مواد ڏانھن هلو

اوشينيا ۾ خودمختيار رياستن ۽ تابع علائقن جي فهرست

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
اوشيانا ۽ پاڙيسري علائقن جا خاص اقتصادي زون

هي اوشينيا جي جاگرافيائي علائقي ۾ خودمختيار رياستن ۽ منحصر علائقن جي فهرست آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهو گهڻو ڪري سمنڊ آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ٽيڪٽونڪ پليٽن تي پکڙيل آهي، اوشينيا کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن براعظمن مان هڪ طور درج ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن فهرست جو گهڻو حصو جيوپولٽيڪل اوشينيا جي حدن جي پيروي ڪري ٿو، جنهن ۾ آسٽريليا، ميلانيشيا، مائڪرونيشيا ۽ پولينيشيا شامل آهن. اوشينيا جو مکيه براعظمي علائقو آسٽريليا آهي. [1]

اوشينيا جون حدون

[سنواريو]

ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۽ اوشيانا جي وچ ۾ حد واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪئي وئي آهي. سياسي سببن جي ڪري، گڏيل قومن ٻنهي علائقن جي وچ ۾ حد کي انڊونيشيائي-پاپوا نيو گني سرحد سمجهي ٿي. پاپوا نيو گني کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايشيائي سمجهيو ويندو آهي ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو انڊونيشيا جي پاڙيسري آهي، پر اهو نادر آهي، ۽ عام طور تي ان کي اوشيانا جو حصو سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ارضياتي طور تي، مغربي نيو گني ۾ ڇهه انڊونيشيائي صوبا ۽ مالوڪو صوبي ۾ ارو ٻيٽ آسٽريليا جي براعظمي شيلف جا حصا آهن. حياتياتي جاگرافيائي طور تي، واليس لائين ايشيا کي واليسيا کان الڳ ڪري ٿي، هڪ عبوري زون، جڏهن ته ليڊيڪر لائين ان کي آسٽريليا کان الڳ ڪري ٿي. ويبر لائين وچ وارو نقطو آهي، جنهن تي ايشيائي ۽ آسٽريليا جي جانورن ۽ نباتات تقريبن برابر نمائندگي ڪن ٿا.

ساڳي طرح، لاطيني آمريڪا ۽ اوشيانا جي وچ ۾ ڪا به واضح طور تي بيان ڪيل حد ناهي؛ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ويجهو گهڻو ڪري غير آباد سامونڊي پئسفڪ ٻيٽن کي ڪجهه ماڻهن طرفان تاريخي طور تي ۽ موجوده وقت ۾ اوشيانا جو حصو سمجهيو ويو آهي. تقريبن سڀئي ٻيٽ سياسي طور تي آمريڪا سان لاڳاپيل ٿي ويا آهن، پر ڪو به انهن براعظمن جي لاڳاپيل ٽيڪٽونڪ پليٽن تي نه آهي، ۽ نه ئي ڪو به آمريڪا جي مقامي ماڻهن طرفان آباد هو. تقريبن سڀئي ٻيٽ سياسي طور تي آمريڪا سان لاڳاپيل ٿي ويا آهن، پر ڪو به انهن براعظمن جي لاڳاپيل ٽيڪٽونڪ پليٽن تي نه آهي، ۽ نه ئي ڪولمبين کان اڳ واري دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مقامي ماڻهن جي آبادي هئي. ڪجهه جيو پوليٽيڪل اوشيانا سان مضبوط حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپا حصيداري ڪن ٿا. ملائي ٻيٽ تاريخي طور تي اوشيانا سان لاڳاپيل رهيو آهي، جڏهن ته، تمام گهٽ موجوده ڏينهن جي تعريفن ۾ ان کي اوشيانا جو حصو شامل ڪيو ويو آهي. ملائي ٻيٽ ايشيا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي؛ ڪرسمس ٻيٽ ۽ ڪوڪوس (ڪيلنگ) ٻيٽ (ٻئي ملائي ٻيٽ سان ملندڙ) آسٽريليا جي ٽيڪٽونڪ پليٽ تي واقع آهن، ۽ سياسي طور تي ايشيا سان لاڳاپيل نه آهن. بونين ٻيٽ، جيڪي سياسي طور تي جاپان ۾ ضم ڪيا ويا آهن، جاگرافيائي طور تي ايشيائي براعظم سان لاڳاپيل نه آهن، ۽ حياتياتي طور تي مائڪرونيشيا جي اندر آهن.


boundary between Southeast Asia and Oceania is not clearly defined. For political reasons, the United Nations considers the boundary between the two regions to be the Indonesian–Papua New Guinean border.[2] Papua New Guinea is occasionally considered Asian as it neighbours Indonesia,[3][4][5] but this is rare, and it is generally accepted to be part of Oceania. Geologically, the six Indonesian provinces in Western New Guinea and Aru Islands in Maluku Province are parts of the Australian continental shelf. Biogeographically, the Wallace line separates Asia from Wallacea, a transitional zone, while the Lydekker line separates it from Australia. Weber Line is the midpoint, at which Asian and Australian fauna and flora are approximately equally represented.

