اردو اکر

اردو اکر
اردو اکر;
	لفظ "اردو" اردو اکرن/رسم الخط ۾ لکيل
قسم	ابجد
ٻوليون	اردو;
مادري نظام	مصري هيروگليفس پروٽو-سينائيٽڪ اکر فونيشين اکر آرامي اکر نبطي اکر عربي اکر فارسي-عربي اکر اردو اکر; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Child systems	بلتي اکر; بنگالي عربي اکر; براهوي اکر; بروشسڪي اکر; گوار-باتي اکر; خوار اکر; ڪوهستاني شينا اکر; پالولا اکر; روهنگيا عربي اکر; شينا اکر; توروالي اکر; واخي اکر (پاڪستان ۾);
يونيڪوڊ حد	U+0600 to U+06FF; U+0750 to U+077F; U+FB50 to U+FDFF; U+FE70 to U+FEFF
	هن مضمون ۾ ع ص ا صوتي ابجد شامل هجن ته پوءِ رينڊرنگ سپورٽ، کان سواءِ اهي شايد درست نظر نه اچن ۽ اکرن جي بجاءِ صرف سوال جون نشانيون نظر اچن. وڌيڪ تفصيل لاءِ ڏسو: مدد:ع ص ا

اردو اکر (اردو:اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی‌, Urdu Alphabet) ساڄي کان کاٻي رسم الخط آهي جيڪو اردو لکڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. اهو فارسي اکرن جي هڪ ترميم آهي جيڪو پاڻ عربي رسم الخط مان نڪتل آهي. ان کي پاڪستان ۾ سرڪاري ۽ قومي حيثيت حاصل آهي ۽ اهو هندستان جي ڪجهه علائقن ۾ سرڪاري رسم الخط آهي. اردو رسم الخط ۾ 36 يا 40 تائين مختلف اکر آهن ^[3] ^[4] ۽ اهو عام طور تي نستعليق خطاطي ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي جڏهن ته عربي وڌيڪ عام طور تي نسخ انداز ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي.

عام طور تي اردو جي لاطيني الفابيٽ ۾ صرف ترجمو (رومن اردو سڏيو ويندو آهي, ڪيترن ئي صوتياتي عنصرن کي ختم ڪري ٿو جن جو انگريزي ۾ ڪو به برابر ناهي يا ٻيون ٻوليون جيڪي عام طور تي لاطيني رسم الخط ۾ لکيل آهن.

اردو الفابيٽ اردو ٻولي جي الفابيٽ آھي جنھن ۾ ڇٽيھ هِجي اکر ۽ ستيتاليھ آواز آهن.

تاريخ

معياري اردو رسم الخط فارسي-عربي رسم الخط جو هڪ تبديل ٿيل نسخو آهي. ۽ ان جي شروعات 13 صدي جي ايران ۾ ٿي آهي. اهو پڻ "شاه مکي" (پنجاب، پاڪستان ۾ پنجابي ٻولي جي قسمن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. اهو فارسي-عربي رسم الخط جي نستعليق انداز جي ترقي سان ويجهي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. مغل دور دوران نستعليق هندستاني ٻولي، خاص طور تي اردو لکڻ لاءِ عام رسم الخط بڻجي ويو.

1911ع ۾ اردو ٽائيپ رائيٽر جي ايجاد جي باوجود اردو اخبارون 1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين خطاطن (جيڪا ڪاتب يا خوش نويس جي نالي سان مشهور آهن) جي هٿ سان لکيل رسم الخط جا پرنٽ شايع ڪنديون رهيون. پاڪستان جو قومي اخبار "روزاني جنگ" پهريون اردو اخبار هو جنهن نستعليق ڪمپيوٽر تي ٻڌل ترتيب استعمال ڪئي. ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انٽرنيٽ تي وڌيڪ نفيس ۽ استعمال ڪندڙ دوست اردو سپورٽ کي ترقي ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪوششون جاري آهن. اڄڪلهه تقريبن سڀئي اردو اخبار ۽ رسالا اردو سافٽ ويئر پروگرامن سان ڪمپيوٽرن تي ٺهيل آهن.

