ريورز رياست

ريورز رياست
رياست
Rivers State
بوني شهر، ريورز رياست
Flag Seal of Rivers State Seal
سانچو:Pluralize from text:  قومي وسائل جو اساس سانچو:Pluralize from text
نائيجيريا جي نقشي ۾ ريورز رياست هائي لائٽ ڪيل
جاگرافي بيهڪ: 4°45′N 6°50′E
ملڪ	نائجيريا
جاگرافيائي محل	ڏاکڻي نائيجيريا
رياست جو درجو ڏنو ويو	27 مئي 1967 (1967-05-27)
راڄڌاني	پورٽ هارڪوٽ
مقامي حڪومتي علائقا	23
Government
• Body	ريورز رياست جي گورنمينٽ
• ايڊمنسٽريٽر	ابوڪ-ايتي آئبيس
• گورنر (معطل)	سيمينالائي فوبارا (PDP)
• ڊپٽي گورنر (معطل)	اينگوزي اوديو (PDP)
• رياستي قانون ساز (معطل)	ريورز اسٽيٽ جي رياستي اسيمبلي
• سينيٽر	اونائسوه الويل (PDP) بيري ايمپيگي (PDP) اپاليبو بئنيگو (PDP)
Area
• Total	11,077 ڪ.م2 (4,277 ميل2)
• Rank	26th

ريورز رياست (Rivers State) ڏکڻ نائيجيريا جي نائجر ڊيلٽا جي علائقي (اڳوڻي اوڀر ريجن) ۾ هڪ رياست آهي. رياست 27 مئي 1967ع تي قائم ٿي، جڏهن اها اڳوڻي اوڀر ريجن کان ورهائي وئي. ريورز رياست جي سرحدون اتر ۾ امو ۽ انامبرا رياستن، اوڀر ۾ ابيا ۽ اڪوا ابوم رياستن ۽ اولهه ۾ بيئلسا ۽ ڊيلٽا رياستن کان ملڻ ٿيون. رياست جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، پورٽ هارڪوٽ، جيڪا هڪ بندرگاهه آهي، نائيجيريا جي تيل جي صنعت جو تجارتي مرڪز سمجهيو ويندو آهي.

سال 2006ع جي مردم شماري مطابق 51,98,716 جي آبادي ۽ سال 2024ع ۾ اندازاً 98,98,470 جي آبادي سان، ريورز رياست نائيجيريا ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي واري رياست آهي. ريورز اسٽيٽ هڪ گهڻ نسلي رياست آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي نسلي گروهن جو گهر آهي جن ۾؛ ايڪويري، ڊيگيما، ايجاو، اوگوني، اوگبا، ايڪپيئي ۽ ڪالاباري شامل آهن. رياست خاص طور تي پنهنجي لساني تنوع لاءِ مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ 30 مقامي ٻوليون ۽ گهڻن لهجن سان گڏ ڳالهايون وينديون آهن. انهن ۾ ايڪويري، ايڪپيئي، اِگبو، اِجاو (اڊيڪاما-ڊيگيما، اينڊوني-اوبولو، اوڪريڪا، اِباني، ڪالاباري، اوگبيا) ۽ اوگوني شامل آهن. ريورز اسٽيٽ علائقي جي لحاظ کان 25هين وڏي رياست آهي ۽ ان جي جاگرافي تي ان مان وهندڙ ڪيترن ئي دريائن جو غلبو آهي، جن ۾ بوني ندي به شامل آهي.

ريورز رياست جي معيشت رياست جي وڌندڙ پيٽروليم صنعت تي انحصار ڪندي آهي. جيتوڻيڪ تيل جي صنعت جو عروج رياستي حڪومت لاءِ آمدني ۾ اضافو ڪيو آهي، بدانتظامي ۽ ڪرپشن رياست جي تيز ترقي کي روڪيو آهي.

ريورز رياست کي ملڪ ۾ جديد انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ شهرن ڏانهن ابادي جي منتقلي جي لحاظ کان تيز ترين ترقي ڪندڙ رياستن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.

