مواد ڏانھن هلو

بيرنگ سامونڊي گذرگاهه

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
Bering Strait
Satellite image of the Bering Strait. Cape Dezhnev, Russia, is on the left, the two Diomede Islands are in the middle, and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, is on the right
Nautical chart of the Bering Strait
مقامNorth Asia and Northern America
سامونڊي طاسRussia, United States
گھٽ ۾ گھٽ ويڪر82 ڪلوميٽر (51 mi)
سراسري اونھائي30–50 m (98–164 ft)
وڌ کان وڌ اونھائي90 m (300 ft)
ٻيٽ Diomede Islands

بيرنگ اسٽريٽ (روسي: Берингов пролив) [1] [1] [2] پئسفڪ ۽ آرڪٽڪ سمنڊن جي وچ ۾ هڪ سامونڊي گذرگاهه آهي. روسي ڏور اوڀر جي چوچي جزيره نما کي الاسڪا جي سيورڊ جزيره نما کان الڳ ڪري ٿو. موجوده روس-آمريڪا جي سامونڊي حد "37'58°168 اولهه ڊگھائي ڦاڪ تي, آرڪٽڪ سرڪل کان ٿورو ڏکڻ ۾ تقريباً '40°65 اتر ويڪرائي ڦاڪ تي آهي. اسٽريٽ جو نالو هڪ ڊينش ڄاول روسي ڳولا ڪندڙ, "ويٽس بيرنگ" جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

سامونڊي گذرگاهه سائنسي نظريي جو موضوع آهي, انسان ايشيا کان اتر آمريڪا ڏانهن هڪ زميني پل ذريعي لڏپلاڻ ڪئي جنهن کي "بيرنگيا" سڏيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن گهٽ سمنڊ جي سطح (گليشيئرز جي نتيجي ۾ پاڻي جي وڏي مقدار کي بند ڪيو) موجوده گذرگاهه تي ۽ ان جي اتر ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ گهٽ سمنڊ ۾ سمنڊ جي فرش جي هڪ وسيع حصي کي بي نقاب ڪيو.[3] هي نظرو پيليو-انڊين آمريڪا ۾ ڪيئن داخل ٿيا ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان غالب رهيو آهي ۽ سڀ کان وڌيڪ قبول ٿيل آهي. ٻيڙي جي استعمال کان سواءِ ڪيتريون ئي ڪامياب ڪراسنگ, گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 صدي جي شروعات کان رڪارڊ ڪيا ويا آهن.

جاگرافي ۽ سائنس

[سنواريو]

بيرنگ سامونڊي گذرگاهه پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي (ڪيپ ڊيزنف, چڪچي جزيري نما، روس, ايشيائي براعظم جو اوڀر وارو نقطو '39°169 اولهه ۽ ڪيپ پرنس آف ويلز, الاسڪا، آمريڪا, اتر آمريڪي براعظم جو اولهه وارو نقطو '05°168 اولهه جي وچ ۾) تي تقريباً 82 ڪلوميٽر ويڪرو آهي. ان جو گهرو نقطو صرف 90 ميٽر آهي. ان جي حد اتر ۾ چڪچي سمنڊ (آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ جو حصو) ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ بيرنگ سمنڊ سان آهي.[4] [5] هي گذرگاهه يوپڪ، انوئٽ ۽ چڪچي ماڻهن جي گهٽ آبادي, جن جا هڪ ٻئي سان ثقافتي ۽ لساني لاڳاپا آهن سان هڪ منفرد رهائشگاهه آهي.[6]

اهو گذرگاهه 4.8 کان 7.4 ملين سال اڳ کليل سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اهو سمجهيو ويندو آهي ته 9,00,000 سال اڳ, گذرگاهه جو تنگ ٿيڻ, برفاني دور جي مدت کي وڌائڻ جي سببن مان هڪ ٿي سگهي ٿو.

