اسلامي فن تعمير

اسلامي فن تعمير

Islamic architecture
اسلامي فن تعمير; Islamic architecture
جڳھ	وچ اوڀر، اتر آفريڪا، هندستان، ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا، اولهه آفريڪا، اوڀر آفريڪا، وچ ايشيا

اسلامي فن تعمير ۾ اسلامي تهذيب سان لاڳاپيل عمارتن جي اڏاوتي انداز شامل آهن. اهو اسلام جي شروعاتي تاريخ کان وٺي اڄ تائين مذهبي ۽ غير مذهبي انداز ٻنهي کي شامل ڪري ٿو. اسلامي دنيا تاريخي طور تي اولهه آفريڪا ۽ يورپ کان اوڀر ايشيا تائين هڪ وسيع جاگرافيائي علائقو شامل ڪري ٿي. انهن سڀني علائقن ۾ اسلامي فن تعمير جي اندازن ۾ ڪجهه هڪجهڙائيون آهن، پر وقت سان گڏ مختلف علائقن مقامي مواد ۽ ٽيڪنڪ، مقامي خاندانن ۽ سرپرستن، فنڪارانه پيداوار جي مختلف علائقائي مرڪزن ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن مختلف مذهبي وابستگين جي مطابق پنهنجا انداز ٺاهيا آهن.^[1]^[2]

ابتدائي اسلامي فن تعمير رومن، بازنطيني، ميسوپوٽيميائي ۽ ايراني فن تعمير ۽ ٻين سڀني زمينن جي فن تعمير کان متاثر هو جيڪي شروعاتي مسلمان فتحن ستين ۽ اٺين صدي ۾ فتح ڪيا هئا. ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] بعد ۾ ان عمارتن جي صورت ۾ اسلامي خطاطي ۽ جاميٽري نقشن سان مٿاڇري جي سينگار ۾ مختلف خاصيتون پيدا ڪيو ويون.^[8] نئين فن تعمير جا عنصر جهڙوڪ محرابون، مينار، مقبرا ۽ گهڻ سطحي صحن ايجاد ڪيا ويا. اسلامي فن تعمير ۾ عام يا اهم قسمن جي عمارتن ۾ مسجدون، مدرسا، مقبرا، محل، حمام (عوامي غسل خانا)، صوفي خانقاهون ۽ زوايا، چشما ۽ سبيلون، تجارتي عمارتون، مثال طور ڪاروان سرائي ۽ بازار ۽ فوجي قلعا شامل آهن.^[2]

حوالا

↑ Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". ۾ Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (مرتب). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three (انگريزي ۾). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16165-8.
1 2 Bloom & Blair 2009, "Architecture".
↑ Petersen 1996, p. 295: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important."
↑ Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001, p. 7.
↑ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, مرتب (2009). "Architecture". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ص. 74, 78. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.
↑ Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". ۾ Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (مرتب). Islam: Art and Architecture. h.f.ullmann. ص. 36–37. ISBN 978-3-8480-0380-8. At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.
↑ Flood & Necipoğlu 2017, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period."
↑ Bloom & Blair 2009, Ch.s "Architecture", "Ornament and pattern".

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAM by Takeo Kamiya (Half in English and half in Japanese)
ARCHNET Open access, online resource on architecture and art of Muslim societies, globally and throughout history to our times
Fatimid-era Ayyubid Wall of Cairo Digital Media Archive (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from an Aga Khan Foundation/CyArk research partnership
Islamic Arts and Architecture website
Tehranimages. Contemporary photos taken in some of the oldest districts of Tehran.
10,000+ Architectural collections worldwide آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2020-05-07 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. Islamic Art And Architecture designs worldwide.

سانچو:Islamic architecture سانچو:Islamic art سانچو:Islamic studies

[:05223-1] Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". ۾ Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (مرتب). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three (انگريزي ۾). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16165-8.

[FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009"Architecture"-2] 1 2 Bloom & Blair 2009, "Architecture".

[:16-3] Petersen 1996, p. 295: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important."

[FOOTNOTEEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina20017-4] Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001, p. 7.

[:24132-5] M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, مرتب (2009). "Architecture". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ص. 74, 78. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.

[:152-6] Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". ۾ Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (مرتب). Islam: Art and Architecture. h.f.ullmann. ص. 36–37. ISBN 978-3-8480-0380-8. At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.

[7] Flood & Necipoğlu 2017, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period."

[FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Ch.s_"Architecture",_"Ornament_and_pattern"-8] Bloom & Blair 2009, Ch.s "Architecture", "Ornament and pattern".

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