مواد ڏانھن هلو

باب المندب

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
باب المندب
Bab-el-Mandeb
باب المندب جي ٻاهرين خلا سان ڏيک
locator map of the strait
مقاماتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا جي وچ ۾
پاڻي جو قسمسامونڊي گذرگاهه
سامونڊي طاس جبوتي ،  اريٽيريا ۽  يمن
وڌ کان وڌ ڊيگھ31 mi (50 ڪلوميٽر)
گھٽ ۾ گھٽ ويڪر16 mi (26 ڪلوميٽر)
سراسري اونھائي609 ft (186 m)
ٻيٽ سبع اخوان، دوميرا ۽ پيرم ٻيٽ

باب المندب (انگريزي: Bab-el-Mandeb؛ عربي: باب المندب؛[1] صومالي: ባብ ኣል ማንዳብ) يا "مندب سامونڊي گذرگاهه" هڪ آبي گذرگاهه آهي ۽ عرب جزيري نما تي يمن ۽ آفريڪي سڱ ۾ جبوتي ۽ اريٽيريا جي وچ ۾ هڪ اهم عالمي چوڪ پوائنٽ آهي، جيڪا ڳاڙهي سمنڊ کي عدن جي نار ۽ واڌ سان هندي سمنڊ سان ڳنڍي ٿي.

نالو

[سنواريو]
باب المندب آبنائے جي سيٽلائيٽ تصوير

باب المندب ۾, باب جو مطلب آهي "دروازو" جڏهن ته مندب جو مطلب آهي "ماتم" يا "غم". آبنائے جو نالو ان جي نيويگيشن ۾ شامل خطرن مان نڪتل آهي. يا هڪ عرب ڏند ڪٿا موجب. انهن انگن مان جيڪي زلزلي ۾ ٻڏي ويا هئا جنهن عرب جزيره نما کي آفريڪا جي هارن کان الڳ ڪيو.[2]

تاريخ

[سنواريو]

سامونڊي واپاري رستي ۾ اهميت

[سنواريو]

سامونڊي سيڪيورٽي ۽ جيو پوليٽڪس

[سنواريو]