تاريخ

علائقو ۽ حيثيت

ريور رياست جو نالو ڪيترن ئي دريائن جي موجودگي جي ڪارڻ آهي جيڪا ان جي علائقي سان لڳن ٿا. رياست 1885ع کان 1893ع تائين آئل ريورز پروٽيڪٽوريٽ جو حصو هئي. سال 1893ع ۾ هي علائقو نائجر ڪوسٽ پروٽيڪٽوريٽريٽ جو حصو بڻجي ويو. سال 1900ع ۾، علائقي کي رائل نائجر ڪمپني جي چارٽرڊ علائقن سان ملائي ڏکڻ نائيجيريا جي ڪالوني ٺاهي وئي. رياست 1967ع ۾ نائيجيريا جي اوڀر علائقي جي تقسيم سان ٺهي. سال 1996ع ۾ رياست جا علائقن کي ڌار ڪري بيئلسا رياست ٺاهي وئي.

20هين صدي

نوآبادياتي دور جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾، مختلف مقامي برادرين ۽ برطانوي نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ڪيترائي تحفظ جا معاهدا ڪيا ويا. سال 1941ع ۽ 1952ع جي وچ ۾، ريورز صوبي جي قيام لاءِ، ايجو ريورز پيپلز ليگ ٺاهي قيام وئي.سان شروع ٿي.

27 مئي 1967ع تي، ياڪوبو گووان جي حڪومت فرمان نمبر 14 جاري ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ريورز رياست جي قيام جي منظوري ڏني وئي. پهرين آڪٽوبر، 1996ع تي، بيئلسا رياست کي رياست جي علائقن کي ڌار ڪري ٺاهيو ويو ۽ اوموما لوڪل گورنمينٽ ايريا آف ريورز ٺاهيو ويو ته جيئن اوفي ۾ اوموورو جهڙين برادرين کي شامل ڪيو وڃي.

جاگرافي

ريورز رياست ڏکڻ نائيجيريا ۾ هڪ گهڻو ڪري هيٺاهين واري پليويئل رياست آهي، جيڪا نائيجر ڊيلٽا جي اوڀر واري حصي ۾ بينو گرت جي سامونڊي واڌ تي واقع آهي. رياست جو اندروني حصو ٽراپيڪل برساتي ٻيلن تي مشتمل آهي، ۽ ساحل جي طرف، عام نائجر ڊيلٽا ماحول ۾ ڪيترائي مينگروو دلدل آهن. رياست جو ڪل علائقو 11,077 چورس ڪلوميٽر (4,277 چورس ميل) آهي، جيڪو ان کي نائيجيريا ۾ 26 هين وڏي رياست بڻائي ٿو. آس پاس جون رياستون چار ڪلوميٽر لاءِ انامبرا، تقريباً 122 ڪلوميٽر لاءِ امو)، ۽ 87 ڪلوميٽر (54 ميل، جزوي طور تي امو ندي جي پار) اتر ۾ ابيا، اوڀر ۾ امو ندي جي پار اڪوا ابوم ۽ اولهه ۾ نائجر ندي جي پار تقريبن 50 ڪلوميٽر لاءِ بييلسا ۽ ڊيلٽا رياستون آهن. ڏکڻ ۾، اهو ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ سان ڳنڍيل آهي. ان جي جاگرافي فليٽ ميدانن کان وٺي، دريائن جي نيٽ ورڪ سان گڏ معاون ندين تائين آهي.

موسميات

اوگوني موسمياتي ڪارڪن ۽ ٻيا 2015 ۾ پورٽ هارڪوٽ ۾ ماحولياتي تباهي جي خلاف احتجاج ڪري رهيا آهن.

مينهن عام طور تي موسمي، متغير، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڳرو هوندو آهي، ۽ مارچ ۽ آڪٽوبر کان نومبر جي وچ ۾ ٿيندو آهي. برسات جولاءِ ۾ عروج تي هوندي آهي، جيڪا 290 ڏينهن کان وڌيڪ رهي ٿي. صرف خشڪ مهينا جنوري ۽ فيبروري آهن جن جو ڪو به اثر نه پوندو آهي.

ڪل سالياني برسات ساحل تي لڳ ڀڳ 4,700 ملي ميٽر (185 انچ) کان گهٽجي، انتهائي اتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 ملي ميٽر (67 انچ) تائين. اهو ساحل سان گڏ بوني ۾ 4,698 ملي ميٽر (185 انچ) ۽ ڊيگيما ۾ 1,862 ملي ميٽر (73 انچ) آهي. پورٽ هارڪوٽ لاءِ، سڄي سال ۾ گرمي پد نسبتاً مستقل هوندو آهي ۽ سڄي موسم ۾ ٿوري تبديلي هوندي آهي. سراسري گرمي پد عام طور تي °25 کان °28 سينٽي گريڊ جي وچ ۾ هوندو آهي. رياست جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ اڃا تائين خشڪ دور دوران 150 ملي ميٽر (6 انچ) تائين برسات پوندي آهي. سال جي اڪثر وقت ۾ نسبتي نمي گهٽ ئي 60 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي ويندي آهي ۽ 90 سيڪڙو ۽ 100 سيڪڙو جي وچ ۾ گهٽجي ويندي آهي.

