مواد ڏانھن هلو

خراسان

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
خراسان
Khorasan

خراسان بزرگ (فارسي)

خراسان بزرگ
علائقو
خراسان ۽ ڀرپاسي جا علائقا. * ستين ۽ اٺين صديءَ ۾ خراسان ۽ ان جا ڀرپاسي وارا علائقا. * خراسان ۾ شامل ملڪ: افغانستان، ايران ۽ ترڪمينستان. مختلف ذريعن موجب تاجڪستان، ازبڪستان، ڪرغزستان ۽ قزاقستان جا مختلف علائقا پڻ ان ۾ شامل ڪيا وڃن ٿا. * خراساني * نسلي گروهه: فارسي (ايراني)، تاجڪ، فارسيوان، ترڪمين، ازبڪ، پختون، هزاره ۽ خراساني ڪرد.
خراسان ۽ ڀرپاسي جا علائقا. * ستين ۽ اٺين صديءَ ۾ خراسان ۽ ان جا ڀرپاسي وارا علائقا. * خراسان ۾ شامل ملڪ: افغانستان، ايران ۽ ترڪمينستان. مختلف ذريعن موجب تاجڪستان، ازبڪستان، ڪرغزستان ۽ قزاقستان جا مختلف علائقا پڻ ان ۾ شامل ڪيا وڃن ٿا. * خراساني * نسلي گروهه: فارسي (ايراني)، تاجڪ، فارسيوان، ترڪمين، ازبڪ، پختون، هزاره ۽ خراساني ڪرد.
Khorasan and its surroundings in the 7th and 8th centuries
Khorasan and its surroundings in the 7th and 8th centuries
Countries in KhorasanAfghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan.[1] Different regions of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan are also included in different sources.
رهاڪو نالوKhorasani
Ethnicities:

خراسان (فارسي:خراسان بزرگ)[2] اولهه ۽ وچ ايشيا ۾ واقع "ايراني سطح مرتفع" (Iranian Plateau) جو هڪ تاريخي اوڀر وارو علائقو آهي. ان ۾ افغانستان جو اولهه ۽ اتر وارو حصو، اتر-اوڀر ايران، ترڪمانستان ۽ ازبڪستان جا اوڀر وارا اڌ حصا، اولهه تاجڪستان ۽ ڪرغزستان توڙي قزاقستان جا ڪجهه حصا شامل آهن.

"خراسان" سڏجندڙ علائقي جي وسعت وقت سان گڏ تبديل ٿيندي رهي آهي. پنهنجي خاص تاريخي مفهوم ۾، ان ۾ گهڻو ڪري افغانستان، اتر-اوڀر ايران جا موجوده علائقا ۽ وچ ايشيا جا ڏکڻ وارا حصا شامل هئا، جيڪي آمو دريا تائين پکڙيل هئا. جڏهن ته، هي نالو اڪثر ڪري وسيع مفهوم ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن ۾ "ٽرانس آڪسيانا" (جنهن ۾ موجوده ازبڪستان جا شهر بخارا ۽ سمرقند شامل آهن) جو گهڻو حصو، اولهه ۾ ڪيسپين سمنڊ جي ڪناري ۽ "دشتِ ڪوير" تائين، ڏکڻ ۾ ”سيستان“ تائين ۽ اوڀر ۾ ”پامير جبلن“ تائين پکڙيل علائقو شامل رهيو آهي. اڄڪلهه "وڏي خراسان" (Greater Khorasan) جو اصطلاح ان وڏي تاريخي علائقي کي ايران جي اڳوڻي "خراسان صوبي" (1906ع-2004ع) کان الڳ ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو؛ اڳوڻو صوبو گهڻو ڪري تاريخي وڏي خراسان جي اولهه واري حصي تي مشتمل هو.

