آفريڪا جي جاگرافي
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آفريڪا 63 سياسي علائقن تي مشتمل هڪ کنڊ آهي. ڌرتيء جي مٿاڇري جي مکيه ماس کان ڏکڻ طرف وڏين پروجئشنز مان سڀ کان وڏي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو. ويجهن ٻيٽن کي ڇڏي ان جي باقاعده خاڪي اندر ان ۾ 3,03,68,609 چورس ڪلوميٽر (1,17,25,385 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي شامل آهي. ان جو بلند ترين جبل ڪليمنجارو آهي ۽ ان جي سڀ کان وڏي ڍنڍ وڪٽوريا ڍنڍ آهي.
کنڊ جون مکيه بناوت واريون لائينون گهٽ ۾ گهٽ اوڀر اڌ گول ۾، دنيا جي وڌيڪ اترين حصن جي، اوڀر کان اولهه طرف جي خاصيت ڏيکارين ٿيون ۽ ڏاکڻي جزيري نما ۾ اتر کان ڏکڻ طرف ڏٺي ويو آهن. اهڙي طرح آفريڪا بنيادي طور تي، اتر اوڀر کان اولهه ڏانهن ۽ ڏکڻ اتر کان ڏکڻ ڏانهن هلندڙ ٻن حصن تي مشتمل آهي.
مکيه خاصيتون
[سنواريو]
براعظم جي سراسري بلندي سمنڊ جي سطح کان 600 ميٽر (2,000 فوٽ) جي ويجهو، تقريبن اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ٻنهي جي اوسط بلندي جي ويجهو، پر ايشيا جي ڀيٽ ۾، 950 ميٽر (3,120 فوٽ) ڪافي گهٽ آهي. ٻين براعظمن جي برعڪس، ان کي تمام گهڻي بلندي يا تمام گهٽ زمين جي نسبتاً ننڍڙي ايراضي سان نشان لڳايو ويو آهي. 180 ميٽر (590 فوٽ) کان گهٽ زمينون مٿاڇري جي غير معمولي ننڍڙي حصي تي قبضو ڪن ٿيون، جڏهن ته نه رڳو سڀ کان وڌيڪ بلندي ايشيا يا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي بلندي کان گهٽ آهن، پر 3,000 ميٽر (9,800 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ زمين جو علائقو پڻ ڪافي غير معمولي آهي. تقريبن مڪمل طور تي انفرادي چوٽين ۽ جبلن جي قطارن جي نمائندگي ڪئي پئي وڃي. انهي ڪري وچولي بلند ٽيبل لينڊ براعظم جي خاصيت آهن. جيتوڻيڪ انهن جي مٿاڇري بلند چوٽين ۽ ٽڪرين سان ٽٽل آهي، وڏي حصي ۾ هوائن جي عمل جو نتيجو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، اهي الڳ ٿيل چوٽيون ۽ ٽڪريون تمام گهڻيون آهن. جرمني ۾، هن قسم جي علائقي کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ، هڪ خاص اصطلاح، "انسلبرگ-لينڊشافٽ"(ٻيٽ-جبل جو نظارو) اختيار ڪيو ويو آهي.
عام اصول جي طور تي، اوچيون ٽيبل لينڊ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ آهن، جڏهن ته اولهه ۽ اتر ڏانهن اوچائي ۾ هڪ ترقي پسند گهٽتائي ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿي. هيٺاهين ۽ ائٽلس جبلن کان علاوه، براعظم کي ٻن علائقن, مٿاهين ۽ هيٺئين پليٽو ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. ورهائيندڙ لڪير, اتر اولهه ۾ ڪجهه حد تائين مقعر, ڳاڙهي سمنڊ جي وچ کان اولهه ساحل تي تقريباً 6 درجا ڏکڻ تائين هلندي آهي.
آفريڪا کي ڪيترن ئي جاگرافيائي علائقن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو:
- ساحل جا ميدان: اڪثر ڪري سمنڊ جي طرف مينگرو دلدل سان ڀريل، ڪڏهن به ساحل کان پري نه وڌندا آهن. ندين جي هيٺين وهڪري کان سواءِ. تازيون ايلوويئل فليٽ خاص طور تي وڌيڪ اهم دريائن جي ڊيلٽا ۾ مليون آهن. ٻئي هنڌ. ساحلي هيٺيون زمينون صرف ڇتين جي نظام جي هيٺئين قدمن کي ٺاهينديون آهن. جيڪو اندروني پليٽون ڏانهن چڙهڻ جو سبب بڻجندو آهي.
- اٽلس رينج، آرٿوگرافڪ طور تي باقي براعظم کان الڳ. هڪ اداس ۽ ريگستاني علائقي (صحارا) سان ڏکڻ کان غير ڳنڍيل ۽ الڳ ٿيڻ.
average elevation of the continent approximates closely to 600 m (2,000 ft) above sea level, roughly near to the mean elevation of both North and South America, but considerably less than that of Asia, 950 m (3,120 ft). In contrast with other continents, it is marked by the comparatively small area of either very high or very low ground, lands under 180 m (590 ft) occupying an unusually small part of the surface; while not only are the highest elevations inferior to those of Asia or South America, but the area of land over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) is also quite insignificant, being represented almost entirely by individual peaks and mountain ranges. Moderately elevated tablelands are thus the characteristic feature of the continent, though the surface of these is broken by higher peaks and ridges. (So prevalent are these isolated peaks and ridges that a specialised term—Inselberg-Landschaft, island mountain landscape—has been adopted in Germany to describe this kind of country, thought to be in great part the result of wind action.)