زمين جي مٿاڇري

ريورز رياست جي زميني مٿاڇري کي ٽن علائقن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو: تازي پاڻيءَ جي دلدل، مينگروو دلدل ۽ ساحلي ريتي جون ٽڪريون. تازي پاڻيءَ جو علائقو مينگروو دلدل کان اتر طرف پکڙيل آهي. هي زميني مٿاڇري عام طور تي سمنڊ جي سطح کان 20 ميٽر کان گهٽ آهي. نائجر جي هيٺين ٻوڏ واري ميدان جي طور تي، ان ۾ هڪ وڏو گاد ۽ مٽيءَ جو بنياد هوندو آهي ۽ درياءَ جي ٻوڏ جي بار بار ٻوڏ لاءِ وڌيڪ حساس هوندو آهي. ٻوڏ واري ميدان جي ڪل ٿلهي اتر اوڀر ۾ تقريباً 45 ميٽر ۽ ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ ساحلي ريتي جي رڪاوٽ وارن علائقن ۾ 9 ميٽر کان وڌيڪ وڌي ويندي آهي.

ساحلي واريءَ جي ٽڪرين تي، مٽي گهڻو ڪري ريتي يا ريتي لوم هوندي آهي. مٽي مختلف فصلن جي مدد ڪندي آهي جن ۾ ناريل، آئل پام ، رافيا پام ۽ ڪوڪو يام شامل آهن. ريورز رياست جو خشڪ مٿانهون علائقو زمين جي 61 سيڪڙو حصي کي ڍڪيندو آهي جڏهن ته دريائي علائقا، 2 کان 5 ميٽر جي رليف رينج سان، 39 سيڪڙو حصو وٺندا آهن.

Flora and fauna

پڻ ڏسو: List of fauna of Rivers State

Common fig-tree blue in Port Harcourt Zoo

Male Agama lizard

Due to its geographical location, Rivers State has always played an important role in the natural history of Nigeria, having been found to host a vast array of wildlife and plants. Its tropical rainforests are home to more species than all other local biomes combined thanks to its climate and canopy structure. Some of the upland forested areas have seen disruption from human activity, impacting negatively on the biodiversity and ecological functions of natural habitats. In most places, the dominant vegetation usually consists of Elaeis guineensis which has the highest productivity amongst all recognized oleaginous crops.

The riverine part of the state has three hydro-vegetation zones such as beach ridge, salt water and fresh water. Each zone has its characteristics and composition, with the freshwaters encompassing the upper and lower floodplains of the Niger Delta.

Finima Nature Park is a protected area and forest reserve on Bonny Island covering an area of approximately 10 km² (3.9 sq mi). The park's vegetation has progressively developed into a high forest considering the form from which it began in 1999. There are two storeys that can be distinguished from outside the forest, the emergents include Symphonia globulifera, Cleistopholis patens, Uapaca spp., Musanga cecropioides, Hallea ledermannii, Terminalia spp., Anthostema aubryanum, Tectona grandis and Elaeis guineensis. The understory is composed mainly of Calamus deeratus, Alchornea cordifolia, Monodora tenuifolia, Harungana madagascariensis, Strophanthus preussii, Rauvolfia vomitoria and Raphia spp.

The interior of the forest is very shady and as a result a wide variety of shade tolerant forbs (e.g. Nephrolepis biserrata, Culcasia scandens, Laportea spp., Chromolaena odorata, Aframomum melegueta and Costus afer) and various sedges form thickets on the forest floor. By dry season, a large cushion of litter cover the floor because of increase in abscission rate of some plants such as Musanga cecropioides, Hallea ledermannii, Calamus deeratus, Gmelina arborea, Raphia spp. and Elaeis guineensis.

Mammals, reptiles and amphibians are also found in the park. The common mammals are mona monkeys and pygmy hippopotamuses. Among the reptiles and amphibians are snakes and crocodiles, turtles, frogs, lizards, and skinks.

