اوشينيا جي تاريخ

جئ. جي باربي ڊو بوڪيج پاران اوشينيا جو سال 1852ع جو نقشو، جنهن ۾ ميلانيشيا، مائڪرونيشيا ۽ پولينيشيا جا ذيلي علائقا شامل آهن.

ماوري جنگي ناچ، نيوزي لينڊ، لڳ ڀڳ 1850ع

پئسفڪ جو هڪ خاص اقتصادي زون جو نقشو جنهن ۾ غير ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ شامل نه آهن.

اوشينيا جي تاريخ (History of Oceania) ۾ آسٽريليا، ايسٽر ٻيٽ، فجي، هوائي آئيلينڊز، نيوزي لينڊ، پاپوا نيو گني،مغربي نيو گني ۽ ٻين پئسفڪ جي ٻيٽن جي قومن جي تاريخ شامل آهي.

تاريخ کان اڳ

اوشيانا جي تاريخ کان اڳ واري دور کي ان جي هر وڏي علائقي؛ آسٽريليا، ميلئنيشيا، مائڪرونيشيا ۽ پولينيشيا، جي تاريخ کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي ۽ اها تمام گهڻا مختلف آهن، جئين ته ڪڏهن اها پهريون ڀيرا انسانن طرفان آباد ڪيا ويا هئا، 70,000 سال اڳ (ويجهو اوشينيا) کان 3,000 سال اڳ (دور اوشينيا) تائين.

آسٽريليا

وڌيڪ ڏسو: Aboriginal Australians

اصلوڪا آسٽريلوي آسٽريليا کنڊ ۽ ويجهن ٻيٽن جا اصل رهاڪو آهن. اصلوڪا آسٽريلوي 70,000 سال اڳ آفريڪا کان ايشيا ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪيا ۽ 50,000 سال اڳ آسٽريليا پهتا. ٽورس اسٽريٽ ٻيٽ وارا ٽورس اسٽريٽ ٻيٽن جا اصلوڪا آهن، جيڪا پاپوا نيو گني جي ويجهو ڪوئنزلينڊ جي اترئين ڪناري تي آهن. اصطلاح "ايب-اوريجنل" يعني: "پهرين قومون"، روايتي طور تي، ڪجهه ويجهن ٻيٽن سان گڏ، صرف مکيه زمين آسٽريليا ۽ تسمانيا جي اصلي رهاڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿي. اصلوڪا آسٽريلوي هڪ جامع اصطلاح آهي جيڪي ايب-اوريجنل ۽ ٽورس اسٽريٽ ٻيٽن ٻنهي جو حوالو ڏيڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندي آهي.

اڄ تائين مليل سڀ کان قديم انساني باقيات "منگو انسان" جا آهن، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 سال پراڻا آهن، پر اصلوڪي آسٽريلين جي ابن ڏاڏن جي آمد جو وقت محققن ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ 125,000 سال اڳ جو آهي. آسٽريليا ۾ مختلف اصلوڪي برادرين ۽ سماجن ۾ وڏو تنوع آهي.

There is great diversity among different Indigenous communities and societies in Australia, each with its own unique mixture of cultures, customs and languages. In present-day Australia these groups are further divided into local communities.

ميلئنئشيا

وڌيڪ ڏسو: Melanesians

The first settlers of Australia, New Guinea, and the large islands just to the east arrived between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago, when Neanderthals still roamed Europe. The original inhabitants of the group of islands now named Melanesia were likely the ancestors of the present-day Papuan-speaking people. Migrating from Southeast Asia, they appear to have occupied these islands as far east as the main islands in the Solomon Islands (archipelago), including Makira and possibly the smaller islands farther to the east.

Particularly along the north coast of New Guinea and in the islands north and east of New Guinea, the Austronesian peoples, who had migrated into the area somewhat more than 3,000 years ago, came into contact with these pre-existing populations of Papuan-speaking peoples. In the late 20th century, some academics proposed a long period of interaction that led to numerous complex changes in the peoples' genetics, languages, and cultures. Kayser, et al. proposed that, from this area, a very small group of people (speaking an Austronesian language) departed to the east to become the forebears of the Polynesian people.