مهمون

[سنواريو]

تجويز ڪيل ڪراسنگ: تجويز ڪيل جيولوجيڪل انجنيئرنگ: "برف جو پردو" سرحد:

The Bering Strait is about wide at its only 90 metres (300 ft). It to the south.[5] The

Defense Mapping Agency topographical map of the Bering Strait, 1973

From at least 1562, European geographers thought that there was a Strait of Anián between Asia and North America. In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov probably passed through the strait, but his report did not reach Europe. Danish-born Russian navigator Vitus Bering entered it in 1728. In 1732, Mikhail Gvozdev became the first European to cross it, from Asia to America. It was visited in 1778 by the third voyage of James Cook.

American vessels were hunting for bowhead whales in the strait by 1847.[7]

In March 1913, Captain Max Gottschalk (German) crossed from the east cape of Siberia to Shishmaref, Alaska, on dogsled via Little and Big Diomede islands. He was the first documented modern voyager to cross from Russia to North America without the use of a boat.[8]

In 1987, swimmer Lynne Cox swam a 4.3-ڪلوميٽر (2.7 mi) course between the Diomede Islands from Alaska to the Soviet Union in 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) water during the last years of the Cold War.[9][10] She was congratulated jointly by American president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.[9]

In June and July 1989, three independent teams attempted the first modern sea-kayak crossing of the Bering Strait. The groups were: seven Alaskans, who called their effort Paddling Into Tomorrow (i.e. crossing the international dateline); a four-man British expedition, Kayaks Across the Bering Strait; and a team of Californians in a three-person baidarka, led by Jim Noyes (who launched his ambitious expedition as a paraplegic). Accompanying the Californians was a film crew in a umiak, a walrus-skin boat traditional to the region; they were filming the 1991 documentary Curtain of Ice, directed by John Armstrong.[11][12]

In March 2006, Briton Karl Bushby and French-American adventurer Dimitri Kieffer crossed the strait on foot, walking across a frozen 90-ڪلوميٽر (56 mi) section in 15 days.[13] They were soon arrested for not entering Russia through a regular port of entry.[14]

August 2008 marked the first crossing of the Bering Strait using an amphibious road-going vehicle. The specially modified Land Rover Defender 110 was driven by Steve Burgess and Dan Evans across the straits on its second attempt following the interruption of the first by bad weather.[15]

In February 2012, a Korean team led by Hong Sung-Taek crossed the straits on foot in six days. They started from Chukotka Peninsula, the east coast of Russia on February 23 and arrived in Wales, the western coastal town in Alaska on February 29.[16]

In July 2012, six adventurers associated with "Dangerous Waters", a reality adventure show under production, made the crossing on Sea-Doos but were arrested and permitted to return to Alaska on their Sea-Doos after being briefly detained in Lavrentiya, the administrative center of the Chukotsky District. They were treated well and given a tour of the village's museum, but not permitted to continue south along the Pacific coast. The men had visas but the western coast of the Bering Strait is a closed military zone.[17]

Between August 4 and 10 (US time), 2013, a team of 65 swimmers from 17 countries performed a relay swim across the Bering Strait, the first such swim in history. They swam from Cape Dezhnev, Russia, to Cape Prince of Wales, United States (roughly 110 ڪلوميٽر (68 mi), due to the current).[18][19] They had direct support from the Russian Navy, using one of its ships, and assistance with permission.

تجويز ڪيل ڪراسنگ

[سنواريو]
اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Bering Strait crossing

A physical link between Asia and North America via the Bering Strait nearly became a reality in 1864 when a Russian-American telegraph company began preparations for an overland telegraph line connecting Europe and America via the east. It was abandoned when the undersea Atlantic Cable proved successful.[20]

A further proposal for a bridge-and-tunnel link from eastern Russia to Alaska was made by French engineer Baron Loicq de Lobel in 1906. Czar Nicholas II of Russia issued an order authorising a Franco-American syndicate represented by de Lobel to begin work on the Trans-Siberian Alaska railroad project, but no physical work ever commenced.[21][22][23][24][25]

Suggestions have been made to construct a Bering Strait bridge between Alaska and Siberia. Despite the unprecedented engineering, political, and financial challenges, Russia green-lit a US$65-billion TKM-World Link tunnel project in August 2011. If completed, the 103-ڪلوميٽر (64 mi) tunnel would be the world's longest.[26] China considered construction of a "China-Russia-Canada-America" railroad line that would include construction of a 200-ڪلوميٽر-long (120 mi) underwater tunnel that would cross the Bering Strait.[27]