One of the world's Ramsar Convention-listed wetlands, Upper Orashi Forest, is a 252 km² (97 sq mi) protected area in Ahoada West. It has been identified by BirdLife International as an IBA because of its importance to global populations of grey parrots and other birds. The Biseni Forest in the north west of Ahoada and west of Upper Orashi Forest have also been designated an Important Bird Area. The forest has an area of 219 km (136 mi) within which mammals like red-bellied monkey and yellow-backed duiker are found along with raffia palms and some woody broadleaved species such as Symphonia globulifera and Ficus spp.

وڌيڪ ڏسو: Bonny Estuary

Rivers

Satellite view of Niger Delta. Nun River in the center

The state has many rivers. Notable rivers include:

• Andoni River
• Bonny River
• New Calabar River
• Nun River
• Orashi River

انتظامي ورهاست

There are three hundred and nineteen (319) wards in Rivers State.

مقامي بلدياتي علائقا

Rivers State currently consists of 23 Local Government Areas (LGAs), all of which handle local administration, under an elected chairman. Each of the local government areas has its own administrative seat. They are:

LGA name	Area (km2)	Census 2006 population	Administrative seat	Postal Code	Wards
Port Harcourt	109	541,115	Port Harcourt	500	20
Obio-Akpor	260	464,789	Rumuodumaya	500	17
Okrika	222	222,026	Okrika	500	12
Ogu–Bolo	89	74,683	Ogu	500	12
Eleme	138	190,884	Nchia	501	10
Tai	159	117,797	Sakpenwa	501	10
Gokana	126	228,828	Kpor	501	17
Khana	560	294,217	Bori	502	19
Oyigbo	248	122,687	Afam	502	10
Opobo–Nkoro	130	151,511	Opobo Town	503	11
Andoni	233	211,009	Ngo	503	11
Bonny	642	215,358	Bonny	503	12
Degema	1,011	249,773	Degema	504	17
Asari-Toru	113	220,100	Buguma	504	13
Akuku-Toru	1,443	156,006	Abonnema	504	17
Abua–Odual	704	282,988	Abua	510	13
Ahoada West	403	249,425	Akinima	510	12
Ahoada East	341	166,747	Ahoada	510	13
Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni	969	284,010	Omoku	510	17
Emohua	831	201,901	Emohua	511	14
Ikwerre	655	189,726	Isiokpo	511	13
Etche	805	249,454	Okehi	512	19
Omuma	170	100,366	Eberi	512	10

حڪومت ۽ سياست

اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو Government of Rivers State ۽ Politics of Rivers State

The Rivers State government consists of elected representatives and appointed officials. The state government has executive and legislative branches, with an independent judiciary. At the local level, elected officials are responsible for local government areas.

Electoral system

The governor of the state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of votes and over 25% of the vote in at least two-thirds of the state local government areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.^{[حوالو گهربل]}

Executive

The executive branch is headed by the Governor, assisted by the Deputy Governor, both elected for a term of 4 years (maximum of 2 terms). The governor appoints commissioners responsible for each of the ministries and appoints the heads of parastatals and the state-owned bodies with specific regulatory or administrative duties. In some cases, a governor may be replaced or removed for example, through death, impeachment or if an election is annulled by a competent court of law or by a two-thirds majority of the House of Assembly. The incumbent governor is Siminalayi Fubara a member of the People Democratic Party, who heads the council of Rivers State. Fubara was sworn in on 29 May 2023. He is the 7th Democratic governor of the state and the 16th overall governor of River State

Legislature

The legislative authority in Rivers State is held by the state House of Assembly, which is made up of elected representatives from all constituencies of the state. Its functions at the state level are relative to those of the National Assembly at the federal level, creating laws for the good governance of the state, as well as acting as a check and balance on the powers and actions of the state's Chief Executive. The House of Assembly consists of three times the total number of seats which the state has in the House of Representatives.

Judiciary

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Judiciary of Rivers State

The judicial branch of the state government has sole authority and responsibility for the interpretation and application of the state's laws as well as the adjudication of disputes or controversies. It consists of eight courts: the High Court of Justice, the Magistrates Courts, the Customary Courts, the Juveniles Courts, the Revenue Courts, the Sanitation Courts, the Mobile Courts and Ports Related Offences Courts. It is governed mainly by the Chief Judge of the High Court of Justice. There are about 26 serving judges in the High Court of Justice, which comprises 10 Judicial Divisions including Port Harcourt, Ahoada, Degema, Nchia, Bori, Omoku, Isiokpo, Okrika, Okehi, and Oyigbo.