Boy from Vanuatu

However, the theory is contradicted by the findings of a genetic study published by Temple University in 2008; based on genome scans and evaluation of more than 800 genetic markers among a wide variety of Pacific peoples, it found that neither Polynesians nor Micronesians have much genetic relation to Melanesians. Both groups are strongly related genetically to East Asians, particularly Taiwanese aborigines. It appeared that, having developed their sailing outrigger canoes, the Polynesian ancestors migrated from East Asia, moved through the Melanesian area quickly on their way, and kept going to eastern areas, where they settled. They left little genetic evidence in Melanesia.

The study found a high rate of genetic differentiation and diversity among the groups living within the Melanesian islands, with the peoples distinguished by island, language, topography, and geography among the islands. Such diversity developed over their tens of thousands of years of settlement before the Polynesian ancestors ever arrived at the islands. For instance, populations developed differently in coastal areas, as opposed to those in more isolated mountainous valleys.

Additional DNA analysis has taken research into new directions, as more human species have been discovered since the late 20th century. Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin, an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of the Melanesians interbred in Asia with these humans. He has found that people of New Guinea share 4–6% of their genome with the Denisovans, indicating this exchange. The Denisovans are considered cousin to the Neanderthals; both groups are now understood to have migrated out of Africa, with the Neanderthals going into Europe, and the Denisovans heading east about 400,000 years ago. This is based on genetic evidence from a fossil found in Siberia. The evidence from Melanesia suggests their territory extended into south Asia, where ancestors of the Melanesians developed.

Melanesians of some islands are one of the few non-European peoples, and the only dark-skinned group of people outside Australia, known to have blond hair.

مائڪرونيشيا

وڌيڪ ڏسو: Micronesians, Nan Madol, ۽ Saudeleur dynasty

پڻ ڏسو: History of the Federated States of Micronesia

Micronesia began to be settled several millennia ago, although there are competing theories about the origin and arrival of the first settlers. There are numerous difficulties with conducting archaeological excavations in the islands, due to their size, settlement patterns and storm damage. As a result, much evidence is based on linguistic analysis. The earliest archaeological traces of civilization have been found on the island of Saipan, dated to 1500 BCE or slightly before.

The ancestors of the Micronesians settled there over 4,000 years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious culture centered on Yap and Pohnpei. The prehistory of many Micronesian islands such as Yap are not known very well.

Central Nan Madol

Nan Madol, capital of the Saudeleur Dynasty

On Pohnpei, pre-colonial history is divided into three eras: Mwehin Kawa or Mwehin Aramas (Period of Building, or Period of Peopling, before c. 1100); Mwehin Sau Deleur (Period of the Lord of Deleur, c. 1100 to c. 1628); and Mwehin Nahnmwarki (Period of the Nahnmwarki, c. 1628 to c. 1885). Pohnpeian legend recounts that the Saudeleur rulers, the first to bring government to Pohnpei, were of foreign origin. The Saudeleur centralized form of absolute rule is characterized in Pohnpeian legend as becoming increasingly oppressive over several generations. Arbitrary and onerous demands, as well as a reputation for offending Pohnpeian deities, sowed resentment among Pohnpeians. The Saudeleur Dynasty ended with the invasion of Isokelekel, another semi-mythical foreigner, who replaced the Saudeleur rule with the more decentralized nahnmwarki system in existence today. Isokelekel is regarded as the creator of the modern Pohnpeian nahnmwarki social system and the father of the Pompeian people.

Construction of Nan Madol, a megalithic complex made from basalt lava logs in Pohnpei began as early as 1200 CE. Nan Madol is offshore of Temwen Island near Pohnpei, consists of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, and is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located near the island of Pohnpei and was the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty that united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people until its centralized system collapsed amid the invasion of Isokelekel. Isokelekel and his descendants initially occupied the stone city, but later abandoned it.

The first people of the Northern Mariana Islands navigated to the islands at some period between 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE from Southeast Asia. They became known as the Chamorros, and spoke an Austronesian language called Chamorro. The ancient Chamorro left a number of megalithic ruins, including Latte stone. The Refaluwasch or Carolinian people came to the Marianas in the 1800s from the Caroline Islands. Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BCE, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts.