Likewise, there is also no clearly defined boundary between Latin America and Oceania; the mostly uninhabited oceanic Pacific islands near Latin America have been considered by some as part of Oceania, both historically and in present-day times.[6][7][8][9][10] Nearly all of these islands have become politically associated with the Americas, but none lie on the respective tectonic plates of those continents, nor were any inhabited by Indigenous peoples of the Americas during the pre-Columbian era.[11] Some share strong biogeographical affinities to geopolitical Oceania.[12] The Malay Archipelago has historically been associated with Oceania,[13][9][14][15] however, very few present-day definitions include it as part of Oceania.[16][17] The Malay Archipelago lies on the continental shelf of Asia; Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (both adjacent to the Malay Archipelago) lie on the Australian tectonic plate, and are not politically associated with Asia. The Bonin Islands, which have been politically integrated into Japan, are not geologically associated with the Asian continent, and are biogeographically within Micronesia.

خودمختيار رياستون

[سنواريو]

گڏيل قومن جا ميمبر ملڪ

[سنواريو]

هن حصي ۾ سڀ خودمختيار رياستون شامل آهن جيڪيون خاص طور تي اوشينيا ۾ واقع آهن ۽ گڏيل قومن جون ميمبر رياستون آهن.[18] سڀئي 14 رياستون پئسفڪ آئيلينڊز فورم جون مڪمل ميمبر آهن.[19]

جهنڊو قومي نشان نقشو

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 مختصر، رسمي نالا ۽ ISO[20][21][22][23] ملڪي مختصر ۽ رسمي نالا[20][21]************** گاديءَ جو هنڌ
[22][24][25]		 آبادي

2016
[26]

 پکيڙ
[27]
 آسٽريليا (AUS)
آسٽريليا جي دولت مشترڪه		 Australia — Commonwealth of Australia ڪينبرا 2,41,25,848 7,741 چورس ڪلوميٽر

(2,989 چورس ميل)

 فجي (FJI)

فجي جي جمهوريه

Fiji — Republic of Fiji

Viti — Matanitu ko Viti

रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी/ Ripablik ăph Phījī

 سووا 898,760 18,274 km2 (7,056 sq mi)
 ڪريباتي (KIR)

جمهوريه ڪريباتي

Kiribati — Republic of Kiribati Kiribati — Ribaberiki Kiribati

 ڏکڻ تراوا 114,395 811 km2 (313 sq mi)
 مارشل آئلينڊز (MHL)

جمهوريه مارشل آئلينڊز

Marshall Islands — Republic of the Marshall Islands Aelōn̄ in M̧ajeļ - Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ

 ماجورو 53,066 181 km2 (70 sq mi)
 مائڪرونيشيا جون فيڊريٽيڊ اسٽيٽس

FSM

Federated States of Micronesia

 پاليڪر 104,937 702 km2 (271 sq mi)
 نائورو (NRU)

جمهوريه نائورو

Naoero - Repubrikin Naoero

 ڪوبه سرڪاري گادي ناهي.
سرڪاري دفتر "يارين" ۾ آهن.		 10,834 21 km2 (8 sq mi)
 نيوزي لينڊ[note 1]

NZL

New Zealand

Aotearoa (مائوري)

 ويلنگٽن 4,660,833 267,710 km2 (103,363 sq mi)
پالاوو (PLW)

جمهوريه پالاو

Palau — Republic of Pala Belau — Beluu er a Belau

 ڱيرلمود 21,503 459 km2 (177 sq mi)
 پاپوا نيو گني (PNG)

پاپوا نيو گني جي آزاد رياست

Papua New Guinea — Independent State of Papua New Guinea Papua Niugini — Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini

 پورٽ مورسبي 8,084,991 462,840 km2 (178,704 sq mi)
 ساموا (WSM)