تازن تحقيقي مطالعي ۾، ”وڏو خراسان“ وچ ايشيا ۾ ”وچئين ۽ آخري برانز ايج“ (Bronze Age - ٽامي ۽ ٽين جي ميلاپ واري دور) دوران رابطي ۽ ڳنڍيل هجڻ جي هڪ وسيع دائري (interaction sphere) ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو. هن دور ۾، خاص طور تي 2400 کان 1500 قبل مسيح (BCE) جي وچ ۾ ڏکڻ وچ ايشيا ۾ پيچيده سماجن جو اڀار ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو. ان ڪري، ”برانز ايج“ واري ”وڏي خراسان جي تهذيب“ (GKC) جي اڀار تي غور ڪيو پيو وڃي. * پر وچ ايشيا جو هي رابطي وارو دائرو اڃا به اڳتي، يعني چوٿين هزار سال قبل مسيح (4th millennium BCE) جي شروعاتي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿو؛ مثال طور اتر-اوڀر ايران ۾ ”ٽيپي حصار“ (Tepe Hissar) جهڙن اهم ماڳن تي ان جا آثار ملن ٿا. ”خراسان“ نالو فارسي آهي (جيڪو وچئين دور جي فارسي لفظ ”خواراسان“ مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”جتان سج اڀري ٿو“ يا ”اوڀر وارو صوبو“). هي نالو ساساني سلطنت دوران فارس (قديم ايران) جي اوڀر واري صوبي کي ڏنو ويو هو ۽ وچئين دور جي آخري حصي ۾ ان کي پاڙيسري علائقي ”ماوراء النهر“ (Transoxiana) کان الڳ سڃاڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. ان بابت اهو به دليل ڏنو ويو آهي ته ساساني نالو ”خواراسان“ اصل ۾ ان علائقي جي باختري (Bactrian) نالي ”ميروسان“ (Miirosan) جو ئي ترجمو يا متبادل هو؛ جنهن جي معنيٰ به ساڳي هئي، يعني ”سج اڀرڻ“ يا ”اوڀر“ (اهو نالو هڪ فرضي پروٽو-ايراني صورت *miθrāsāna سان مطابقت رکي ٿو؛ لاڳاپيل سج جي ديوتا لاءِ ”مٿرا“ يا باختري لفظ ”ميرو“ [mihr] ڏسو).

a historical eastern region in the Iranian Plateau in West and Central Asia that encompasses western and northern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, the eastern halves of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, and portions of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

The extent of the region referred to as Khorasan varied over time. In its stricter historical sense, it comprised mostly of Afghanistan, the present territories of northeastern Iran and southern parts of Central Asia, extending as far as the Amu Darya (Oxus) river. However, the name has often been used in a loose sense to include a wider region that included most of Transoxiana (encompassing Bukhara and Samarqand in present-day Uzbekistan),[3] extended westward to the Caspian coast[4] and to the Dasht-e Kavir[5] southward to Sistan,[6][5] and eastward to the Pamir Mountains.[5][4] Greater Khorasan is today sometimes used to distinguish the larger historical region from the former Khorasan Province of Iran (1906–2004), which roughly encompassed the western portion of the historical Greater Khorasan.[2]

In recent scholarship, Greater Khorasan refers to an extensive interaction sphere in Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. The emergence of complex societies during this period is observed especially during 2400–1500 BCE in southern Central Asia. Thus, the rise of the Greater Khorasan Civilization (GKC) of Bronze Age is being considered.[7]

But this interaction sphere of Central Asia goes back even further as far as the early fourth millennium BCE, for example at important sites such as Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran.[8]

The name Khorāsān is Persian (from Middle Persian Xwarāsān, sp. xwlʾsʾn', meaning "where the sun arrives from" or "the Eastern Province").[9][10] The name was first given to the eastern province of Persia (Ancient Iran) during the Sasanian Empire[11] and was used from the late Middle Ages in distinction to neighbouring Transoxiana.[12][13][14] The Sassanian name Xwarāsān has in turn been argued to be a calque of the Bactrian name of the region, Miirosan (Bactrian spelling: μιιροσανο,[15] μιροσανο, earlier μιυροασανο), which had the same meaning 'sunrise, east' (corresponding to a hypothetical Proto-Iranian form *miθrāsāna;[16] see Mithra, Bactrian μιυρο [mihr],[17] for the relevant solar deity). The province was often subdivided into four quarters, such that Nishapur (present-day Iran), Marv (present-day Turkmenistan), Herat and Balkh (present-day Afghanistan) were the centers, respectively, of the westernmost, northernmost, central, and easternmost quarters.[3]

Khorasan was first established as an administrative division in the 6th century (approximately after 520) by the Sasanians, during the reign of Kavad I (r. 488–496, 498/9–531 ) or Khosrow I (r. 531–579 ),[18] and comprised the eastern and northeastern parts of the empire. The use of Bactrian Miirosan 'the east' as an administrative designation under Alkhan rulers in the same region is possibly the forerunner of the Sasanian administrative division of Khurasan,[19][20][21] occurring after their takeover of Hephthalite territories south of the Oxus. The transformation of the term and its identification with a larger region is thus a development of the late Sasanian and early Islamic periods. Early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of Jibal or what was subsequently termed Iraq Ajami (Persian Iraq), as being included in a vast and loosely defined region of Khorasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and the Pamir Mountains. The boundary between these two was the region surrounding the cities of Gurgan and Qumis. In particular, the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Timurids divided their empires into Iraqi and Khorasani regions. Khorasan is believed to have been bounded in the southwest by desert and the town of Tabas, known as "the Gate of Khorasan",[22]:562 from which it extended eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan.[4][5] Sources from the 10th century onwards refer to areas in the south of the Hindu Kush as the Khorasan Marches, forming a frontier region between Khorasan and Hindustan.[23][24]