هندستاني برصغير کان علاوه اردو رسم الخط پاڪستان جي وڏي ڊاسپورا پاران پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. جنهن ۾ برطانيه، گڏيل عرب امارات، آمريڪا، ڪينيڊا، سعودي عرب ۽ ٻيا هنڌ شامل آهن.

نستعليق فونٽ

حرف علت ۽ اعراب

اردو رسم الخط هڪ ابجد رسم الخط آهي جيڪو جديد فارسي رسم الخط مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو پاڻ عربي رسم الخط جو مشتق آهي. ابجد جي طور تي. اردو رسم الخط صرف حرف علت ۽ ڊگها حرف علت ڏيکاري ٿو. ننڍا حرف علت صرف حرف علت جي هڪ ٻئي سان تعلق مان اندازو لڳائي سگهجن ٿا. جڏهن ته هن قسم جي رسم الخط عربي ۽ عبراني جهڙين سامي ٻولين ۾ آسان آهي. جن جي حرف علت جون پاڙون جملي جي ڪنجي آهن. اردو هڪ انڊو-يورپي ٻولي آهي. جنهن کي حرف علت جي آواز جي تلفظ ۾ وڌيڪ درستگي جي ضرورت آهي. تنهن ڪري وڌيڪ يادگيري جي ضرورت آهي. اردو الفابيٽ ۾ اکرن جو تعداد ڪجهه حد تائين مبهم ۽ بحث هيٺ آهي.^[5]

