thomas F. X.; Strauss, Barry; Osheim, Duane J.; Neuschel, Kristen B.; Accampo, Elinor A.; Roberts, David D.; Cohen, William B. (2009). Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries (6th ڇاپو). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. ص. ?. ISBN 978-0-495-90072-6.
  94. ↑ (in فرانسيسي) Ifop آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2008-09-10 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Sofres( آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2008-11-26 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.), Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France? آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2007-03-02 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
  95. ↑ CIA – The World Factbook – France .
  96. ↑ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". 27 January 2011. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2013-07-23 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2011-02-28 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  97. ↑ "Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France". محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2016-09-19 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2016-09-18 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  98. ↑ "Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?". Le Monde.fr (فرانسيسي ۾). 2015-01-21. 2020-08-27 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  99. ↑ "A French Islam is possible" (PDF). Institut Montaigne. 2016. ص. 13. اصل نسخو (PDF) مان 15 September 2017 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  100. ↑ L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2013-02-28 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26
  101. ↑ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 11: 8. https://www.academia.edu/16338087. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  102. ↑ (in فرانسيسي) Les vrais chiffres آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2006-01-07 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, L'Express, 2003-04-12; see also (in انگريزي) Michèle Tribalat, Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2008-08-30 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., The Social Contract Journal, vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004
  103. ↑ Michèle Tribalat, Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2011-11-15 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Le Monde, 13 octobre 2011
  104. ↑ Jean-Paul Gourévitch, Les véritables enjeux des migrations, Éditions du Rocher, 2017, سانچو:P.
  105. ↑ Jean-Paul Gourévitch, La croisade islamiste, Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136
  106. ↑ Jean-Paul Gourévitch, Les migrations en Europe p.362, Acropole, 2007, ISBN 978-2-7357-0267-1; see also Front National's estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and Justin Vaïsse, Intégrer l'Islam, p.35 آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2016-04-26 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Odile Jacob, 2007, ISBN 978-2-7381-1900-1
  107. ↑ Fançois Héran, Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir, La Découverte, 2017, p. 20
  108. ↑ "Eurobarometer".
  109. ↑ Burrows-Taylor, Evie (1 December 2017). "How France's Muslim population will grow in the future". www.thelocal.fr. 30 October 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  110. ↑ de la Baume, Maïa (3 February 2013). "More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself". The New York Times. اصل نسخو مان 22 June 2024 تي محفوظ ڪيل.
  111. ↑ Poupeau, Thomas (2025-05-06). "Regain de spiritualité, recherche d'une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l'islam" [Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam]. Le Parisien (فرانسيسي ۾). 2026-02-08 تي حاصل ڪيل. Il n'existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l'islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. [There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.]
  112. ↑ "French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14". 2017-05-02. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان 2018-09-21 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2017-06-23 تي حاصل ڪيل.

وڌيڪ پڙهڻ

[سنواريو]
  • Davidson, Naomi. Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France (Cornell University Press, 2012)
  • Katz, Ethan B. The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France (Harvard University Press, 2015)
  • Mandel, Maud S. Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa.
  • Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers (2014) ch 1.
  • Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." French Colonial History 15#1 (2014): 1–37.
  • Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." Gender, Place & Culture (2014): 1–16.
  • Scheck, Raffael. French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
  • Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." International Review of Sociology 25#2 (2015): 333–340.
  • Ragazzi, Francesco; Tawfik, Amal; Perret, Sarah; Davidshofer, Stephan (9 نومبر 2020). ""Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?". The Conversation. 30 جنوري 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.

ٻاهرين لنڪس

[سنواريو]
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