باب المندب کي وچ اوڀر، اوڀر آفريڪا، ڳاڙهي سمنڊ، عدن جي خليج ۾ بين الاقوامي، علائقائي ۽ سامونڊي سيڪيورٽي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي سمجهيو ويندو آهي. هي ڳچي پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي تي صرف 26 ڪلوميٽر ويڪرو آهي ۽ ان کي هڪ چوڪ پوائنٽ سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو باب المندب کي نه رڳو اقتصادي مفاد جو، پر فوجي اسٽريٽجڪ مفاد جو پڻ بڻائي ٿو, باب المندب باب المندب تي تنگ ڳچي گذرگاهه جي هيٺان جيو اسٽريٽجڪ ڪيبلن لاءِ پڻ هڪ اهم ڪوريڊور آهي، جنهن ۾ مواصلات لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ پاور ڪيبل ۽ فائبر آپٽڪ ڪيبل شامل آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ انهن کي نگراني لاءِ انٽيليجنس سروسز پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ باب المندب، قانوني طور تي، هڪ بين الاقوامي ڳچي گذرگاهه ۽ هڪ ٽرانزٽ گذرگاهه آهي، ان جي اسٽريٽجڪ پوزيشن علائقي ۾ فوجي اثر و رسوخ جي ڪنجي طور تي آبنائے تي سمنڊ جي ڪمانڊ کي اهم بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي. باب المندب کي اڪثر ٻين وڏن سامونڊي چوڪ پوائنٽن، جهڙوڪ سوئز ڪينال ۽ آبنائے هرمز سان گڏ بحث ڪيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته علائقي ۾ (سمندري) سيڪيورٽي لاءِ انهن جي گڏيل اهميت آهي. * 1869ع ۾ سوئيز ڪينال جي کُلڻ سان باب المندب هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ چوڪ پوائنٽ بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ، اهو لنگهه زميني پوزيشن ۽ بحري موجودگي ٻنهي ذريعي ڪنٽرول جي دعوائن جي تابع رهيو آهي. اهو موجوده يمن ۽ جزيره نما عرب جي پاسي پيريم ٻيٽ ۽ جبوتي، اريٽيريا ۽ هارن آف آفريڪا جي سائيٽ تي ست ڀائر ٻيٽن، ۽ سمنڊ کان عدن جي خليج ۽ ڳاڙهي سمنڊ جي وچ ۾ واضح آهي. * عرب جزيره نما جي سائيٽ تي برطانوي سلطنت يمن ۽ پيريم ۾ 1799ع کان 1967ع تائين موجود هئي، جتي ٻيٽ عدن جي حفاظت کان آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ يمن جي عوامي جمهوريه جي ڪنٽرول هيٺ آيو. ايندڙ عرصي ۾ 1967ع کان 1986ع تائين پيريم ۽ باب المندب جي مضبوط سوويت موجودگي هئي. بهرحال، هي موجودگي آهستي آهستي ختم ٿي وئي جيستائين سرد جنگ جو خاتمو نه ٿيو، جنهن کان پوءِ يو ايس ايس آر پنهنجي فوج واپس وٺي ڇڏي. اڄ يمني گهرو ويڙهه (2014 کان وٺي موجوده) يمن جي سائيٽ جي سيڪيورٽي کي متاثر ڪري ٿي، جڏهن ته، ايران جي حمايت يافته حوثي ۽ يمني نيشنل فورسز باب المندب جي چوڌاري اهم زميني سيڪيورٽي اداڪار آهن، علائقائي طاقتن سميت ٻين سان گڏ ايران، اسرائيل، سعودي عرب، گڏيل عرب امارات تڪرار تي اثر انداز ٿيڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهيا آهن. * موجوده جبوتي ۾ آبنائے جي اوڀر آفريقي سائيٽ تي فرانسيسي نوآبادياتي سلطنت باب المندب ۾ 1862-1967 تائين فرانسيسي صومالي لينڊ ۽ بعد ۾ 1967-1977 تائين فرانسيسي علائقي آف دي افارس ۽ ايساس جي طور تي موجود هئي، جنهن موقعي تي جبوتي پنهنجي آزادي لاءِ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻيا ملڪ برطانوي صومالي لينڊ، اطالوي ايريٽيريا ۽ ٻين وانگر ڪالونين ۾ پڻ موجود هئا. 1977 کان وٺي فرانس جبوتي جي آزادي ۽ علائقائي سالميت لاءِ پرعزم آهي، 2014 ۾ ۽ ٻيهر 2024 ۾ تجديد ڪيو ويو.


is widely regarded to play a key role in international, regional and maritime security in the Middle East, East Africa, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden[3]. The strait is only 26 kilometres wide at its narrowest point and is considered a choke point, which makes the Bab-el-Mandeb not only of economic interest, but also of military strategic interest[4][5]. The Bab-el-Mandeb is also an important corridor for geostrategic cables underneath the narrow strait passage at the Bab-el-Mandeb, including power cables and fibre-optic cables used for communication, which in turn makes them used by intelligence services for surveillance[6]. Although the Bab-el-Mandeb, legally, is an international strait and a transit passage, its strategic position has made command of the sea over the strait key to military influence in the region[5]. The Bab-el-Mandeb is often discussed alongside other major maritime chokepoints, such as Suez Canal and the Strait of Hormuz, due to their shared importance for (maritime) security in the region [7][8][9][10].

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 made the Bab-el-Mandeb a strategic choke point. Since then, the strait has been subject to claims of control both via land-based positions and naval presence. This has been evident between present-day Yemen and the island of Perim on the side of the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti, Eritrea and the Seven Brothers Islands at the Horn of Africa site, and from sea the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea[3][11].

On the site of the Arabian Peninsula the British Empire was present in Yemen and at Perim from 1799 until 1967, where the island came under control of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen after its independence from the Aden Protectorate. In the following period from 1967 until 1986 there was a strong Soviet presence at Perim and by the Bab-el-Mandeb. This presence, however, slowly faded out until, the end of the Cold War after which the USSR withdrew their forces[3][12]. Today the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) influences the security of the Yemen site, however, the Iran-backed Houthis and the Yemeni National forces are the key land-based security actors around the Bab-el-Mandeb [13][14], with regional powers as among others Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates trying to influence the conflict [15][16].

