مواد ڏانھن هلو

تيموري سلطنت

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
Timurid Empire

ایران و توران
Iran-o-Turan
1370–1507
قومي شعار: Persian:راستى رستى
Rāstī rustī
"In rectitude lies salvation"
The Timurid Empire in 1405 جو مقام
The Timurid Empire in 1405
حيثيتEmirate
گاديءَ جو شهر
عام ٻوليون
[6]
مذهب
حڪومتAbsolute monarchy
تاريخي دورLate Middle Ages
• Timur begins conquests
1363
• Establishment of Timurid Empire
1370
• Westward expansion begins
1380
20 July 1402
• Fall of Samarkand
1501
• Fall of Herat
1507
21 April 1526
ايراضي
1405 est.[7][8][9]4,400,000 km2 (1,700,000 sq mi)
آبادي
• 1405 est.[10]
49,000,000
ڪرنسيTanka[11]

تيموري سلطنت (Timurid Empire) وچئين دور جي پڇاڙيءَ واري زماني جي هڪ ترڪ-منگول، ثقافتي طور تي فارسي اثر هيٺ رهندڙ مسلمان سلطنت هئي،[12] [13] جنهن پندرهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ "عظيم ايران" (Greater Iran) واري خطي تي پنهنجو غلبو قائم ڪيو. هن سلطنت ۾ موجوده دور جا ايران، عراق، افغانستان، وچ ايشيا جو وڏو حصو، ڏکڻ قفقاز (South Caucasus) ۽ موجوده پاڪستان، اتر هندستان توڙي ترڪي جا ڪجهه علائقا شامل هئا. هن سلطنت جي ثقافت مختلف عنصرن جو ميلاپ هئي، جنهن ۾ ترڪ، منگول ۽ فارسي اثرن جو سنگم نظر ايندو هو؛ ان ئي سلسلي ۾ هن خاندان جي آخري حڪمرانن کي "مثالي فارسي-اسلامي حڪمران" سمجهيو ويندو هو.

The Timurid Empire was a late medieval Turco-Mongol, culturally Persianate,[13][14] Muslim[15][16] empire[17] that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India, and Turkey.[18][17][15][16] The empire had a syncretic culture and combined Turkic, Mongolic, and Persian influences,[19][20] with the last members of the dynasty being regarded as "ideal Perso-Islamic rulers".[21][22][23]

The empire was founded by Timur, also known as Tamerlane, a warlord belonging to the Turco-Mongol Barlas tribe, which was of Mongol origin but had become Turkicized in Central Asia.[24] Timur established the empire in 1370 and ruled it until his death in 1405. He saw himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, regarded himself as his heir, and associated closely with the Borjigin. Timur continued to have strong trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde, with Chinese diplomats like Ma Huan and Chen Cheng traveling west to his capital, Samarkand. The empire led to the Timurid Renaissance, particularly during the reign of Shahrukh Mirza (1405–1447) and his astronomer and mathematician son Ulugh Begh (1447–1449).

The ruling Timurid dynasty lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation with the defeat and death of Abu Sa'id Mirza (1451–1469). However, members of the Timurid dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and Khorasan, with the reign of Husayn Bayqara (1469–1506) being regarded as the last flowering of the Timurid Renaissance in Herat.[25] By 1507, Uzbeks under Shaybani Khan had conquered almost all of the surviving Timurid principalities, including Samarkand and Herat. In the 16th century, Babur, the Timurid prince of Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there. After a final attempt to retake Samarkand in 1511–12, Babur turned to India and used this kingdom as a staging ground to invade the Delhi Sultanate in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire.

پڻ ڏسو

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حوالا

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  1. ↑ A History of Inner Asia (PDF). Princeton University. ص. 126.
  2. ↑ The Timurid States in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. History of Civilisations of Central Asia. UNESCO. ص. 354.
  3. ↑ Multiple references:
    • Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press, p.109. ISBN 0-521-63384-2. Limited preview at Google Books. p.109. "In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'divan' was Persian."
    • B.F. Manz, W.M. Thackston, D.J. Roxburgh, L. Golombek, L. Komaroff, R.E. Darley-Doran. "Timurids" Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Publishers 2007; "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."
    • Bertold Spuler. "CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2017-09-14 تي حاصل ڪيل. "Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 ... Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ...
    • Robert Devereux (ed.) "Muhakamat Al-Lughatain (Judgment of Two Languages)" Mir 'Ali Shir Nawāi; Leiden, E.J. Brill 1966: "Nawa'i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic. It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon, since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary, or at least advisable, to learn Persian – it was, after all, the official state language – while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was, in their eyes, merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen.
    • David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama."
  4. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "homelanguage".
  5. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "EI - Manz2".
  6. ↑ Komaroff, Linda (1986), "The Epigraphy of Timurid Coinage: Some Preliminary Remarks" (PDF), Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society), 31: 210, JSTOR 43573714, 2026-03-03 تي حاصل ڪيل
  7. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  8. ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): p. 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807.
  9. ↑ Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience (انگريزي ۾). Oxford University Press. ص. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
  10. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Hoyer, Daniel (2020). Figuring Out the Past: The 100 Most Surprising Predictions from History (PDF) (انگريزي ۾). Profile Books. ISBN 978-1788161930.
  11. ↑ "Items from the Timurid Empire". numista.
  12. ↑
  13. 1 2
  14. ↑ Subtelny 2007 "The resultant Timurid polity may thus be characterized as a Perso-Islamic state."
  15. 1 2 Robinson, Francis (2007). The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran, and Central Asia. Thames & Hudson. ص. 20. Babur inherited the political traditions of the Timurid Muslim empire.
  16. 1 2 Robinson, Chase F. (2016). A History of the Muslim World to 1405: The Making of a Civilization. Cambridge University Press. ص. 248. Timur forged one of the largest Muslim empires of the late medieval period.
  17. 1 2 Spengler, Robert N. (2020-09-22). Fruit from the Sands: The Silk Road Origins of the Foods We Eat. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-37926-8.
  18. ↑ Green 2019.
  19. ↑ Timurids, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. This cultural rebirth had a double character; on one hand, there was a renewal of Persian civilization and art (distinguished by extensive adaptations from the Chinese), and on the other, an original national literature in the Turk-Jagatai language, which borrowed from Persian sources.
  20. ↑ Subtelny 2007, p. 40"Turko-Mongolian ideals necessarily blended with Perso-Islamic concepts of legitimation. This resulted, as mentioned already, in the coexistence of many Turko-Mongolian practices alongside Perso-Islamic ones (...) Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Turko-Mongolian supporters became acculturated by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian language, culture, painting, architecture and music. At the same time, to preserve their Turkic cultural heritage, they promoted the use of a Chagatay (Eastern Turkic) language and literature that was written in the Arabo-Persian script, and even retained the symbolic used of the Turkic Uighur script."
  21. ↑ Subtelny 2007, p. 41"The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who devoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture."
  22. ↑ Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1974). The Venture of Islam, Volume 2: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods. University of Chicago Press. ص. 395. Timur's conquests created a vast Islamicate empire across Iran and Central Asia.
  23. ↑ Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. ص. 331. The Timurid state became one of the major Islamic states of Central Asia.
  24. ↑ Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2007). Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran. Cambridge University Press. The Barlas were originally a Mongol tribe which had become thoroughly Turkicized in language and culture.
  25. ↑ Allchin, Frank Raymond; Hammond, Norman; Hammond, Nicholas G. (مرتب). The Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid Period. ص. 379.

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