Federal representation

Elections are conducted every 4 years in which Riverian voters will directly elect 16 representatives to the Nigerian National Assembly. Those chosen are grouped into 3 senators representing Rivers South East, Rivers West, Rivers East and 13 representatives representing Andoni/Opobo/Nkoro, Obio/Akpor, Oyigbo/Tai/Eleme, Port Harcourt II, Etche/Omuma, Asari-Toru/Akuku-Toru, Okrika/Ogu–Bolo, Khana/Gokana, Port Harcourt I, Ahoada West/Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni, Abua–Odual/Ahoada East, Ikwerre/Emohua, Degema/Bonny. Since the advent of the Fourth Republic in 1999, the People's Democratic Party has usually held a majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Notable Political events

On March 18, 2025, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu declared a state of emergency in Rivers State, Nigeria, due to political turmoil and rising insecurity. Governor Siminalayi Fubara, his deputy, and the entire House of Assembly were suspended for six months. Vice Admiral Ibokette Ibas (Rtd) was appointed as Administrator to restore order. While the judiciary remains unaffected, the move aims to address governance failures, pipeline vandalism, and security issues in the oil-rich state.

The Nigerian Bar Association criticized the suspension of elected officials as unconstitutional, emphasizing that a state of emergency does not dissolve elected governments.

آباديات

آبادي

Over the period from 1991 to 2006, the total population of Rivers State increased by close to 3 million people. The last official census showed that 5,198,716 people were living in the state, of whom 2,673,026 were male and 2,525,690 were female. Adults and adolescents aged 15 to 64 years accounted for 61% of the population in the state. Children below the age of 15 accounted for 36% of the population, and those aged 65 years and above, another 3%. Port Harcourt and Obio-Akpor had the highest number of inhabitants of any local government area, while Ogu–Bolo and Omuma had the lowest. The total area of the state was 11٬077 km² (4٬277 sq mi) and the density was 635.89 ساکن پر هر ڪلوميٽر چورس (1٬646.9 /sq mi).

According to the world population review (Population of cities in Nigeria), the capital city of Rivers state, Port Harcourt is ranked 4th on the list.

Rivers State has a higher literacy rate compared to most states in the South South geopolitical zone. Its male literacy as of 2006 was 52.3% while the female literacy rate was 47.7%. In the same survey, it ranked as 26th most extensive and the 6th most populous of all the states of Nigeria. A 2015 estimate put the number of residents of Rivers State at over 7 million, nearly triple the number recorded in 1991.

According to the National Bureau of Statistics projection, the population in the state was 4% of the total population of the country. Data of 2010–2015 showed life expectancies for male, 54 years and female, 57 years were very low. General mortality rate was 60 per 1000, under-5 mortality rate was 90 and maternal mortality rate was 889 per 100,000 live births, one of the highest nationwide.

Ethnic groups in Rivers State

Rivers State has a rich cultural heritage, and its people are friendly and known for their hospitality. The state has 23 distinct ethnic groups including Ijaw , Ekpeye, Ogba, Ikwerre and Ogoni amongst others. It is on record that Port Harcourt is the second biggest commercial, agriculture and busiest airport & seaports in Nigeria. Rivers state has two seaports situated in Port Harcourt and Onne.

Languages

As a multi-cultural, multi-tribal region, Rivers State has much to offer in its diversity of people. The area that makes up the modern state has been inhabited in one way or the other since the last year of the first millennium. The earliest known settled communities in what is now Rivers State include the Riverine Ijaw; Ogoni, Ikwerre people and other Igboid groups on the mainland. Today, over 26 distinct groups are recognized by the Rivers State government, each with its own language, lifestyle, and cultural heritage.

Multilingualism is a part of everyday life for the population of Rivers State and most of Nigeria. English, inherited from colonial rule is common and widely spoken in various forms in different localities. Some indigenous Riverians are also bilingual, speaking a mixture of English or Pidgin English with one of the native languages. This is partly due to the frequent exposure of the younger generations to foreign dialects, especially in the country's largest cities. Excluding Pidgin, all other ones spoken in the state belong to either Benue–Congo or Ijoid and Ogoni Languages within the Niger–Congo language family. The Benue–Congo is subdivided into Cross River, Igboid, and Edoid groups. The Ijoid languages are predominant around the creek belt, Ogoni languages - about 5 of them are spoken across the southern parts of the state, Igboid group of language is spoken in the Northern Areas of the Rivers State.