On the Eastern African site of the strait in present-day Djibouti the French colonial empire was present at the Bab-el-Mandeb 1862-1967 as French Somaliland and later from 1967-1977 as French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, at which point Djibouti voted for its own independence. Other countries were also present in colonies such as British Somaliland, Italian Eritrea among others [17][18].Since 1977 France has committed to the independence and territorial integrity of Djibouti[19], renewed in 2014 [20] and again in 2024 [21]. Today, however, not only France is at place on the eastern site of the Bab-el-Mandab. Djibouti has increasingly become a site for military influence for an increasing number of great powers [22]. Although French forces are still present, the United States overtook Camp Lemonnier from France in 2002[23], China too has strategically placed People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti in Djibouti, Japan has Japan Self-Defense Force Base Djibouti, Italy has Italian Military Support Base in Djibouti[24]. Meanwhile Saudi Arabia has established a logistics hub and is in discussions with Djibouti about a military base [25]. Russia meanwhile has established its military relations with Eritrea [26]

From sea, claims of control of the Bab-el-Mandeb have been made from the United States since the end of World War II through US-led naval operations in the area from the United States Naval Forces Central Command in Bahrain[27]. In 2002 the formal naval partnership Combined Maritime Forces was established. The force conducts maritime control missions in the area and is supported by contributions from 46 countries[28][29]. This includes latest the Combined Task Force 153 in April 2022 to ensure maritime security for the Bab-el-Mandab, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Measures also include efforts all to ensure safe transit passage through the strait[30].

See main article: Red Sea crisis

Following the 19th of October after the invasion of the Gaza Strip by the IDF the Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen attacked Israel, American and British tankers in the Red Sea, and commercial ships[31][32]. A conflict which continued until a ceasefire was brokered in late 2025[33]. The asymmetric warfare of the Houthis using anti-access/area denial shows how the Houthis were able to effectively change the security situation in the Red Sea by using the chokepoint of the Bab-el-Mandeb and the national waters of Yemen as a strategic advantage. The Houthis have been backed by Iran in the broader Axis of Resistance[34] and the CRINK-alliance have allegedly, supported the Houthis with among other things weapons, dual-use weapons and geospatial intelligence[35]. Equally, there have been references to tracked navy ships in the area from Russia[36].

Following the Red Sea Crisis a number of new operations were initiated, including the EU-led Operation Aspides [37] and Operation Prosperity Guardian under the Combined Maritime Forces, all to ensure safe passage through the Bab-el-Mandeb[38]. Besides the above mentioned measures, previous measures have included the Djibouti Code of Conduct to ensure safe passage against pirates[39].

جاگرافي

[سنواريو]
آبنائے باب المندب فاصلي تي پيرم ٻيٽ

يمن ۾ راس مينهلي کان جيبوتي ۾ راس سيان تائين فاصلو اٽڪل 26 ڪلوميٽر (14 nmi) آهي. پريم جو ٻيٽ آبنائي کي ٻن شاخن ۾ ورهائي ٿو، جن مان اڀرندي، باب اسڪندر (اليگزينڊرس اسٽريٽ) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، 5.37 ڪلوميٽر (2.90 nmi) ويڪرو آهي ۽ 29 ميٽر جي کوٽائي آهي. 96 فوٽ (16 fathom) deep، جڏهن ته الهندي، يا Dact-el-Mayun جي ويڪر 20.3 ڪلوميٽر (11.0 nmi) ۽ ڊيٿ 310 ميٽر آهي؛ 1،020 طاقت (170 فٿم). جيبوتي جي ساحل جي ويجهو ننڍن ٻيٽن جو هڪ گروپ آهي جيڪو "ست برادرز" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. اوڀر چينل ۾ اندرئين طرف هڪ مٿاڇري وارو وهڪرو آهي، پر اولهه چينل ۾ ٻاهرئين طرف هڪ مضبوط هيٺيون وهڪرو آهي.