ساموا جي ازاد رياست

Samoa — Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa آپيا 195,125 2,831 km2 (1,093 sq mi)
 سولومن آئلينڊز

SLB

 Solomon Aelan هونيارا 599,419 28,896 km2 (11,157 sq mi)
 ٽونگا (TON)

ٽونگا جي بادشاھت

Tonga — Pule'anga Tonga نوڪوآلوفا 107,122 747 km2 (288 sq mi)
 ٽوالو

TUV

 Tuvalu فونافوٽي 11,097 26 km2 (10 sq mi)
 وانوآتو (VUT)

وانوآتو جي جمهوريه

Vanuatu — Ripablik blong Vanuatu پورٽ ولا 270,402 12,189 km2 (4,706 sq mi)

وابسته رياستون

[سنواريو]

ٻه رياستون (ڪڪ ٻيٽ ۽ نايو) نيوزي لينڊ سان آزادانه وابستگي ۾ آهن. جڏهن ته نيوزي لينڊ سان ويجها آئيني ۽ سياسي لاڳاپا برقرار رکن ٿيون، ٻنهي رياستن وٽ مڪمل معاهدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن جي ڪيترن ئي خاص ايجنسين جون ميمبر آهن. ٻئي آزادانه طور تي، پنهنجي نالي سان خود مختيار رياستن سان سفارتي لاڳاپن ۾ مشغول آهن ۽ پئسفڪ ٻيٽ فورم جا مڪمل ميمبر آهن. انهن خاصيتن جي ڪري، ٻئي ڪيترن ئي طريقن سان مڪمل طور تي آزاد رياستن جي طور تي ڪم ڪن ٿيون.[28]

جهنڊو

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 قومي نشان

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 نقشو

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 مختصر نالو ۽ سرڪاري نالو[29]

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 رياست

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 مقامي مختصر ۽ رسمي نالو

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 راڄڌاني

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 آبادي پکيڙ[27]
 ڪڪ آئيلينڊز[30] اها نيوزي لينڊ سان آزاد لاڳاپن ۾ هڪ خود مختيار رياست آهي ۽ نيوزي لينڊ سان رياست جي سربراهه ۽ شهريت جي حصيداري ڪري ٿي، پر پنهنجي اندروني معاملن ۾ آزاد آهي.

Cook Islands (انگريزي)
Kūki 'Āirani (مقامي)

 اوارو[22][24] 11,124[31] 236 چورس ڪلوميٽر (91 چورس ميل)
 نايو[32] اها نيوزي لينڊ سان آزاد لاڳاپن ۾ هڪ خود مختيار رياست آهي ۽ نيوزي لينڊ سان رياست جي سربراهه ۽ شهريت جي حصيداري ڪري ٿي، پر پنهنجي اندروني معاملن ۾ آزاد آهي.

Niue (انگريزي)
Niuē (مقامي)

 الوفي[22][24] 1,311[31] 260 چورس ڪلوميٽر (100 چورس ميل)

غيرخودمختيار علائقا

[سنواريو]

هيٺ ڏنل وجود اوشينيا جي اندر سمجهيا وڃن ٿا ۽ هيٺ ڏنل درجن مان ڪنهن هڪ درجي ۾ اچن ٿا:

  1. خودمختيار رياستن جا وفاقي علائقا جيڪي انهن رياستن جي مکيه زمين کان ٻاهر واقع آهن.
  2. علائقا جيڪا ڪنهن نه ڪنهن شڪل ۾ وفاقي علائقن کان سواءِ، خودمختيار رياستن جا لازمي حصا آهن، جتي خودمختار رياست جو هڪ اهم حصي جو زميني علائقو اوشيانا کان ٻاهر واقع آهي يا علائقو خودمختيار رياست جي مکيه زمين کان ٻاهر واقع آهي. انهن مان ڪيترائي علائقا اڪثر انحصاري يا خودمختيار علائقن جي طور تي بيان ڪيا ويندا آهن.
  3. خودمختيار رياستن جا منحصر علائقا

انهن مان ٻه علائقا (فرينچ پولينيشيا ۽ نيو ڪيليڊونيا) پئسفڪ ٻيٽ فورم جا ايسوسيئيٽ ميمبر آهن، جڏهن ته پنج ٻيا (آمريڪي ساموا، گوام، اتر ماريانا ٻيٽ، ٽوڪيلاؤ ۽ والس ۽ فوتونا) تنظيم اندر مبصر جي حيثيت رکن ٿا.