تجويز ڪيل جيولوجيڪل انجنيئرنگ

[سنواريو]

In 1956, the Soviet Union proposed to the US a joint bi-national project to warm the Arctic Ocean and melt some of the ice cap. As designed by Petr Borisov, the Soviet project called for a 90-ڪلوميٽر-wide (56 mi) dam across the Bering Strait. It would block the cold Pacific current from entering the Arctic. By pumping low-salinity cold surface water across the dam to the Pacific, warmer and higher salinity sea water from the Atlantic Ocean would be introduced into the Arctic Ocean.[28][29][30] However, citing national security concerns, the CIA and FBI experts opposed the Soviet plan by arguing that while the plan was feasible, it would compromise NORAD and thus the dam could be built at only an immense cost.[31] Soviet scientist D. A. Drogaytsev also opposed the idea, stating that the sea north of the dam and north-flowing rivers in Siberia would become unnavigable year round, and the Gobi and other deserts would be extended to the northern Siberia coastline.[28]

American Charles P. Steinmetz (1865–1923) earlier proposed to widen the Bering Strait by removing St. Lawrence Island and parts of Seward and Chukotski Peninsulas. A strait 320 ڪلوميٽر (200 mi) wide would let the Japan Current melt the Arctic Ocean.[28]

In the 21st century, a 300-ڪلوميٽر (190 mi) dam has also been proposed. However, the aim of the proposal is to preserve the Arctic ice cap against global warming.[32]

حد: "برف جو پردو"

[سنواريو]
"لِٽِل ڊُوميڊ ٻيٽ"، آمريڪا (کاٻي پاسي) ۽ "بِگ ڊُوميڊ ٻيٽ"، روس (ساڄي پاسي)

سرد جنگ دوران, بيرنگ اسٽريٽ سوويت يونين ۽ آمريڪا جي وچ ۾ سرحد جي نشاندهي ڪندو هو. بِٽِل ڊُوميڊ (روس) ۽ بِٽِل ڊُوميڊ (آمريڪا). بِٽِل ڊُوميڊ ٻيٽ صرف 3.8 ڪلوميٽر پري آهن. روايتي طور تي. علائقي جا مقامي ماڻهو اڪثر "معمول جي دورن. موسمي تہوارن ۽ گذر سفر" لاءِ سرحد پار ڪندا هئا. پر سرد جنگ دوران انهن کي ائين ڪرڻ کان روڪيو ويو. [33] حد "برف جو پردو" جي نالي سان مشهور ٿي. [34] [35] اهو مڪمل طور تي بند هو. ۽ ڪو به باقاعده مسافر هوائي يا ٻيڙي ٽرئفڪ نه هو.

2012 کان وٺي. بِٽِل ڊُوميڊ جو روسي ساحل هڪ بند فوجي زون رهيو آهي. منظم سفرن ۽ خاص اجازت نامن جي استعمال ذريعي. پرڏيهي ماڻهن لاءِ دورو ڪرڻ ممڪن آهي. سڀئي آمدورفت ايئرپورٽ يا ڪروز پورٽ ذريعي ٿيڻ گهرجن. بِٽِل ڊُوميڊ جي ويجهو صرف انادير يا پروويڊنيا ۾. غير مجاز مسافر (جيڪي آبنائي پار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ڪناري تي پهچن ٿا. ويزا وارن کي به) گرفتار ڪري سگهجي ٿو. مختصر طور تي قيد ڪيو وڃي. جرمانو ڪيو وڃي، ملڪ بدر ڪيو وڃي ۽ مستقبل جي ويزا کان منع ڪئي وڃي.[17]