پولينيشيا

وڌيڪ ڏسو: Polynesians ۽ Polynesia#Origins and expansion

پڻ ڏسو: Early history of Tonga

Linguistic, archaeological, and human genetic evidence identifies the Polynesians as a subset of the sea-migrating Austronesian peoples, and tracing Polynesian languages places their prehistoric origins in the Malay Archipelago, and ultimately, in Taiwan. Between about 3000 and 1000 BCE speakers of Austronesian languages began spreading from Taiwan into Maritime Southeast Asia, as tribes thought to have travelled via South China about 8,000 years ago to the edges of western Micronesia and on into Melanesia, although they differ from the Han Chinese who now comprise the majority of people in China and Taiwan. There are three theories regarding the prehistoric spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia. Kayser et al. (2000) outline these well:

• Express Train model: A recent (c. 3000–1000 BCE) expansion out of Taiwan, via the Philippines and eastern Indonesia and from the north-west ("Bird's Head") of New Guinea, on to Island Melanesia by roughly 1400 BCE, reaching western Polynesian islands about 900 BCE. This theory is supported by the majority of current human genetic data, linguistic data, and archaeological data
• Entangled Bank model: Emphasizes the long history of Austronesian speakers' cultural and genetic interactions with indigenous Island South-East Asians and Melanesians along the way to becoming the first Polynesians.
• Slow Boat model: Similar to the express-train model but with a longer hiatus in Melanesia along with admixture (genetically, culturally and linguistically) with the local population. This is supported by the Y-chromosome data of Kayser et al. (2000), which shows that all three haplotypes of Polynesian Y chromosomes can be traced back to Melanesia.

In the archaeological record there are well-defined traces of this expansion, allowing researchers to follow and date the path it took with some certainty. It is thought that by roughly 1400 BCE, "Lapita peoples" (so-named after their pottery tradition) appeared in the Bismarck Archipelago of northwest Melanesia. This culture is seen as having adapted and evolved through time and space since its emergence "Out of Taiwan". The Lapita people had given up rice production, for instance, after encountering and adapting to breadfruit in the Bird's Head area of New Guinea. In the end, the most eastern site for Lapita archaeological remains recovered so far has been through work on the archaeology in Samoa. The site is at Mulifanua on Upolu. The Mulifanua site, where 4,288 pottery shards have been found and studied, has a "true" age of ت. 1000 BCE based on C14 dating. A 2010 study places the beginning of the human archaeological sequences of Polynesia in Tonga at 900 BCE, the small differences in dates with Samoa being due to differences in radiocarbon-dating technologies between 1989 and 2010, the Tongan site apparently predating the Samoan site by some few decades in real time.

Within a mere three or four centuries between about 1300 and 900 BCE, the Lapita archaeological culture spread 6,000 kilometres eastwards from the Bismarck Archipelago, until it reached as far as Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. The area of Tonga, Fiji, and Samoa served as a gateway into the rest of the Pacific region now known as Polynesia. Ancient Tongan mythologies, as recorded by early European explorers, report the islands of 'Ata and Tongatapu as the first islands hauled to the surface from the deep ocean by Maui.

Haʻamonga ʻa Maui, a stone trilithon on the Tongan island of Tongatapu, constructed of three coral limestone slabs each weighing at least 30–40 tons It was built at the beginning of the 13th century under the 11th Tuʻi Tonga Tuʻi-tā-tui.

The "Tuʻi Tonga Empire" or "Tongan Empire" in Oceania are descriptions sometimes given to Tongan expansionism and projected hegemony dating back to 950 CE, but at its peak during the period 1200–1500. While modern researchers and cultural experts attest to widespread Tongan influence and evidences of transoceanic trade and exchange of material and non-material cultural artifacts, empirical evidence of a "political" empire ruled for any length of time by successive rulers is lacking.

Modern archeology, anthropology and linguistic studies confirm widespread Tongan cultural influence ranging widely through East 'Uvea, Rotuma, Futuna, Samoa and Niue, parts of Micronesia (Kiribati, Pohnpei), Vanuatu, and New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, and while some academics prefer the term "maritime chiefdom", others argue that, while very different from examples elsewhere, ..."empire" is probably the most convenient term.