As a general rule, the higher tablelands lie to the east and south, while a progressive diminution in altitude towards the west and north is observable. Apart from the lowlands and the Atlas Mountains, the continent may be divided into two regions of higher and lower plateaus, the dividing line (somewhat concave to the northwest) running from the middle of the Red Sea to about 6 degrees south on the west coast.
Africa can be divided into a number of geographic zones:
- The coastal plains—often fringed seawards by mangrove swamps—never stretching far from the coast, apart from the lower courses of streams. Recent alluvial flats are found chiefly in the delta of the more important rivers. Elsewhere, the coastal lowlands merely form the lowest steps of the system of terraces that constitutes the ascent to the inner plateaus.
- The Atlas range—orthographically distinct from the rest of the continent, being unconnected with and separated from the south by a depressed and desert area (the Sahara).
مٿائون علائقو
[سنواريو]ميدان
[سنواريو]Much of Africa is made up of plains of the pediplain and etchplain type often occurring as steps.[1][2] The etchplains are commonly associated with laterite soil and inselbergs.[1] Inselberg-dotted plains are common in Africa including Tanzania,[3] the Anti-Atlas of Morocco,[1] Namibia,[4] and the interior of Angola.[5] One of the most wideaspread plain is the African Surface, a composite etchplain occurring across much of the continent.[6][1][7]
The area between the east and west coast highlands, which north of 17° N is mainly desert, is divided into separate basins by other bands of high ground, one of which runs nearly centrally through North Africa in a line corresponding roughly with the curved axis of the continent as a whole. The best marked of the basins so formed (the Congo Basin) occupies a circular area bisected by the equator, once probably the site of an inland sea.
Running along the south of desert is the plains region known as the Sahel.
The arid region, the Sahara — the largest hot desert in the world, covering 9,000,000 km2 (3,500,000 sq mi) — extends from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. Though generally of slight elevation, it contains mountain ranges with peaks rising to 2,400 m (7,900 ft) Bordered N.W. by the Atlas range, to the northeast a rocky plateau separates it from the Mediterranean; this plateau gives place at the extreme east to the delta of the Nile. That river (see below) pierces the desert without modifying its character. The Atlas range, the north-westerly part of the continent, between its seaward and landward heights encloses elevated steppes in places 160 km (99 mi) broad. From the inner slopes of the plateau numerous wadis take a direction towards the Sahara. The greater part of that now desert region is, indeed, furrowed by old water-channels.
جبل
[سنواريو]نديون
[سنواريو]ڍنڍون
[سنواريو]ٻيٽ
[سنواريو]موسمي حالتون
[سنواريو]صحت
[سنواريو]انتهائي نقطا
[سنواريو]پڻ ڏسو
[سنواريو]
حوالا
[سنواريو]- 1 2 3 4 Guillocheau, François; Simon, Brendan; Baby, Guillaume; Bessin, Paul; Robin, Cécile; Dauteuil, Olivier (2017). "Planation surfaces as a record of mantle dynamics: The case example of Africa". Gondwana Research 53: 82. doi:. Bibcode: 2018GondR..53...82G. https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01534695/file/guillocheau-GondRes-2017.pdf.
- ↑ Coltorti, M.; Dramis, F.; Ollier, C.D (2007). "Planation surfaces in Northern Ethiopia". Geomorphology 89 (3–4): 287–296. doi:. Bibcode: 2007Geomo..89..287C.
- ↑ Sundborg, Å., & Rapp, A. (1986). Erosion and sedimentation by water: problems and prospects. Ambio, 215-225.
- ↑ "PRODUCTION OF AN AGRO.ECOLOGICAL ZONES MAP OF NAMIBIA (first approximation)" (PDF). nbri.org.na. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- ↑ "DEVELOPMENT OF A SOIL AND TERRAIN MAP/DATABASE FOR ANGOLA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
- ↑ Burke, Kevin; Gunnell, Yanni (2008). The African Erosion Surface: A Continental-Scale Synthesis of Geomorphology, Tectonics, and Environmental Change over the Past 180 Million Years. The Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-1201-7.
- ↑ "Chemical and physical erosion rhythms of the West African Cenozoic morphogenesis: The 39Ar-40Ar dating of supergene K-Mn oxides.". Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (113): F04007. 2008. doi:. Bibcode: 2008JGRF..113.4007B. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01097306/file/2008JF000996.pdf.
ٻاهرين لنڪس
[سنواريو]
وڪيميڊيا العام تي آفريڪا جي جاگرافي بابت زمرا- "Africa". Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- "Regions of the African Union". UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- "Africa". Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library. Retrieved 1 جنوري 2023. * "آفريقي يونين جا علائقا". UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Retrieved 1 جنوري 2023.