The distance across is about 26 ڪلوميٽر (14 nmi) from Ras Menheli in Yemen to Ras Siyyan in Djibouti. The island of Perim divides the strait into two channels, of which the eastern, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is 5.37 ڪلوميٽر (2.90 nmi) wide and has a depth of 29 metres; 96 feet (16 fathoms) deep, while the western, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of 20.3 ڪلوميٽر (11.0 nmi) and a depth of 310 metres; 1,020 feet (170 fathoms). Near the coast of Djibouti lies a group of smaller islands known as the "Seven Brothers". There is a surface current inwards in the eastern channel, but a strong undercurrent outwards in the western channel.[2]

آباديات

[سنواريو]

ملڪ جو علائقو (km2) آبادي (2016 est.) آبادي جي کثافت (في ڪلوميٽر 2) سرمائي جي جي ڊي پي (PPP) $M USD جي ڊي پي في کسي (PPP) $ USD يمن يمن 527,829 27,392,779 51.9 صنعا $58,202 $2,249 آريٽيريا ايريٽريا 117,600 6,380,803 54.3 اسمارا $9.121 $1,314 جبوتي جبوتي 23,200 846,687 36.5 جبوتي سٽي $3.327 $3,351 ڪل 668,629 34,620,269 51.8 / km2 مختلف $70,650 $1,841 ذريعو: [3]

Country Area
(km2)		 Population
(2016 est.)		 Population density
(per km2)		 Capital GDP (PPP) $M USD GDP per capita (PPP) $ USD
يمن Yemen 527,829 27,392,779 51.9 Sanaa $58,202 $2,249
اريٽيريا Eritrea 117,600 6,380,803 54.3 Asmara $9.121 $1,314
جبوتي Djibouti 23,200 846,687 36.5 Djibouti City $3.327 $3,351
Total 668,629 34,620,269 51.8 / km2 Various $70,650 $1,841
Source:[40]

آبادي جا مرڪز

[سنواريو]
  • باب المندب جي جبوتي ۽ يمني ٻنهي پاسن تي سڀ کان اهم شهر ۽ شهر:
  • خور انگار (جبوتي)
  • مول هول (جبوتي)
  • فاگل (جبوتي)
  • التربه (يمن)
  • شيخ سعيد (يمن)
  • پريم (يمن)