اکرن جا نالا ۽ صوتيون

نالو^[6]	شڪلون				IPA	رومنائيزيشن		يونيڪوڊ	آرڊر
اردو رومن اردو	الڳ ٿيل	فائنل	وچولي	شروعاتي	IPA	ALA-LC^[7]	هنٽرين^[8]	يونيڪوڊ	^{[upper-alpha 1]}	^[10]	^{[upper-alpha 2]}
الف alif	ا	ـا			/ɑː/, /ʔ/, silent^{[upper-alpha 3]}	ā, –		U+0627	1
بے bē	ب	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	/b/	b		U+0628	2
پے pē	پ	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	/p/	p		U+067E	3
تے tē	ت	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	/t/	t		U+062A	4
ٹے ṭē	ٹ	ـٹ	ـٹـ	ٹـ	/ʈ/	ṭ	t	U+0679	5
ثے s̱ē	ث	ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	/s/	s̱	s	U+062B	6
جيم jīm	ج	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	/d͡ʒ/	j		U+062C	7
چے cē	چ	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	/t͡ʃ/	c	ch	U+0686	8
بڑی حے baṛī ḥē	ح	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	/ɦ/	ḥ	h	U+062D	9
حائے حطی ḥā'e huttī
حائے مہملہ ḥā'e muhmala
خے k͟hē	خ	ـخ	ـخـ	خـ	/x/	k͟h	kh	U+062E	10
دال dāl	د	ـد			/d/	d		U+062F	11
ڈال ḍāl	ڈ	ـڈ			/ɖ/	ḍ	d	U+0688	12
ذال ẕāl	ذ	ـذ			/z/	ẕ	z	U+0630	13
رے rē	ر	ـر			/r/	r		U+0631	14
ڑے ṛē	ڑ	ـڑ			/ɽ/ ^{[upper-alpha 4]}	ṛ	r	U+0691	15
زے zē	ز	ـز			/z/	z		U+0632	16
ژے zhē	ژ	ـژ			/ʒ/ ^{[upper-alpha 5]}	zh		U+0698	17
سین sīn	س		ـسـ	سـ	/s/	s		U+0633	18
شین shīn	ش		ـشـ	شـ	/ʃ/	sh		U+0634	19
صاد ṣwād	ص		ـصـ		/s/	ṣ	s	U+0635	20
ضاد ẓwād	ض		ـضـ		/z/	ẓ	z	U+0636	21
طوے t̤oسانچو:Hamzaē	ط		ـطـ		/t/	t̤	t	U+0637	22
ظوے z̤oسانچو:Hamzaē	ظ		ـظـ		/z/	z̤	z	U+0638	23
عین سانچو:Okinaain	ع	ـع	ـعـ	عـ	/ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/, /ʔ/, /ʕ/, silent	سانچو:Okina	سانچو:Okina ^{[حوالو گهربل]}	U+0639	24
غین g͟hain	غ	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	/ɣ/	g͟h	gh	U+063A	25
فے fē	ف	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	/f/	f		U+0641	26
قاف qāf	ق		ـقـ	قـ	/q/	q		U+0642	27
کاف kāf	ک	ـک	ـکـ	کـ	/k/	k		U+06A9	28
گاف gāf	گ	ـگ	ـگـ	گـ	/ɡ/	g		U+06AF	29
لام lām	ل	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	/l/	l		U+0644	30
میم mīm	م		ـمـ	مـ	/m/	m		U+0645	31
نون nūn	ن	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	/n/, /ɲ/, /ɳ/, /ŋ/	n		U+0646	32
نون غنّہ nūn g͟hunnā	ں ٘ }}}}	ـں}}	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninastaliq	/ ◌̃ / ^{[upper-alpha 4]}	ṉ	n	U+06BA U+0658 ^{[upper-alpha 6]}	^{[upper-alpha 7]}	32a	33
واؤ wāسانچو:Hamzao	و				/ʋ /, /uː/, /ʊ /, /o ː /, /ɔː /	v, ū, u, o, au	w, ū, u, o, au	U+0648	33		34
ہے hē	{{lang\|ur\|سانچو:Uninastaliq	ـہ	ـہـ	ہـ	/ɦ/, /ɑː/, /eː/	h, ā, e		U+06C1 ^{[upper-alpha 8]}	34	34	35
چھوٹی ہے choṭī hē	{{lang\|ur\|سانچو:Uninastaliq	ـہ	ـہـ	ہـ	/ɦ/, /ɑː/, /eː/	h, ā, e		U+06C1 ^{[upper-alpha 8]}	34	34a	35
دو چشمی ہے do-cashmī hē	ھ		ـھـ		/ʰ/ or /ʱ/ ^{[upper-alpha 4]}	h		U+06BE	35	34b	36
یے yē	ی	ـی	ـیـ	یـ	/j/, /iː/, /ɑː/	y, ī, á		U+06CC	36	35	38
بڑی یے baṛī yē	ے				/ɛː/, /eː/ ^{[upper-alpha 4]}	ai, e		U+06D2	37	35b	39
ہمزہ hamzah	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninastaliq	/ʔ/ or silent ^{[upper-alpha 9]}	سانچو:Hamza, –, yi		U+0626		35a	37 ^{[upper-alpha 10]}
ہمزہ hamzah	ء				/ʔ/ or silent ^{[upper-alpha 9]}	سانچو:Hamza, –, yi		U+0621		0	37 ^{[upper-alpha 10]}

Footnotes:

↑ "Balti alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
↑ Bashir, Elena; Hussain, Sarmad; Anderson, Deborah (5 May 2006). "N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
↑ Project Fluency (7 October 2016). Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately (Kindle ed.). Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. p. Kindle Locations 66–67. ISBN 978-1-5390-4780-3.
↑ "Urdu". Omniglot.
↑ "Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet". DAWN.COM. 15 June 2009.
↑ Delacy 2003, pp. XV–XVI.
↑ "Urdu romanization" (PDF). The Library of Congress.
↑ Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers No. 85 and No. 85 Add. 1.
↑ Bhatia, Tej K.; Khoul, Ashok; Koul, Ashok (2015) (en ۾). Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-317-30471-5. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VsVzCgAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT40. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
1 2 حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named user.uni-hannover

Additional characters and variations

Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah

Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, but it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē.

