مواد ڏانھن هلو

برادريون

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
(برادرئ کان چوريل)
مئڪوڪو، نائيجيريا ۾ هڪ ڪميونٽي هال

برادري (Community) جاندارن جي اھڙي گروھه کي چيو ويندو آهي جيڪو مختلف خاندانن يا آبادين تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. مثال طور، يورپي برادري، تاجر برادري، مسلم برادري، سک برادري، ھندو برادري، سنڌي برادري، شيعه برادري، ميمڻ برادري يا زيبرن جي برادري. مختلف برادريون گڏجي هڪ ماحولياتي نظام جوڙينديون آهن.[1]

برادري هڪ سماجي ايڪائي (ماڻهن جو هڪ گروپ) آهي، جن ۾ سماجي طور تي، جڳهه، اصولن جي سيٽ، ثقافت، مذهب، قدر، رسم و رواج يا سڃاڻپ جي لحاظ کان ڌار ڌار خاصيتون هونديون آهن. برادريون، هڪ ڏنل جاگرافيائي علائقي ۾ واقع جڳهه، مثال طور، هڪ ملڪ، ڳوٺ، شهر يا پاڙن ۾ يا تصوراتي جڳهن ۾، رابطي جي پليٽ فارمن ذريعي، هڪجهڙائي جو احساس شيئر ڪري سگهن ٿيون. پائيدار سٺا لاڳاپا، جيڪي فوري طور تي نسباتي لاڳاپن کان ٻاهر وڌندا آهن ۽ سماجي ڪردار لاءِ اهم آهن، جئين ته ماڻهن جي سڃاڻپ، عمل ۽ سماجي ادارا جهڙوڪ خاندان، گهر، ڪم، حڪومت، سماج، يا وڏي پيماني تي انسانيت، برادري جي احساس کي پڻ بيان ڪن ٿا.[2] جيتوڻيڪ برادريون عام طور تي ذاتي سماجي لاڳاپن جي نسبت ننڍيون هونديون آهن، "برادري" شايد وڏي گروپ جي وابستگين جهڙوڪ قومي برادريون، بين الاقوامي برادريون ۽ ورچوئل برادرين، جئين فيس بڪ برادري، چيٽنگ جا گروپ، جو حوالو پڻ ڏئي سگهي ٿي.[3] سماجي درجي جي لحاظ کان، هڪ برادري سماجي اجتماعيت جي ذيلي سيٽ وانگر لڳي سگهي ٿي.[4] ترقياتي خيالن ۾، هڪ برادري اجتماعيت مان نڪرندي آهي.[5]

انگريزي ٻوليءَ جو لفظ "ڪميونٽي" پراڻي فرانسيسي لفظ "ڪميونٽي" (فرانسيسي: communauté) مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ "ڪميونٽي"، "عوامي روح" (لاطيني لفظ "ڪميونٽي" مان نڪتل آهي، "عام") مان نڪتل آهي. انگريزي ٻوليءَ جو لفظ "ڪميونٽي" پراڻي فرانسيسي لفظ "ڪميونٽا" (جديد فرانسيسي: communauté) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو لاطيني لفظ "ڪميونٽياس" (برادري، "عوامي روح")، لاطيني لفظ "ڪميونٽي" (عام) مان نڪتل آهي.[6]

انساني برادرين ۾ ارادو، عقيدا، وسيلا، ترجيحون، ضرورتون ۽ خطرا عام ٿي سگهن ٿا. شرڪت ڪندڙن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي هم آهنگي جي درجي کي متاثر ڪن ٿا.[7]

مختلف نقطه نظر

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مکيه تصور:

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ترقي

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قسمون

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انٽرنيٽ برادريون

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حوالا

[سنواريو]
  • Agamben, Giorgio. 1993. The Coming Community, trans. Michael Hardt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Barzilai, Gad. 2003. Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 2001. Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage: 2000. What is globalization? Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bird, Greg. 2016. Containing Community: From Political Economy to Ontology in Agamben, Esposito, and Nancy. Albany, New York: SUNY Press.
  • Blanchot, Maurice. 1988. The Unavowable Community, trans. Pierre Joris. Barrytown, NY: Station Hill.
  • Chavis, D.M., Hogge, J.H., McMillan, D.W., & Wandersman, A. 1986. "Sense of community through Brunswick's lens: A first look." Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 24–40.
  • Chipuer, H.M., & Pretty, G.M.H. (1999). A review of the Sense of Community Index: Current uses, factor structure, reliability, and further development. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), 643–658.
  • Christensen, K., et al. (2003). Encyclopedia of Community. 4 volumes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Cohen, A. P. 1985. The Symbolic Construction of Community. Routledge: New York.
  • Durkheim, Émile. 1950 [1895] The Rules of Sociological Method. Translated by S.A. Solovay and J.H. Mueller. New York: The Free Press.
  • Cox, F., J. Erlich, J. Rothman, and J. Tropman. 1970. Strategies of Community Organization: A Book of Readings. Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock Publishers.
  • Effland, R. 1998. The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations Mesa Community College.
  • Esposito, Roberto. 2010. Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community, trans. Timothy C. Campbell. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Giddens, A. 1999. "Risk and Responsibility" Modern Law Review 62(1): 1–10.
  • James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications. https://archive.org/details/nationformationt00jame. 
  • Joseph, Miranda. 2002. Against the Romance of Community. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Lenski, G. 1974. Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
  • Lingis, Alphonso. 1994. The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Long, D.A., & Perkins, D.D. (2003). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI. Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 279–296.
  • Lyall, Scott, ed. (2016). Community in Modern Scottish Literature. Brill | Rodopi: Leiden | Boston.
  • Nancy, Jean-Luc. 1991. The Inoperative Community, trans. Peter Connor. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Muegge, Steven (2013). "Platforms, communities and business ecosystems: Lessons learned about entrepreneurship in an interconnected world". Technology Innovation Management Review 3 (February): 5–15. doi:10.22215/timreview/655. 
  • Newman, D. 2005. Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2012-01-06 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. Pine Forge Press. Retrieved: 2006-08-05.
  • Putnam, R.D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster
  • Sarason, S.B. 1974. The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1986. "Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center." Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 405–407.
  • Smith, M.K. 2001. Community آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2012-10-29 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.. Encyclopedia of informal education. Last updated: January 28, 2005. Retrieved: 2006-07-15.
  1. ↑ علم حياتيات درسي ڪتاب ڪلاس نائون
  2. ↑ James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 14. https://www.academia.edu/3230875. "[...] we define community very broadly as a group or network of persons who are connected (objectively) to each other by relatively durable social relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties and who mutually define that relationship (subjectively) as important to their social identity and social practice."
  3. ↑ James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 14. https://www.academia.edu/3230875. "[...] we define community very broadly as a group or network of persons who are connected (objectively) to each other by relatively durable social relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties and who mutually define that relationship (subjectively) as important to their social identity and social practice."
  4. ↑ James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 14. https://www.academia.edu/3230875. "[...] we define community very broadly as a group or network of persons who are connected (objectively) to each other by relatively durable social relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties and who mutually define that relationship (subjectively) as important to their social identity and social practice."
  5. ↑ James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 14. https://www.academia.edu/3230875. "[...] we define community very broadly as a group or network of persons who are connected (objectively) to each other by relatively durable social relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties and who mutually define that relationship (subjectively) as important to their social identity and social practice."
  6. ↑ "community", آڪسفورڊ انگلش ڊڪشنري (Online ڇاپو), آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس۔ (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  7. ↑ "community", آڪسفورڊ انگلش ڊڪشنري (Online ڇاپو), آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس۔ (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
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