پڻ ڏسو

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حوالا

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  1. ↑ Sistan and Khorasan Travelogue Page 48
  2. 1 2 Dabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr: 1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235–236
  3. 1 2 Minorsky, V. (1938). "Geographical Factors in Persian Art". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 9(3), 621–652.
  4. 1 2 3 "Khorasan". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010-10-21 تي حاصل ڪيل. historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south, from the fringes of the central Iranian deserts eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan. Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of India.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Lambton, Ann K.S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History, 11th–14th Century. Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies. New York, NY: Bibliotheca Persica. ص. 404. In the early centuries of Islam, Khurasan generally included all the Muslim provinces east of the Great Desert. In this larger sense, it included Transoxiana, Sijistan and Quhistan. Its Central Asian boundary was the Chinese desert and the Pamirs, while its Indian boundary lay along the Hindu Kush toward India.
  6. ↑ Bosworth, C.E. (1986). Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5, Khe – Mahi (New ڇاپو). Leiden [u.a.]: Brill [u.a.] ص. 55–59. ISBN 90-04-07819-3.
  7. ↑ Kroll, Sonja; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Lhuillier, Johanna; Luneau, Élise; Kaniuth, Kai; Teufer, Mike; Mustafakulov, Samariddin; Khasanov, Mutalib et al. (2022). "Mobility and land use in the Greater Khorasan Civilization: Isotopic approaches (87Sr/86Sr, δ18O) on human populations from southern Central Asia". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 46. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103622. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352409X22002851. Retrieved 2025-12-15.
  8. ↑ Moradi, Neda; Fazeli Nashli, Hassan; Yousefi Zoshk, Rouhollah; Fazeli Nashli, Hassan (2024). "Tepe Hissar in the Fourth Millennium BCE". Journal of Archaeology and Archaeometry 3: 17 pages. doi:10.71647/JAA.2024.1188464. ISSN 2980-9630. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jaa/Article/1188464. Retrieved 2025-12-15.
  9. ↑ Sykes, M. (1914). "Khorasan: The Eastern Province of Persia". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 62(3196), 279–286.
  10. ↑ A compound of khwar (meaning "sun") and āsān (from āyān, literally meaning "to come" or "coming" or "about to come"). Thus the name Khorasan (or Khorāyān خورآيان) means "sunrise", viz. "Orient, East". Humbach, Helmut, and Djelani Davari, "Nāmé Xorāsān" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2011-01-02 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Persian translation by Djelani Davari, published in Iranian Languages Studies Website. MacKenzie, D. (1971). A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary (p. 95). London: Oxford University Press. The Persian word Khāvar-zamīn (Persian: خاور زمین), meaning "the eastern land", has also been used as an equivalent term. DehKhoda, "Lughat Nameh DehKhoda" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2011-07-18 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
  11. ↑ "Khorāsān". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 8 December 2018 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  12. ↑ Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.4
  13. ↑ C. Edmund Bosworth, (2002), 'Central Asia iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols' Encyclopaedia Iranica (online)
  14. ↑ C. Edmund Bosworth, (2011), 'Mā Warāʾ Al-Nahr' Encyclopaedia Iranica (online)
  15. ↑ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2019-01-01). "Miirosan to Khurasan: Huns, Alkhans, and the Creation of East Iran". Vicino Oriente 23: 121–138. doi:10.53131/VO2724-587X2019_9. https://www.academia.edu/41991581.
  16. ↑ Gholami, Saloumeh (2010), Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar (PhD thesis), University of Göttingen, p.25, 59
  17. ↑ Sims-Williams, N. "Bactrian Language". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  18. ↑ Schindel, Nikolaus (2013a). "Kawād I i. Reign". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2. ص. 136–141.
  19. ↑ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2019-01-01). "Miirosan to Khurasan: Huns, Alkhans, and the Creation of East Iran". Vicino Oriente 23: 121–138. doi:10.53131/VO2724-587X2019_9. https://www.academia.edu/41991581.
  20. ↑ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017-03-15). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity (انگريزي ۾). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
  21. ↑ Vondrovec, Klaus (2014). Coinage of the Iranian Huns and their Successors from Bactria to Ganhara (4th to 8th century CE). ISBN 978-3-7001-7695-4.
  22. ↑ Sykes, P. (1906). A Fifth Journey in Persia (Continued). The Geographical Journal, 28(6), 560–587.
  23. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1937). Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. – 982 A.D. London: Oxford UP.
  24. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Baburnama".

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