Table

Table of additional characters and variations
Group	Letter^{[upper-alpha 11]}		Name (see: Glossary of key words)			Unicode ^[1]^[2]
Group	Letter^{[upper-alpha 11]}		Nastaliq ^{[upper-alpha 12]}	Naskh with diacritics	Roman Urdu or English^[3]^[4]	Unicode ^[1]^[2]
Alif	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh ^[4]	alif maddah ^[4]^{[upper-alpha 13]}	U+0622 alef with madda above ^[2]
Hamza^{[upper-alpha 14]}	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh ^[4]	hamzah	U+0621 hamza ^[2]
	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	___	hamza on the line	U+0621 hamza ^[2]
	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	___	hamza diacritic ^{[upper-alpha 13]}^{[upper-alpha 15]}	U+0654 Hamza Above
	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh ^[4]	hamzah	U+0626 yeh with hamza above ^[2]
	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	___	yē hamza / alif hamza	U+0626 yeh with hamza above ^[2]
	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	___	baṛī yē hamza	U+06D3 yeh barree with hamza above ^[1]
	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh ^[4]	vāv-e mahmūz ^[4]	U+0624 waw with hamza above ^[2]
	سانچو:Uninastaliq سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	سانچو:Uninastaliq	___		U+06C2 heh goal with hamza above ^[1] or U+06C1 + U+0654
Arabic^{[upper-alpha 16]}	سانچو:Uninastaliq سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	عربي: سانچو:Uninastaliq	عربي: سانچو:Uninaskh	tāʼ marbūṭah "bound ta"	U+06C3 teh marbuta goal ^[1]
Arabic^{[upper-alpha 16]}	سانچو:Uninastaliq سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	U+0629 teh marbuta ^[2]
سانچو:Uninastaliq	سانچو:Uninaskh	عربي: سانچو:Uninastaliq	عربي: سانچو:Uninaskh	tāʼ maftūḥah "open ta"	U+062A Teh

Footnotes:

1 2 3 4 "Extended Arabic Letter". unicode.org. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
1 2 3 4 5 6 "Based on ISO 8859-6". unicode.org. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named book: project fluency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Urdu Alphabet". www.user.uni-hannover.de. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Oxford_Dictionaries

Hamza in Nastaliq

Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in ت Té and ق Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral 2 (two).

Digraphs

The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows.
Digraph^[1]	Transcription^[1]	IPA	Examples
بھ	bh	[bʱ]	بھاری
پھ	ph	[pʰ]	پھول
تھ	th	[tʰ]	تھیلا
ٹھ	ṭh	[ʈʰ]	ٹھنڈا
جھ	jh	[d͡ʒʱ]	جھاڑی
چھ	chh	[t͡ʃʰ]	چھتری
دھ	dh	[dʱ]	دھوبی
ڈھ	ḍh	[ɖʱ]	ڈھول
رھ	rh	[rʱ]	تیرھواں
ڑھ	ṛh	[ɽʱ]	اڑھائی
کھ	kh	[kʰ]	کھانسی
گھ	gh	[ɡʱ]	گھوڑا
لھ	lh	[lʱ]	دولھا (alternative of دُلہا)
مھ	mh	[mʱ]	تمھیں
نھ	nh	[nʱ]	ننھا

A separate do-chashmi-he letter, ھ, exists to denote a /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed in above.

Differences from the Persian alphabet

Urdu has more letters added to the Perso-Arabic base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added are shown in the table below:

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Letter	IPA
ٹ	/ʈ/
ڈ	/ɖ/
ڑ	/ɽ/
ں	/◌̃/
ے	/ɛ:/ or /e:/.

Retroflex letters

Old Hindustani used four dots ٿ ڐ ڙ over three Arabic letters ت د ر to represent retroflex consonants.^[2] In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter ط t̤oʼē.^[3] It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ṭāʾ itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.^{[حوالو گهربل]} In modern Urdu, called to'e is always pronounced as a dental, not a retroflex. ^{[حوالو گهربل]}

آواز

ڊائريڪٽڪس

اتفاق (VOWEL)

ڪمپيوٽر ۽ اردو الفابيٽ

رومنائيزيشن معيار ۽ سسٽم

اکر جي نالن مان اهم لفظن جي لغت

پڻ ڏسو

حوالا

1 2 حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LoC
↑ Ballantyne, James Robert (1842). A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects. Madden & Company. p. 11. https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11.
↑ Berggren, Olaf (2002). Scripts. Bibliotheca Alexandrina. p. 108. https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots.