پڻ ڏسو

[سنواريو]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. 1 2 "Bering". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 19 September 2020 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  2. ↑ سانچو:Cite EPD
  3. ↑ Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 978-0-395-87274-1.
  4. ↑ Woodgate, Rebecca. "CIRCULATION AND OUTFLOWS OF THE CHUKCHI SEA". psc.apl.washington.edu. محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان February 25, 2001 تي محفوظ ڪيل. April 27, 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  5. 1 2 Dr. Alexander, Vera. "Why is the Bering Sea Important?". محفوظ ڪيل مان اصل نسخي کان December 5, 2003 تي محفوظ ڪيل. April 27, 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  6. ↑ Betsy Baker. Polar Institute. (November 2021). Beyond the Northern Sea Route:Enhancing Russian-United States Cooperation in the Bering Strait Region. Series:Polar Perspectives No. 8. Wilson Center website Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  7. ↑ Willian John Dakin (1938), Whalemen Adventures, Sydney, Angus & Robertson, p.127.
  8. ↑ "The Victoria Advocate – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  9. 1 2 Watts, Simon (August 8, 2012). "Swim that broke Cold War ice curtain". BBC News (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). March 8, 2021 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  10. ↑ "Swimming to Antarctica", CBS News, September 17, 2003
  11. ↑ "Soviet kayakers cross Bering Strait". UPI.
  12. ↑ "Curtain of Ice" – www.imdb.com وسيلي.
  13. ↑ "Epic explorer crosses frozen sea". BBC News. April 3, 2006. January 13, 2012 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  14. ↑ "Epic explorer detained in Russia". BBC News. April 4, 2006. January 13, 2012 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  15. ↑ "Cape to Cape Expedition". January 13, 2012 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  16. ↑ The Korea Herald (March 2012). "Korean team crosses Bering Strait". koreaherald.com.
  17. 1 2 Roth, Andrew (July 11, 2012). "Journey by Sea Takes Awkward Turn in Russia". The New York Times. اصل نسخو مان February 5, 2015 تي محفوظ ڪيل. July 12, 2012 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  18. ↑ "ТАСС: Спорт – На Аляске завершилась международная эстафета "моржей", переплывших Берингов пролив". ТАСС.
  19. ↑ "Bering Strait Swim – Russia to America". Facebook.
  20. ↑ Vevier, Charles (1959). "The Collins Overland Line and American Continentalism". Pacific Historical Review 3 (3): 237–253. doi:10.2307/3636469.
  21. ↑ "San Francisco to St Petersburg by Rail! If the Tunnel is driven under Bering Strait will Orient meet Occident with Smile – or with Sword?". San Francisco Call. September 2, 1906. April 23, 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  22. ↑ Thinking Big: Roads and Railroads to Siberia. InterBering LLC. 1899. ISBN 9780665155185. April 23, 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (مدد)
  23. ↑ Loicq de Lobel (August 2, 1906). Le Klondyke, l'Alaska, le Yukon et les Iles Aléoutienne. Société Française d'Editions d'Art. ISBN 9780665155185. April 23, 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (مدد)
  24. ↑ "FOR BERING STRAIT BRIDGE" (PDF). New York Times. August 2, 1906. April 23, 2016 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  25. ↑ James A. Oliver (2006). The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier Between East and West.
  26. ↑ Halpin, Tony (August 20, 2011). "Russia plans $65bn tunnel to America". The Sunday Times.
  27. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (May 9, 2014). "China may build an undersea train to America". The Washington Post. May 14, 2014 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  28. 1 2 3 Ley, Willy (June 1961). "The Strait Named After Vitus Bering". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. ص. 37–51.
  29. ↑ Fleming, James Rodger (November 11, 2010). "How the USSR Tried to Melt the Arctic".
  30. ↑ "The Soviet Scientist Who Dreamed of Melting the Arctic with a 55-Mile-Long Dam". April 25, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Ocean Dams Would Thaw North" Popular Mechanics, June 1956, p. 135.
  32. ↑ "Diomede Crossroads: Saving the Arctic sea ice? Thoughts on plausibility".
  33. ↑ State of Alaska website آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا August 31, 2009, حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
  34. ↑ "Lifting the Ice Curtain", Peter A. Iseman, The New York Times, October 23, 1988
  35. ↑ Borger, Julian (October 6, 2022). "Two Russians flee Ukraine draft by crossing Bering Sea by boat to Alaska". the Guardian (انگريزي ۾). February 1, 2023 تي حاصل ڪيل.

وڌيڪ پڙهڻ

[سنواريو]

ٻاهرين لنڪس

[سنواريو]
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