Pottery art from Fijian towns shows that Fiji was settled before or around 3500 to 1000 BC, although the details of Pacific migration remain vague. It is believed that the Lapita people or the ancestors of the Polynesians settled the islands first but not much is known of what became of them after the Melanesians arrived; they may have had some influence on the new culture, and archaeological evidence shows that Polynesians would have then moved on to Tonga, Samoa, and even Hawai'i.^{[حوالو گهربل]}

The first settlements in Fiji were started by voyaging traders and settlers from the west about 5000 years ago. Lapita pottery shards have been found at numerous excavations around the country. Aspects of Fijian culture are similar to the Melanesian culture of the western Pacific but have a stronger connection to the older Polynesian cultures. Stretching across 1٬000 ڪلوميٽر (620 mi) from east to west, Fiji has been a nation of many languages. Fiji's history was one of settlement but also of mobility.

Over the centuries, a unique Fijian culture developed. Constant warfare and cannibalism between warring tribes were quite rampant and very much part of everyday life. In later centuries, the reputation of the cannibal lifestyle deterred European sailors from going near Fijian waters, and Fiji acquired the name Cannibal Isles; as a result, Fiji remained unknown to the rest of the world.

Moai at Ahu Tongariki on Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

Early European visitors to Easter Island recorded local oral traditions about the original settlers. In these traditions, Easter Islanders claimed that a chief Hotu Matuꞌa arrived on the island in one or two large canoes with his wife and extended family. They are believed to have been Polynesian. There is considerable uncertainty about the accuracy of this legend as well as about the date of settlement. Published literature suggests the island was settled around 300–400 CE, or at about the time of the arrival of the earliest settlers in Hawaii.

Some scientists say that Easter Island was not inhabited until 700–800 CE. This date-range is based on glottochronological calculations and on three radiocarbon dates from charcoal that appears to have been produced during forest-clearance activities.

Moreover, a recent study which included radiocarbon dates from what is thought to be very early material suggests that the island was settled as recently as 1200 CE. This seems to be supported by a 2006 study of the island's deforestation, which could have started around the same time. A large, now extinct, palm, Paschalococos disperta (related to the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis)), was one of the dominant trees as attested by fossil evidence; this species, unique to Easter Island, became extinct due to deforestation by the early Polynesian settlers.

بوگين وائل گهرو ويڙهه

آسٽريليا جي حڪومت جو اندازو هو ته بوگين ويل گهرو ويڙهه ۾ 15,000 ۽ 20,000 جي وچ ۾ ڪٿي به ماڻهو مارجي ويا هوندا. وڌيڪ قدامت پسند اندازن موجب جنگي موتن جو تعداد 1-2,000 آهي.

سال 1975ع کان، بوگين ويل صوبي پاران پاپوا نيو گني کان الڳ ٿيڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. پاپوا نيو گني پاران انهن جي مزاحمت ڪئي وئي بنيادي طور تي بوگين ويل ۾ پينگونا کان جي موجودگي جي ڪري، جيڪا پاپوا نيو گني جي معيشت لاءِ اهم هئي. بوگين ويل انقلابي فوج 1988 ۾ کان تي حملو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن کي ايندڙ سال بند ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. وڌيڪ بي آر اي جي سرگرمي جي ڪري ايمرجنسي جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ تڪرار تقريباً 2005 تائين جاري رهيو، جڏهن جانشين اڳواڻ ۽ بوگن ويل جو خود اعلان ڪيل بادشاهه فرانسس اونا مليريا جي ڪري فوت ٿي ويو. آسٽريليا جي اڳواڻي ۾ امن فوجون 1990 جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر کان وٺي علائقي ۾ آهن، ۽ 2010 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ آزادي تي ريفرنڊم منعقد ڪيو ويندو.

پڻ ڏسو

• اوشينيا جو خاڪو
• اوشينيا ۾ ملڪن ۽ انحصاري علائقن جي فهرست
• آسٽريليا جي تاريخ
• نيوزي لينڊ جي تاريخ
• پئسفڪ ٻيٽن جي تاريخ
• اوشينيا ۾ ٻيٽن جي فهرست
• اوشينيا جي کاڌن جي فهرست