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of

Urdu

Urdu alphabet
Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents. آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 11 September 2019 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين..
Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page. آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 16 July 2020 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين..
calligraphyislamic.com, a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script
Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University
National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language. آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 6 March 2018 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين..

سانچو:Urdu topics سانچو:Arabic alphabets

↑ dictionary order^[9]
↑ ^{[حوالو گهربل]}
↑ At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble اُردو "Urdu". But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted اردو like other short vowel diacritics.
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↑ Used mainly for Persian loanwords.
↑ The version shown on the left is U+06BA, which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic U+0658, which is usually omitted (see below for further information on diacritic omission in Urdu).
↑ Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words.
↑ Sometimes choṭī hē is used to refer to hey but choṭī hē can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use U+0647 whereas Urdu uses U+06C1 for gōl hey.^[10] See also: Urdu in Unicode.
↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named hamzah
↑ ^{[حوالو گهربل]}
↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named U_A_forms
↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fonts_add_char
1 2 Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in آزادی - "āzādī", سانچو:Ipa, freedom
^[5] - are distinguished in most contexts.
↑ See: Hamzah in Nastaliq.
↑ See: Hamzah in Nastaliq.
↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named arabic_ta_marbuta

حوالي جي چڪ: "upper-alpha" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <ref> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <references group="upper-alpha"/> نہ مليو

[1] "Balti alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.

[2] Bashir, Elena; Hussain, Sarmad; Anderson, Deborah (5 May 2006). "N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.

[book:_project_fluency2-3] Project Fluency (7 October 2016). Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately (Kindle ed.). Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. p. Kindle Locations 66–67. ISBN 978-1-5390-4780-3.

[omniglot.com2-4] "Urdu". Omniglot.

[Dawn_Newspaper2-5] "Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet". DAWN.COM. 15 June 2009.

[FOOTNOTEDelacy2003XV–XVI-6] Delacy 2003, pp. XV–XVI.

[LoC-7] "Urdu romanization" (PDF). The Library of Congress.

[Hunterian-8] Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers No. 85 and No. 85 Add. 1.

[Colloquial_Urdu_-_order-9] Bhatia, Tej K.; Khoul, Ashok; Koul, Ashok (2015) (en ۾). Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-317-30471-5. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VsVzCgAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT40. Retrieved 30 June 2020.

[user.uni-hannover-11] 1 2 حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named user.uni-hannover

[Unicode_Extended_Arabic-22] 1 2 3 4 "Extended Arabic Letter". unicode.org. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

[unicode_ISO_8859-6-23] 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Based on ISO 8859-6". unicode.org. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

[book:_project_fluency-25] حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named book: project fluency

[user.uni-hannover-26] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Urdu Alphabet". www.user.uni-hannover.de. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[Oxford_Dictionaries-27] حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Oxford_Dictionaries

[LoC-32] 1 2 حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LoC

[33] Ballantyne, James Robert (1842). A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects. Madden & Company. p. 11. https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11.

[34] Berggren, Olaf (2002). Scripts. Bibliotheca Alexandrina. p. 108. https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots.

[10] tionary order^[9]

[12] {[حوالو گهربل]}

[13] At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble اُردو "Urdu". But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted اردو like other short vowel diacritics.

[never_begins-14] 1 2 3 4 حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named never_begins

[15] Used mainly for Persian loanwords.

[16] The version shown on the left is U+06BA, which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic U+0658, which is usually omitted (see below for further information on diacritic omission in Urdu).

[17] Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words.

[18] Sometimes choṭī hē is used to refer to hey but choṭī hē can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use U+0647 whereas Urdu uses U+06C1 for gōl hey.^[10] See also: Urdu in Unicode.

[hamzah-19] حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named hamzah

[20] {[حوالو گهربل]}

[U_A_forms-21] حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named U_A_forms

[fonts_add_char-24] حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fonts_add_char

[mad_hamza-28] 1 2 Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in آزادی - "āzādī", سانچو:Ipa, freedom
^[5] - are distinguished in most contexts.

[29] See: Hamzah in Nastaliq.

[Naskh_2-30] See: Hamzah in Nastaliq.

[arabic_ta_marbuta-31] حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named arabic_ta_marbuta

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