Flag Coat of Arms / National Emblem Map English short and formal names[20] Status Domestic short and formal names Capital Population Area[27]
 آمريڪن ساموا
آمريڪن ساموا جو علائقو

[22]

 Unincorporated territory of the United States

American Samoa — Territory of American Samoa (انگريزي)
Amerika Sāmoa (مقامي)

 پاگو پاگو[22][24] 67,242[31] 199 km2 (77 sq mi)
 ايشمور ۽ ڪارٽيئر آئيلينڊز
ايشمور ۽ ڪارٽيئر آئيلينڊز جا علائقا		 External territory of Australia

Ashmore and Cartier Islands (انگريزي)

 None Uninhabited 5 km2 (2 sq mi)
 بئڪر آئيلينڊز Unincorporated territory of the United States Baker Island (انگريزي)

}}[33]

 None Uninhabited[33] 129.1 km2 (49.8 sq mi)
Central Papua

Central Papua Province		 Province of Indonesia Papua Tengah (ڀاشا انڊونيشيا) Nabire Regency 1,408,981[34] 66,130.49 km2 (25,533 sq mi)
 Christmas Island External territory of Australia

Christmas Island – Territory of Christmas Island (انگريزي)

 فلائنگ فش ڪو[22] / The Settlement[24] 1,843[35] 135 km2 (52 sq mi)
 ڪلپرٽن آئيلينڊز Overseas state private property Île de Clipperton (فرانسيسي) None Uninhabited 6 km2 (2 sq mi)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands External territory of Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands – Territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (انگريزي)

 West Island[24] / Bantam[22] 544[35] 14 km2 (5 sq mi)
 ڪورال سي آئيلينڊز

Coral Sea Islands Territory		 External territory of Australia

Coral Sea Islands — Coral Sea Islands Territory (انگريزي)

 Willis Island Uninhabited 3 km2 (1 sq mi)
ايسٽر آئيلينڊز Special territory of Chile Isla de Pascua (اسپيني)

Rapa Niu (مقامي)

 هانگا روآ 6,148[36] 163.6 km2 (63 sq mi)
 فرينچ پولينيشيا



Overseas Country of French Polynesia[22]

 Overseas country of France

Polynésie française — Pays d'outre-mer de la Polynésie française (فرانسيسي)[20]

 پاپيٽئ[22][24] 294,935[31] 4,167 km2 (1,609 sq mi)
Galápagos Islands Special territory of Ecuador اسپيني: Islas Galápagos Puerto Baquerizo Moreno 35,000 7,880 km2 (3,042 sq mi)
 Guam

Territory of Guam		 Unincorporated territory of the United States انگريزي: Guam — Territory of Guam

Chamorro: Guahan[20]		 Hagåtña / Agaña[22][24] 183,286[37] 544 km2 (210 sq mi)
 Hawaii

State of Hawaii		 State of the United States انگريزي: Hawaii — State of Hawaii

Hawaiian: Hawaiسانچو:Okinai — Mokuسانچو:Okinaāina o Hawaiسانچو:Okinai		 Honolulu 1,404,054[31] 28,311 km2 (10,931 sq mi)
Highland Papua

Highland Papua Province		 Province of Indonesia Indonesian: Papua Pegunungan Jayawijaya Regency 1,408,641[34] 108,476 km2 (41,883 sq mi)
 Howland Island Unincorporated territory of the United States انگريزي: Howland Island[33] None Uninhabited[33] 138.6 km2 (53.5 sq mi)
 Jarvis Island Unincorporated territory of the United States انگريزي: Jarvis Island[33] None Uninhabited[33] 152 km2 (59 sq mi)
 Johnston Atoll Unincorporated territory of the United States انگريزي: Johnston Atoll[33] None Uninhabited[33] 276.6 km2 (106.8 sq mi)
Juan Fernández Islands Special territory of Chile[38] اسپيني: Archipiélago Juan Fernández San Juan Bautista 900 99.06 km2 (38.25 sq mi)
 Kingman Reef Unincorporated territory of the United States انگريزي: Kingman Reef[33] None Uninhabited[33] 1,958.01 km2 (755.99 sq mi)
 Midway Atoll Unincorporated territory of the United States انگريزي: Midway Islands[33] None Uninhabited[33] 2,355.2 km2 (909.3 sq mi)
New Caledonia

Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies		 Overseas sui generis collectivity of France[22] فرانسيسي: Nouvelle-Calédonie — Territoire des Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances[20] Nouméa[22][24] 256,275[31] 18,575 km2 (7,172 sq mi)
 Norfolk Island