پڻ ڏسو

[سنواريو]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ "BP pauses all Red Sea shipments after rebel attacks". BBC News (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). 2023-12-18. 2023-12-19 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  2. 1 2 Baynes, T. S., مرتب (1878), "Bab-el-Mandeb" , Encyclopædia Britannica, جلد 3 (9th ڇاپو), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, ص. 179
  3. 1 2 3 Remnek, Richard B. (1990). "The Strategic Importance of the Bab el-Mandeb and the Horn of Africa". Naval War College Review 43 (4): 6–30. ISSN 0028-1484. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44638483.
  4. ↑ Rodriguez-Diaz, Emilio; Alcaide, J. I.; Garcia-Llave, R. (2024-10-23). "Challenges and Security Risks in the Red Sea: Impact of Houthi Attacks on Maritime Traffic" (en ۾). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12 (11): 1900. doi:10.3390/jmse12111900. ISSN 2077-1312. Bibcode: 2024JMSE...12.1900R.
  5. 1 2 Aguilera Raga, A. (2020). "The Bab el-Mandeb Strait: Geopolitical Considerations of the Strategic Chokepoint" (PDF). www.ieee.es. اصل نسخو (PDF) مان 2025-07-09 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  6. ↑ "Red Sea cables: How UK and US spy agencies listen to the Middle East". Middle East Eye (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-29 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  7. ↑ Lons, Camille (2025-05-09). "Anatomy of a chokepoint: Mapping power and conflict in the Red Sea – European Council on Foreign Relations". ECFR (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  8. ↑ "The vulnerabilities of the Hormuz and Bab-el-Mandeb strategic straits". Med-Or (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  9. ↑ "Amid regional conflict, the Strait of Hormuz remains critical oil chokepoint - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  10. ↑ Wastnidge, Edward; Mabon, Simon (2024-10-19). "The resistance axis and regional order in the Middle East: nomos, space, and normative alternatives". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 51 (5): 954–971. doi:10.1080/13530194.2023.2179975. ISSN 1353-0194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2023.2179975.
  11. ↑ Labib, Ashraf. "Bab El-Mandeb Strait and its impact on Red Sea security and stability – NCMES" (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  12. ↑ Makovsky, Michael; Misztal, Blaise; Ruhe, Jonathan (January 2011). "Fragility and Extremismin Yemen: A Case STudy Of The Stabilizing Fragile States Project" (PDF).
  13. ↑ Staff, Al Jazeera. "Who are the groups controlling Yemen?". Al Jazeera (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  14. ↑ Staff, U. S. Naval Institute (2024-08-06). "Report to Congress on Conflict in Yemen, Red Sea Attacks". USNI News (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  15. ↑ Action, the Center for Preventive. "Conflict in Yemen and the Red Sea". Global Conflict Tracker (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  16. ↑ Ardemagni, Eleonora. "UAE's Foreign Policy: From Militias in the Rimland to Straits Diplomacy". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  17. ↑ "Our History". Eritrean Embassy (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2026-01-02 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  18. ↑ Prunier, Gérard (2015-04-03). "British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920–1960 by Brock Millman: Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern History. London and New York: Routledge, 2014. 316 pp. £95.00/$160.00 cloth". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 6 (2): 221–225. doi:10.1080/21520844.2015.1050626. ISSN 2152-0844. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2015.1050626.
  19. ↑ https://www.worldlii.org/int/other/treaties/UNTSer/1987/698.pdf[مئل ڳنڍڻو] World Legal Information Institute
  20. ↑ Étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "France and Djibouti". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  21. ↑ "EXCLUSIVE: Djibouti Approves New 20-Year Defense Treaty with France - Horn Pulse". Hornepulse (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2025-04-16. 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  22. ↑ Gurjar, Sankalp. "The Superpowers' Playground: Djibouti and Geopolitics of the Indo-Pacific in the 21st Century". Routledge & CRC Press (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  23. ↑ "Commander, Navy Region Europe, Africa, Central". cnreurafcent.cnic.navy.mil (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). اصل نسخو مان 2025-12-09 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  24. ↑ Donelli, Federico (2022). "The Red Sea Competition Arena: Anatomy of Chinese Strategic Engagement with Djibouti" (en ۾). Afriche e Orienti 25 (1): 43–59. doi:10.23810/AEOXXV202213. ISSN 3007-5777. https://www.africheorienti.com/journal/article/view/15.
  25. ↑ "The Gulf and the Horn of Africa: Investing in Security". Middle East Council on Global Affairs (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  26. ↑ "Russia in the Red Sea: Port Options in Eritrea (Part Two) - Jamestown". jamestown.org. 2026-01-02 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  27. ↑ "Naval Sea Systems Command".
  28. ↑ Mitchell, Vines (2025-12-03). "The Value of Combined Maritime Forces – Unipath" (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  29. ↑ Schneller, R. J. "Naval History and Heritage Command: Piracy and HOA Operations" (PDF). www.history.navy.mil. اصل نسخو (PDF) مان 2013-05-20 تي محفوظ ڪيل. 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  30. ↑ "CTF 153: Red Sea Maritime Security". Combined Maritime Forces (انگريزي ۾). 2022-04-12. 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  31. ↑ Nevola, Luca (2025-12-11). "A Red Sea hall of mirrors: US and Houthi statements vs. actions | ACLED". acleddata.com (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  32. ↑ "Timeline: Houthi Attacks | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org (انگريزي ۾). 2024-07-26. 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  33. ↑ Rogers, Abby. "Yemen's Houthis appear to pull back from Red Sea shipping attacks". Al Jazeera (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  34. ↑ Juneau, Thomas (2024-03-03). "How War in Yemen Transformed the Iran-Houthi Partnership". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 47 (3): 278–300. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2021.1954353. ISSN 1057-610X. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1954353.
  35. ↑ Grove, Benoit Faucon and Thomas (2024-10-24). "Exclusive | Russia Provided Targeting Data for Houthi Assault on Global Shipping". The Wall Street Journal (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  36. ↑ Klyszcz, Ivan U. K. (2025-09-29). "Russia and the Red Sea since 2022: Militarised Foreign Policy or Strategy of Conflict? - International Centre for Defence and Security". icds.ee (برطانوي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  37. ↑ "EUNAVFOR OPERATION ASPIDES | EEAS". www.eeas.europa.eu (انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  38. ↑ Gordon, Chris (2023-12-18). "Pentagon Announces 'Operation Prosperity Guardian' to Stop Attacks by Houthis". Air & Space Forces Magazine (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  39. ↑ "About us – DCoC" (آمريڪي انگريزي ۾). 2025-12-30 تي حاصل ڪيل.
  40. ↑ "CIA World Factbook". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency.

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

[سنواريو]

سانچو:List of African seas

"https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=باب_المندب&oldid=374554" تان ورتل