Aboriginal language dialects	No. of speakers	Mother tongue	Home language
Abua	25,000
Agbirigba	30
Baan	50,000
Biseni	4,800
Defaka	200
Degema	30,000
Ekpeye	30,000
Eleme	150,000
Engenni	20,000			Ijaw	200,000
Ikwerre	200,000
Kalabari	570,000
Kugbo	2,000
Nkoroo	4,600
O’chi’chi’	—
Obolo	250,000
Obulom	3,420
Odual	18,000
Ogba	80,000
Ogbogolo	10,000
Ogbronuagum	12,000
Khana	500,000
Okodia	3,600
Oruma	5,000
Tee	100,000
Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni	50,000

Languages of Rivers State listed by LGA:

LGA	Languages
Abua-Odual	Central Delta languages (Kugbo, Odual, Ogbia), Ijoid language (Ijaw)
Ahoada East	Igboid language (Ekpeye)
Ahoada West	Edoid language (Egenni), Ijoid language (Ijaw)
Akuku Toru	Ijoid languages (Kalabari, Bille)
Andoni	Lower Cross language (Obolo)
Asari-Toru	Ijoid language (Kalabari)
Degema	Edoid language (Degema), Central Delta languages (Abua, Ogbronuagum) Ijoid languages (Kalabari, Bille)
Bonny	Ijoid language (Ibani), Igboid language (Ndoki)
Eleme	Ogoni languages (Eleme, Baan, Nchia; Odido)
Emuohua	Ikwerre language (Ikwerre)
Etche	Igboid language (Igbo)
Gokana	Ogoni language (Gokana)
Ikwerre	Igboid language (Ikwerre)
Khana	Ogoni languages (Khana, Baan)
Obio-Akpor	Ikwerre language (Ikwerre)
Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni	Igboid language (Igbo)
Ogu-Bolo	Ijoid language (Kirike)
Okrika	Ijoid language (Kirike)
Opobo-Nkoro	Ijoid languages (Ibani, Defaka, Nkoroo)
Oyigbo	Ikwerre language (Ikwerre), Ogoni languages (Khana, Baan)
Port Harcourt	Central Delta language (Obulom), Ijoid Languages (Ijaw, Kalabari, Bille, Kirike), Ogoni languages (Khana, Eleme, Gokana, Baan), Ikwerre language (Ikwerre)
Omumma	Igboid language (Igbo)
Tai	Ogoni languages (Tee/Tai, Baan)

معيشت

A market in Igwuruta, Rivers State

Rivers State has maintained its importance as a leading supplier of wealth to the nation for centuries. In 2021, the state ranked 2nd nationwide with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $51.529 billion and a per capita income of $5,949 (PPP).

Natural resources

The state is famous for its vast reserves of crude oil and natural gas. It was perhaps the richest and most important section of the African zone of the British Empire. Rivers State has two major oil refineries, two major seaports, airports, and various industrial estates spread across the land. More than 60% of the country's output of crude oil is produced in the state. Other natural resources found within its boundaries are silica, glass sand and clay.

Agriculture

Prior to the discovery of oil in commercial quantity in 1951, Agriculture was the primary occupation of the people of Rivers State. Around the 19th century when the Industrial Revolution reached its peak in England, the area was then referred to as Oil Rivers Protectorate, this was due to its abundant palm oil and kernel which basically constituted the main revenue source of the country. In a sample survey carried out by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, about 40% of the rural inhabitants were committed to farming in 1983. Rivers State is one of the leading states in the production of yam, cassava, cocoyam, maize, rice and beans. About 39% (760,000 hectares) of the state's total land mass, particularly in the upland area, is suitable for cultivation. Major cash crops produced are oil palm products, rubber, coconut, raffia palm and jute. Other crops grown for food include vegetables, melon, pineapples, mango, pepper, banana and plantain. The fishing industry is an important sector in Rivers State. Besides being lucrative, fishing is also a favourite pastime activity. There are approximately 270 species of fish existing; with many artisanal fishermen in the riverine areas. The state provides valuable seafood such as crabs, oysters, shrimps and sea snails among others. Vertebrates like birds, mammals and reptiles are also found in the region.

بنيادي ڍانچو

Energy

Oil facility at Bonny Island

Energy, and especially electricity is the key factor for economic growth. Rivers State has one of the nation's highest per capita energy consumption rates. As of 2012, it had a power generation capacity of 400 megawatts, a significant improvement over a meagre 30 megawatts during the late nineties. Its energy sector is protected by the government through legislation and funding. It is overseen by the ministries of Power, Energy and Natural Resources. The state's oil-refining capacity is the biggest in the country, with more than 340,000 barrels of crude oil per day.