Territory of Norfolk Island[22]		 External territory of Australia انگريزي: Norfolk Island — Territory of Norfolk Island

Norfuk: Teratri of Norf'k Ailen		 Kingston[22][24] 2,169[31] 36 km2 (14 sq mi)
 Northern Mariana Islands

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands[22]		 Unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States انگريزي: Northern Mariana Islands — Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Chamorro: Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas

Carolinian: Téél Falúw kka Efáng Ilól Marianas

 Saipan[22][24] 46,050[31] 464 km2 (179 sq mi)
Ogasawara Village Part of Ogasawara Village in Tokyo, Japan Bonin Islands: Japanese: 小笠原群島 (Ogasawara Guntō)

Marcus Island: Japanese: 南鳥島 (Minamitori Shima)

Parece Vela Reef: Japanese: 沖ノ鳥島 (Okinotori Shima)

Rosario Island: Japanese: 西之島 (Nishino Shima)

Volcano Islands: Japanese: 火山列島 (Kazan Rettō)		 Ōmura (大村) 2,871[39] 104.35 km2 (40 sq mi)[39]
 Palmyra Atoll[20] Incorporated territory of the United States انگريزي: Palmyra Atoll[33] None Uninhabited[33] 12 km2 (5 sq mi)
Papua

Papua Province		 Province of Indonesia Indonesian: Papua Jayapura 1,020,190[34] 81,049.30 km2 (31,293 sq mi)
 Pitcairn Islands

Pitcairn Group of Islands		 British overseas territory انگريزي: Pitcairn Islands — Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands

Pitkern: Pitkern Ailen		 Adamstown[22][24] 48[31] 47 km2 (18 sq mi)
South Papua

South Papua Province		 Province of Indonesia Indonesian: Papua Selatan Merauke Regency 517,623[34] 127,280.69 km2 (49,143 sq mi)
Southwest Papua

Southwest Papua Province		 Province of Indonesia Indonesian: Papua Barat Daya Sorong 603,054[34] 39,167 km2 (15,122 sq mi)
 Tokelau[22] Dependent territory of New Zealand Tokelauan: Tokelau

انگريزي: Tokelau		 Each Atoll has its own administrative centre.[22][24] 1,384[31] 12 km2 (5 sq mi)
 Wake Island Unincorporated territory of the United States انگريزي: Wake Island[33] None Uninhabited[33] 6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi)
 Wallis and Futuna

Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands		 Overseas collectivity of France فرانسيسي: Wallis et Futuna — Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna[20] Mata-Utu[22][24] 15,398[31] 142 km2 (55 sq mi)
West Papua

West Papua Province		 Province of Indonesia Indonesian: Papua Barat Manokwari 551,791[31] 64,125.66 km2 (24,759 sq mi)

پڻ ڏسو

[سنواريو]