There's a vast untapped potential in the state for solar power. Interest in solar energy has been increasing but not much has been invested. Up to nowسانچو:When, energy production has been insufficient to meet demand, resulting in frequent power outages, slow manufacturing and low business performance.

Transportation

Port Harcourt International Airport, Omagwa

Transportation within Rivers State is mainly land and water-based. The industry has the Ministry of Transport as its chief regulating body. Apart from roads and waterways, there are functional airdromes that provide out-of-state transport. The seaports contain harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land.

Federal highways are A2 the Elele-Alimini-Patani East-West Rd from Elele to Bayelsa State at Mbiama, A3 east as the Port Harcourt Enugu Expressway to Abia State and A231 north from A3 in Port Harcourt 42 km via Igwuruta and Omagwa to A2 in Elele.

Other major roads include

• the Owerri-Ahoada Rd northeast to Imo State,
• the Abua-Ogbia Rd north to Ahoada where the Ogura-Omoku Rd continues to Imo State,
• the Rumuji-Mpakurche Rd northwest from Port Harcourt to the Rumuji-Elele Alimini Rd,
• the Ulakwo Rd northeast from Olakwo to Imo State,
• the Eberi-Obiga Rd north from Owaza to Abia State,
• the Asa-Akwere-Obohia Rd east from Owaza to Abia State, and
• the Alese Rd southeast from Port Harcourt to the Ikot Akan-Deyor Chara Rd across the Imo River at Kalaoko to Akwa Ibom State.

Taxicabs, buses and ferries dominate public transport. They are usually inexpensive and are often used for multi-passenger pick-ups. Commercial vehicles in Port Harcourt maintain sky blue, white and sky blue livery. Operating without these government-approved colours is punishable with a fine of up to ₦10,000.

The 1067 mm Cape Gauge Eastern Railway Line north from Port Harcourt to Aba in Abia State, built 1913–16, restored 2009–15.

Both domestic and international flights are available from Port Harcourt International Airport. Airlines such as Lufthansa, Air France, Qatar Air, Ethiopian Airlines, Med-View, Air Peace and Cronos link the state to destinations including Frankfurt, Paris, Lagos and Malabo. Passengers can easily get a taxi or rental car at the authorized vehicle area. Companies like Europcar, Avis and Hertz have offices near the airport. In addition, the Port Harcourt Air Force Base is located in the state capital. It gained popularity as a commercial destination due to the closure of the international airport. After that airport reopened, most airlines abandoned the base. However, it still has some destinations since the airport is closer to the centre than the main airport.

Seaports handle much more diversified import cargo activities than airports. The Port of Onne is one of the largest and busiest seaports in the country. Its mobile harbour cranes are one of the biggest in Africa, with a lifting capacity of 208 metric tonnes. Another important seaport is the Port of Port Harcourt. It was the second-largest port in Nigeria in the 1950s. In 1954, it cleared about $54 million worth of imports and exports, while the shipping facilities at Calabar cleared $11 million worth of goods.

Water

The majority of Riverians obtain their water for household use from vendors. There are also those who extract their water from private boreholes and wells and incur costs for the investment, maintenance, spare parts, pumping, and in some cases treating the water. Several others receive their domestic water from rainwater catchments, nearby streams or rivers. In the oil-bearing communities, many residents have easy access to basic infrastructure systems, although, most of the facilities are nonfunctional.

In large urban localities such as Port Harcourt and Obio-Akpor, Port Harcourt Water Corporation handles the provision of urban water supply and wastewater management services for 15% of the population. A number of towns and villages with iron-contaminated H₂O have resorted to treating one chemical contaminant with another. Most of the water collection in low-income urban residential areas is done by women. In 2008, NDHS reported that 26% of adult females collect drinking water more than adult male counterparts at 21%.

In order to improve access to safe, reliable, affordable, and sustainable water supply services, USAID, through its Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Africa program collaborated with the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development from April 2013 to June 2015.

تعليم

پرائمري ۽ سيڪنڊري تعليم

1999ع تائين، رياست ۾ 2,805 سرڪاري پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 243 سيڪنڊري اسڪول هئا. سيڪنڊري اسڪول خاص طور تي ايل جي اي هيڊ ڪوارٽر شهرن ۽ پورٽ هارڪوٽ ۾ مرڪوز آهن. ڪاليج ۽ يونيورسٽيون: اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن ۾ شامل آهن: * ڪيپٽن ايلچي امادي پولي ٽيڪنڪ، اڳ ۾ پورٽ هارڪوٽ پولي ٽيڪنڪ * ايسٽرن پولي ٽيڪنڪ * فيڊرل ڪاليج آف ايجوڪيشن (ٽيڪنيڪل)، اوموڪو. * روموولوميني، نڪپولو ۾ اگنيٽس اجورو يونيورسٽي * اوروووروڪو ۽ اينڊلي. * ڪينول بيسن سارو-وائيوا پولي ٽيڪنڪ * وگوي يونيورسٽي * پامو يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز، ايلينوو، پورٽ هارڪوٽ * ريورز اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي، نڪپولو اوروووروڪو، پورٽ هارڪوٽ ۾. * پورٽ هارڪوٽ يونيورسٽي، چوبا.

As at 1999, the state had 2,805 government primary schools and 243 secondary schools. The secondary schools are concentrated mainly in LGA headquarters towns and in Port Harcourt.^{[حوالو گهربل]}

Colleges and universities

Tertiary institutions include:

• Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, formerly Port Harcourt Polytechnic
• Eastern Polytechnic
• Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku.
• Ignatius Ajuru University at Rumuolumeni, Nkpolu Oroworukwo and Ndele.
• Kenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic
• Wigwe University
• PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Elelenwo, Port Harcourt
• Rivers State University, at Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt.
• University of Port Harcourt, Choba.

ميڊيا

• تال 93.7FM * ري پاور 100.5FM * انٽرنيشنل ميگزين سبسڪرپشن لميٽيڊ * ريورز اسٽيٽ براڊڪاسٽنگ ڪارپوريشن ٽي وي * آفريڪا انڊيپينڊنٽ ٽيليويزن [AIT]. * اين ٽي اي چينل 10، پورٽ هارڪوٽ. * خواهش 99.5 FM * اڄ 95.1 FM * نائيجا FM 92.7 FM * نائيجيريا انفو 92.3 FM * وازوبيا 94.1 FM * خانداني محبت FM 97.7 FM ريڊيو * دريائون 99.1 FM.

• Rhythm 93.7FM
• Raypower 100.5FM
• International Magazine Subscription Ltd
• RIVERS STATE BROADCASTING CORPORATION TV
• Africa Independent Television [AIT].
• NTA Channel 10, Port Harcourt.
• Wish 99.5 FM
• Today 95.1 FM
• Naija FM 92.7 FM
• Nigeria Info 92.3 FM
• Wazobia 94.1 FM
• FAMILY LOVE FM 97.7 FM
• Radio Rivers 99.1 FM

پڻ ڏسو

• باب:آفريڪا
• باب:نائيجيريا
• لاگوس رياست
• ڪانو رياست
• نائجيريا جون رياستون

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

• Rivers State government website

Further reading

• E. D. W. Opu-Ogulaya (January 1973). History of the Creation of the Rivers State of Nigeria: Primer One. Rivers State, Nigeria: Government Printer. https://www.amazon.com/History-creation-Rivers-State-Nigeria/dp/B0006CM1NQ. 
• Mitee, Leesi Ebenezer (2010). Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria: an encyclopaedic guide. Luton: Worldwide Business Resources. ISBN 978-0956198815. https://books.google.com/books?id=cdgp_pmP00gC. سانچو:Via
• Jones, G.I. (2000). The trading states of the oil rivers: a study of political development in eastern Nigeria. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0852559186. https://books.google.com/books?id=pIR-mgBiJ-gC. سانچو:Via
• Alagoa, Ebiegberi Joe (2002). The land and people of Rivers State : eastern Niger Delta. Nembe: Onyoma Research Publ.. ISBN 9783507559. 
• Isirimah, N. O.; A. Monsi; P. D. S. Kinako. Strategy for agricultural development in Nigeria: focus on Rivers State. Belk Publishers. 
• Eminent Nigerians of the Rivers State. Enugu, Nigeria: Heinemann Educational Books. 1980. ISBN 978129955X. 
• Nduka, Otonti A (1993). Studies in Ikwerre history and culture. Port Harcourt: Kraft Books. ISBN 9782081302. 
• Charles Ogan. Unity of a People : Search for Peace in Okrika, River State, Nigeria. Port Harcourt. 
• Land and people of Nigeria : Rivers State. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Riverside Communications. December 1989. ISBN 9783033328. 
• Sika, Baridorn (2005). History of radio broadcasting in Rivers State. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: DOKUS Press. ISBN 9782631612.