نوٽ

[سنواريو]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ "Fast facts about Australia - Australia in Brief - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Archived from the original on 2003-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  2. ↑ "Marcos Diaz Crosses Oceania-Asia Border to Raise Awareness of MDGS | End Poverty 2015". Archived from the original on 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  3. ↑ Frank Barton, Thomas (1978). "Papua New Guinea: Tenth country of Southeast Asia?". Journal of Geography 77 (7): 269–272. doi:10.1080/00221347808980139. Bibcode: 1978JGeog..77..269B. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221347808980139?journalCode=rjog20. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  4. ↑ Quan, Jinqiang; Cai, Yuan; Yang, Tianliang; Ge, Qianyun; Jiao, Ting; Zhao, Shengguo (2020). "Phylogeny and conservation priority assessment of Asian domestic chicken genetic resources". Global Ecology and Conservation 22. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00944. Bibcode: 2020GEcoC..2200944Q.
  5. ↑ "First night-flowering orchid found in Asia". 22 November 2011.
  6. ↑ "Oceania Bibliography". Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Research 25 (1). 1987. https://helictite.caves.org.au/pdf4/25.01.Issue.Print.pdf. Retrieved 16 March 2022. "This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.".
  7. ↑ Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Retrieved 17 January 2022. "Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania."
  8. ↑ Todd, Ian (1974). Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-207-12761-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific. Retrieved 2 February 2022. "[we] can further define the word culture to mean language. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures."
  9. 1 2 Brown, Robert (1876). "Oceania: General Characteristics". The countries of the world. Oxford University. https://books.google.com/books?id=3-0DAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22oceania%22+%22juan%22+%22galapagos%22&pg=PA2. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  10. ↑ "Oceania Military Guide". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  11. ↑ Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). "East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific". in Clark, Geoffrey. Islands of Inquiry. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. ISBN 978-1-921313-89-9. http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf.
  12. ↑ Udvardy, Miklos D.F. "A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  13. ↑ Parley, Peter (1866). Tales about Europe, Asia, Africa, America, & Oceania. Oxford University. p. 2. https://books.google.com/books?id=hmIDAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Norfolk+Island+,+New+Zealand+,+and+some+smaller%22&pg=PA458. Retrieved 12 March 2022. "Oceania consists of Australasia, Polynesia and Malaysia. Australasia means South Asia. It comprises New Holland or Australia, Van Diemen's Land or Tasmania, Papua or New Guinea, Norfolk Island, New Zealand and some smaller islands. Polynesia is the term given to the various islands in the Pacific Ocean, which, as you may see on the map, are situated to the eastward of Australia, including the Philippine Islands. Malaysia is the name given to the islands of the Malay Archipelago, which are principally inhabited by the Malay race, comprising Borneo, the Sunday Isles, Celebes, Moluccas [...]"
  14. ↑ Cornell, Sophia S. (1859). Cornell's First Steps in Geography. The University of Michigan. https://books.google.com/books?id=wew1AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22malaysia+oceania%22&pg=PT1. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  15. ↑ Chambers's New Handy Volume American Encyclopædia: Volume 9. The University of Virginia. 1885. p. 657. https://books.google.com/books?id=J2NRAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22easter+island%22+%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22&pg=PA657. Retrieved 13 March 2022. "the whole region has sometimes been called Oceania, and sometimes Australasia—generally, however, in modern times, to the exclusion of the islands in the Indian archipelago, to which certain writers have given the name of Malaysia [...] we have the three geographical divisions of Malaysia, Australasia and Polynesia, the last mentioned of which embraces all the groups and single islands not included under the other two. Accepting this arrangement, still the limits between Australasia and Polynesia have not been very accurately defined; indeed, scarcely any two geographers appear to be quite agreed upon the subject; neither shall we pretend to decide in the matter. The following list, however, comprises all the principal groups and single island not previously named as coming under the division of Australasia: 1. North of the equator—The Ladrone or Marian islands. the Pelew islands, the Caroline islands, the Radack and Ralick chains, the Sandwich islands, Gilbert's or Kingstnill's archipelago. and the Galapagos. 2. South of the equator—The Ellice group, the Phoenix and Union groups. the Fiji islands, the Friendly islands, the Navigator's islands. Cook's or Harvey islands, the Society islands. the Dangerous archipelago, the Marquesas islands, Pitcairn island, and Easter island."
  16. ↑ Henderson, John William (1971). Area Handbook for Oceania. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5. https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOIqt-UQowC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22aleutian+islands%22&pg=PR5. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  17. ↑ "Oceania | Definition, Population, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 9 April 2024.
  18. ↑ "United Nations Member States". United Nations. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  19. ↑ "United Nations Member States". United Nations. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Field Listing :: Names". CIA. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  21. 1 2 "UNGEGN List of Country Names" (PDF). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  23. ↑ "ISO 3166". International Organization for Standardization. 1974. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Field Listing :: Capital". CIA. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  25. ↑ "UNGEGN World Geographical Names". United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  26. ↑ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  27. 1 2 3 "Field Listing :: Area". CIA. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  28. ↑ Gillard, Charles Andrew (2012). "Sovereignty, Self-Determination and the South-West Pacific" (PDF). University of Waikato. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  29. ↑ "Field Listing :: Names". CIA. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  30. ↑ "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Country Comparison :: Population". CIA. July 2012. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  32. ↑ "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "How are U.S. states, territories, and commonwealths designated in the Geographic Names Information System?". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022.
  35. 1 2 Australian Government – Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. "2016 Census: Christmas Island" (PDF). Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  36. ↑ "COMUNAS: ACTUALIZACIÓN POBLACIÓN 2002-2012 Y PROYECCIONES 2013-2020". National Statistics Institute (in هسپانوي). Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  37. ↑ "Guam". CIA. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  38. ↑ "Weekly Analysis: Chile's Pacific Presence. | 36th Parallel Assessments (NZ)". 27 April 2012.
  39. 1 2 管内概要｜小笠原支庁 آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2017-07-24 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. (in Japanese).
  1. ↑ New Zealand has five island groups in the Subantarctic. New Zealand claims territory in the Antarctic as the Ross Dependency.
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